epidemic venezuelan equine encephalitis in north america in 1971: vector studies. | a major epidemic of venezuelan equine encephalitis occurred in south texas in the summer of 1971. more than 1500 equines died of vee in texas, and 110 human cases with no deaths were reported. vector studies in south texas and northern tamaulipas revealed that the overall mosquito infection rates during the peak of the epidemic were about 1:100, one of the highest rates observed for a major epidemic. mosquito infection rates of this magnitude could easily explain the intensity of vee outbreaks i ... | 1975 | 235212 |
venezuelan equine encephalitis--colombia, 1995. | an outbreak of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) that began in northwestern venezuela in april 1995 has spread westward to the guajira peninsula and to colombia (figure 1), resulting in an estimated minimum of 13,000 cases in humans and an undetermined number of equine deaths. governments of both countries have initiated efforts to control the spread of this outbreak by quarantining and vaccinating equines and applying insecticides. this report summarizes the ongoing investigation of the outb ... | 1995 | 7565549 |
update: venezuelan equine encephalitis--colombia, 1995. | during september 1-october 12, 1995, a total of 12,403 patient visits for venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) were reported from la guajira state, colombia. the actual number of incident cases, estimated from epidemiologic surveys, may exceed 45,000. this report updates the ongoing investigation of this outbreak (1). | 1995 | 7565561 |
evaluation of cattle insecticide treatments on attraction, mortality, and fecundity of mosquitoes. | attraction, engorgement, mortality, and fecundity were observed on host-seeking aedes vexans and psorophora confinnis given the opportunity to feed on insecticide-treated steers in stable traps. individual steers were treated with ectrin ear tags, ectrin spray, terminator ear tags, saber ear tags, or ivomec injection or were left untreated. aedes vexans and ps. confinnis accounted for over 98% of 20,738 mosquitoes collected. relative attraction ranged from 0.45 with saber ear tag to 0.84 with te ... | 1996 | 8723253 |
reduction of mosquito larval densities in natural sites after introduction of romanomermis culicivorax (nematoda:mermithidae) in cuba. | romanomermis culicivorax ross & smith became established in 4 of 6 treated sites and produced high levels of infection in anopheles albimanus wiedemann, culex atratus theobald, psorophora confinnis lynch-arribálzaga, and uranotaenia sapphirina oster-sacken mosquitoes for 9 wk in 1993. mean levels of southern house mosquito parasitism ranged from 82 to 83% for culex quinquefasciatus say, at 2 sites, from 89 to 95% for an. albimanus at 4 sites, and from 78 to 80% at 2 sites for cx. atratus, ps. co ... | 1997 | 9086702 |
chorionic morphology of eggs of the psorophora confinnis complex in the united states. ii. pre- and postdeposition studies of psorophora columbiae (dyar and knab) eggs. | scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques were used to determine the morphology of the exochorion and endochorion of psorophora columbiae eggs as found in the ovary and after deposition. in the ovary, the outer chorionic reticulations and tubercles of the eggs are ornately developed below the follicular epithelium. expansion of the eggs after deposition causes the outer chorionic reticuli and sculpturing (i.e., minor and major tubercles) to form the characteristic spinose appeara ... | 1998 | 9599323 |
potential for central american mosquitoes to transmit epizootic and enzootic strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. | experimental studies were undertaken to compare the vector competence of culex (melanoconion) taeniopus dyar and knab, culex (melanoconion) ocossa dyar and knab, and psorophora confinnis (lynch arribalzalga) from central america for epizootic (iab) and enzootic (ie) strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus. virus infection and dissemination rates were significantly higher in cx. taeniopus orally exposed to ie as compared to those orally exposed to iab virus. in contrast, both infect ... | 1999 | 10480118 |
a new continuous cell line from the mosquito psorophora confinnis (diptera: culicidae) and its susceptibility to infections with some arboviruses. | a new cell line, pc-0199-br, was established from embryonated eggs of the mosquito psorophora confinnis. to date (september 2000) it has had 62 continuous passages. this is the first report of a cell line of mosquitoes belonging to the genus psorophora. cell growth initially was achieved in the mm/vp12 medium, supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum; however, the subcultures were later adapted to grace's medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. cell morphology in the primary cultures was heterogeneo ... | 2001 | 11562717 |
susceptibility of psorophora confinnis (diptera: culicidae) to infection with epizootic (subtype ic) and enzootic (subtype id) venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. | to test the hypothesis that adaptation to epizootic mosquito vectors mediates the emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, veev) from enzootic progenitors, the susceptibility of the epizootic vector psorophora confinnis (lynch-arribalzaga) to epizootic versus enzootic strains was evaluated. artificial bloodmeals containing subtype ic strains isolated during the 1962-1964, 1992-1993, and 1995 venezuelan/colombian epizootics and closely related venez ... | 2005 | 16365999 |
persistent west nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement st. louis encephalitis virus in southeastern california, 2003-2006. | west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) invaded the colorado desert biome of southern california during summer 2003 and seemed to displace previously endemic st. louis encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, slev, an antigenically similar flavivirus in the japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex). western equine encephalomyelitis virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, weev), an antigenically distinct alphavirus, was detected during 2005 and 2006, ind ... | 2008 | 18533445 |
[mosquitos (diptera: culicidae) in the small village where a human case of venezuelan equine encephalitis was recorded]. | the enzootic focus of subtype id of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus in the central magdalena region (central colombia) occasionally produces human cases. the report of a vee infection in a three-year-old girl in the small chingalé, municipalitype of puerto wilches, santander, motivated this study. | 2008 | 18719725 |
venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in iquitos, peru: urban transmission of a sylvatic strain. | enzootic strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) have been isolated from febrile patients in the peruvian amazon basin at low but consistent levels since the early 1990s. through a clinic-based febrile surveillance program, we detected an outbreak of veev infections in iquitos, peru, in the first half of 2006. the majority of these patients resided within urban areas of iquitos, with no report of recent travel outside the city. to characterize the risk factors for veev infection w ... | 2008 | 19079600 |
venezuelan equine encephalitis in panama: fatal endemic disease and genetic diversity of etiologic viral strains. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is a reemerging, mosquito-borne viral disease of the neotropics that is severely debilitating and sometimes fatal to humans. periodic epidemics mediated by equine amplification have been recognized since the 1920s, but interepidemic disease is rarely recognized. we report here clinical findings and genetic characterization of 42 cases of endemic vee detected in panama from 1961-2004. recent clusters of cases occurred in darien (eastern panama) and panama prov ... | 2009 | 19564908 |
laboratory transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis virus by mosquitoes of the genera culex and culiseta. | 1. western equine virus has been successfully transmitted in the laboratory by 3 species of mosquitoes from 2 genera not previously reported as laboratory vectors: culex tarsalis, culiseta inornata, and culiseta incidens. 2. though transmission was not demonstrated, survival of the virus for more than a few days was shown to occur in culex stigmatosoma and psorophora confinnis. possibly transmission occurred by the former. 3. in experiments with culex tarsalis, infection of the mosquitoes occurr ... | 1943 | 19871339 |
blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes: random or structured? | abstract: | 2010 | 20205866 |
endemic venezuelan equine encephalitis in the americas: hidden under the dengue umbrella. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is an emerging infectious disease in latin america. outbreaks have been recorded for decades in countries with enzootic circulation, and the recent implementation of surveillance systems has allowed the detection of additional human cases in countries and areas with previously unknown vee activity. clinically, vee is indistinguishable from dengue and other arboviral diseases and confirmatory diagnosis requires the use of specialized laboratory tests that are ... | 2011 | 21765860 |
candidate vectors and rodent hosts of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chiapas, 2006-2007. | enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) has been known to occur in mexico since the 1960s. the first natural equine epizootic was recognized in chiapas in 1993 and since then, numerous studies have characterized the etiologic strains, including reverse genetic studies that incriminated a specific mutation that enhanced infection of epizootic mosquito vectors. the aim of this study was to determine the mosquito and rodent species involved in enzootic maintenance of subtype ie veev in ... | 2011 | 22144461 |
the ecology of psorophora confinnis (diptera: culicidae) in southern california. ii. temperature and development. | | 2015 | 4382891 |
pathogenic landscape of transboundary zoonotic diseases in the mexico-us border along the rio grande. | transboundary zoonotic diseases, several of which are vector borne, can maintain a dynamic focus and have pathogens circulating in geographic regions encircling multiple geopolitical boundaries. global change is intensifying transboundary problems, including the spatial variation of the risk and incidence of zoonotic diseases. the complexity of these challenges can be greater in areas where rivers delineate international boundaries and encompass transitions between ecozones. the rio grande serve ... | 2014 | 25453027 |
molecular detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from coastal ecosystems in the colombian caribbean. | arboviruses belonging to the genera flavivirus and alphavirus were detected in mosquitoes in a rural area of san bernardo del viento (córdoba, colombia). a total of 22,180 mosquitoes were collected, sorted into 2,102 pools, and tested by generic/nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus, west nile virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and culex flavivirus were detected and identified by sequencing. the detection ... | 2016 | 27706377 |
wolbachia biocontrol strategies for arboviral diseases and the potential influence of resident wolbachia strains in mosquitoes. | arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes are a major cause of human disease worldwide. the absence of vaccines and effective vector control strategies has resulted in the need for novel mosquito control strategies. the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia has been proposed to form the basis for an effective mosquito biocontrol strategy. resident strains of wolbachia inhibit viral replication in drosophila fruit flies and induce a reproductive phenotype known as cytoplasmic incompatibility that allows ... | 2016 | 26925368 |
genetic and anatomic determinants of enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of culex (melanoconion) taeniopus. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is a re-emerging, mosquito-borne viral disease with the potential to cause fatal encephalitis in both humans and equids. recently, detection of endemic vee caused by enzootic strains has escalated in mexico, peru, bolivia, colombia and ecuador, emphasizing the importance of understanding the enzootic transmission cycle of the etiologic agent, vee virus (veev). the majority of work examining the viral determinants of vector infection has been performed in the ... | 2012 | 22509419 |
urban mosquito fauna in mérida city, méxico: immatures collected from containers and storm-water drains/catch basins. | we examined the species composition and temporal occurrence of immature mosquitoes in containers and storm-water drains/catch basins from november 2011 to june 2013 in mérida city, méxico. a wide range of urban settings were examined, including residential premises, vacant lots, parking lots, and streets or sidewalks with storm-water drains/catch basins. in total, 111,776 specimens of 15 species were recorded. the most commonly collected species were aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (n = 60,961) a ... | 0 | 25429168 |
culicidae (diptera) selection of humans, chickens and rabbits in three different environments in the province of chaco, argentina. | studies were conducted to determine the selection of humans, chickens and rabbits by culicidae in three different environments in the province of chaco, argentina. mosquitoes were collected fortnightly using cylindrical metal traps containing animal bait (chickens and rabbits). the mosquitoes were collected between june 2001-may 2002. during the same period and with the same frequency, mosquitoes biting the human operators of the traps were collected during the first 15 min of exposure within di ... | 0 | 23903970 |
molecular identification of saint louis encephalitis virus genotype iv in colombia. | saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) is a member of the japanese-encephalitis virus serocomplex of the genus flavivirus. slev is broadly distributed in the americas and the caribbean islands, where it is usually transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus culex and primarily to birds and mammalian-hosts. humans are occasionally infected by the virus and are dead-end hosts. slev causes encephalitis in temperate regions, while in tropical regions of the americas, several human cases and a wide biologi ... | 2015 | 26313538 |
diversity of mosquitoes and the aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites along the pacific coast of mexico. | the abundance, richness and diversity of mosquitoes and aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites were surveyed along eight states of the pacific coast of mexico. diversity was estimated using the shannon index (h'), similarity measures and cluster analysis. | 2014 | 24450800 |
potential sympatric vectors and mammalian hosts of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in southern mexico. | arboviruses are important zoonotic agents with complex transmission cycles and are not well understood because they may involve many vectors and hosts. we studied sympatric wild mammals and hematophagous mosquitoes having the potential to act as hosts and vectors in two areas of southern mexico. mosquitoes, bats, and rodents were captured in calakmul (campeche) and montes azules (chiapas), between november 2010 and august 2011. spleen samples from 146 bats and 14 rodents were tested for molecula ... | 2017 | 28384059 |
defining genetic, taxonomic, and geographic boundaries among species of the psorophora confinnis (diptera: culicidae) complex in north and south america. | the psorophora confinnis complex is currently composed of three species--psorophora confinnis sensu stricto (lynch arribalzaga) in south america, psorophora columbiae (dyar and knab) in north america, and psorophora jamaicensis (theobald) in the caribbean. members of the complex are of considerable importance as vectors of arboviruses, for example, venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and are significant biting pests throughout their range. the biological and geographic boundaries of ps. confin ... | 2015 | 26336224 |
[do some conditions contribute to the reemergence of the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the colombian alta guajira?]. | in the last 18 years, epizootics of venezuelan equine encephalitis have not occurred in places with historic epidemic register (1925-1995) in the guajira peninsula, colombia. | 2015 | 26148035 |
classification of immature mosquito species according to characteristics of the larval habitat in the subtropical province of chaco, argentina. | to classify mosquito species based on common features of their habitats, samples were obtained fortnightly between june 2001-october 2003 in the subtropical province of chaco, argentina. data on the type of larval habitat, nature of the habitat (artificial or natural), size, depth, location related to sunlight, distance to the neighbouring houses, type of substrate, organic material, vegetation and algae type and their presence were collected. data on the permanence, temperature, ph, turbidity, ... | 2011 | 21739026 |
[culicidae of medical-veterinary importance in natural breeding sites located in three areas of camagüey province in cuba]. | malaria is a serious public health problem at present; it affects almost half of the population from over 100 countries and poses a high risk of reintroduction in cuba. | 2013 | 23447830 |
the ecology of psorophora confinnis (diptera: culicidae) in southern california. i. the seasonal nature of hatching. | | 1965 | 5834929 |
ddt used to control a rice-field mosquito, psorophora confinnis. | | 1946 | 20286280 |