| molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a major 38-kd cochineal allergen. | carmine is a natural red pigment obtained from dried gravid female cochineal insects (dactylopius coccus or coccus cacti). there have been several reports of allergies to carmine, but the major allergens responsible have not been identified. | 2009 | 19249084 |
| occupational asthma and immunologic responses induced by inhaled carmine among employees at a factory making natural dyes. | carmine is a natural red dye widely used as a food coloring agent and for cosmetic manufacture. it is extracted from the dried females of the insect dactylopius coccus var. costa (cochineal). although it has been reported that inhalation of carmine may give rise to occupational asthma and extrinsic allergic alveolitis, there is little evidence of its immunogenic capacity. we studied nine current employees at a factory making natural dyes and one former employee who had left this plant after occu ... | 1994 | 8308181 |
| variation in the concentration of carminic acid produced by dactylopius coccus (hemiptera: dactylopidae) at various maturation stages. | the concentration of carminic acid was found to vary based on the size and life cycle stage of the cochineal, dactylopius coccus costa. the concentration of carminic acid in cochineal eggs, nymph i, nymph ii, fertilized adults, ovipositing adults, and sterile adults female was measured using capillary electrophoresis, and the total fluorescence of the carminic acid globules was measured using flow cytometry. the smallest sterile adult females had a greater percentage of carminic acid relative to ... | 2014 | 25195465 |
| identification of unknown colorants in pre-columbian textiles dyed with american cochineal (dactylopius coccus costa) using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. | the present study concerns the identification of nine thus-far unknown derivatives of carminic acid extracted from pre-columbian peruvian textiles dyed with american cochineal-these derivatives are not found in commercially available preparations of the dye. these compounds probably represent a unique fingerprint of dyed textiles from this region, as they have never been reported to occur in other fabrics of historical value. they were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromato ... | 2015 | 25213214 |
| america's red gold: multiple lineages of cultivated cochineal in mexico. | cultivated cochineal (dactylopius coccus) produces carminic acid, a valuable red dye used to color textiles, cosmetics, and food. extant native d. coccus is largely restricted to two populations in the mexican and the andean highlands, although the insect's ultimate center of domestication remains unclear. moreover, due to mexican d. coccus cultivation's near demise during the 19th century, the genetic diversity of current cochineal stock is unknown. through genomic sequencing, we identified two ... | 2015 | 25691985 |
| fungal community associated with dactylopius (hemiptera: coccoidea: dactylopiidae) and its role in uric acid metabolism. | we studied fungal species associated with the carmine cochineal dactylopius coccus and other non-domesticated dactylopius species using culture-dependent and -independent methods. thirty seven fungi were isolated in various culture media from insect males and females from different developmental stages and dactylopius species. 26s rrna genes and its sequences, from cultured fungal isolates revealed different species of cryptococcus, rhodotorula, debaryomyces, trametes, and penicillium, which are ... | 2016 | 27446001 |
| characterization of a membrane-bound c-glucosyltransferase responsible for carminic acid biosynthesis in dactylopius coccus costa. | carminic acid, a glucosylated anthraquinone found in scale insects like dactylopius coccus, has since ancient times been used as a red colorant in various applications. here we show that a membrane-bound c-glucosyltransferase, isolated from d. coccus and designated dcugt2, catalyzes the glucosylation of flavokermesic acid and kermesic acid into their respective c-glucosides dcii and carminic acid. dcugt2 is predicted to be a type i integral endoplasmic reticulum (er) membrane protein, containing ... | 2017 | 29215010 |
| synthesis of c-glucosylated octaketide anthraquinones in n. benthamiana using a multispecies-based biosynthetic pathway. | carminic acid is a c-glucosylated octaketide anthraquinone and the main constituent of the natural dye carmine (e120) possessing unique coloring, stability and solubility properties. despite being used since ancient times, longstanding efforts to elucidate its route of biosynthesis have been unsuccessful. herein is reported a novel combination of enzymes derived from a plant (aloe arborescens, aa), a bacterium (streptomyces sp r1128, st), and an insect (dactylopius coccus, dc) that allows for th ... | 2017 | 28719729 |
| hplc-dad-ms analysis of dyes identified in textiles from mount athos. | organic colorants contained in 30 textiles (16th to early 20th century) from the monastery of simonos petra (mount athos) have been investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry (hplc-dad-ms). the components of natural dyes identified in samples treated by the standard hcl dyestuff extraction method were: alizarin, apigenin, butein, carminic acid, chrysoeriol, dcii, dciv, dcvii, ellagic acid, emodin, fisetin, flavokermesic aci ... | 2011 | 21271239 |
| light harvesting over a wide range of wavelength using natural dyes of gardenia and cochineal for dye-sensitized solar cells. | two natural dyes extracted from gardenia yellow (gardenia jasminoides) and cochineal (dactylopius coccus) were used as sensitizers in the assembly of dye-sensitized solar cells (dsscs) to harvest light over a wide range of wavelengths. the adsorption characteristics, electrochemical properties and photovoltaic efficiencies of the natural dsscs were investigated. the adsorption kinetics data of the dyes were obtained in a small adsorption chamber and fitted with a pseudo-second-order model. the p ... | 2014 | 24709352 |
| comparison of extraction methods for the analysis of natural dyes in historical textiles by high-performance liquid chromatography. | different methods for the extraction of dactylopius coccus costa, rubia tinctorum l., isatis tinctoria l., reseda luteola l., curcuma longa l. and cotinus coggygria scop. from wool fibres are investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (hplc-dad). the efficiencies of five extraction methods which include the use of hcl (widely used extraction method), citric acid, oxalic acid, tfa and a combination of hcooh and edta are compared on the basis of the (a) num ... | 2009 | 19798487 |
| posterior hyaloid detachment and internal limiting membrane peeling assisted by anthocyanins from acai fruit (euterpe oleracea) and 10 other natural vital dyes: experimental study in cadaveric eyes. | the purpose of this study was to determine whether natural dyes facilitate posterior hyaloid detachment (posterior vitreous detachment [pvd]) and retinal internal limiting membrane (ilm) peeling in human eyes. | 2013 | 22990318 |
| species in wolbachia? proposal for the designation of 'candidatus wolbachia bourtzisii', 'candidatus wolbachia onchocercicola', 'candidatus wolbachia blaxteri', 'candidatus wolbachia brugii', 'candidatus wolbachia taylori', 'candidatus wolbachia collembolicola' and 'candidatus wolbachia multihospitum' for the different species within wolbachia supergroups. | wolbachia are highly extended bacterial endosymbionts that infect arthropods and filarial nematodes and produce contrasting phenotypes on their hosts. wolbachia taxonomy has been understudied. currently, wolbachia strains are classified into phylogenetic supergroups. here we applied phylogenomic analyses to study wolbachia evolutionary relationships and examined metrics derived from their genome sequences such as average nucleotide identity (ani), in silico dna-dna hybridization (ddh), g+c conte ... | 2015 | 26189661 |
| genomes of candidatus wolbachia bourtzisii wdaca and candidatus wolbachia pipientis wdacb from the cochineal insect dactylopius coccus (hemiptera: dactylopiidae). | dactylopius species, known as cochineal insects, are the source of the carminic acid dye used worldwide. the presence of two wolbachia strains in dactylopius coccus from mexico was revealed by pcr amplification of wsp and sequencing of 16s rrna genes. a metagenome analysis recovered the genome sequences of candidatus wolbachia bourtzisii wdaca (supergroup a) and candidatus wolbachia pipientis wdacb (supergroup b). genome read coverage, as well as 16s rrna clone sequencing, revealed that wdacb wa ... | 2016 | 27543297 |
| free radical generation during the activation of hemolymph prepared from the homopteran dactylopius coccus. | superoxide anion (o(-) (2)) and nitric oxide (no) generation in dactylopius coccus hemolymph obtained by perfusion and activated with zymosan was studied. activated hemolymph reduced 3-[4,5 dimethylthiazolil-2]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. this reduction was prevented by superoxide dismutase (sod) indicating o(-) (2) generation. this activity was dependent on temperature, and hemolymph incubated at 75 degrees c lost its activity. chromatocytes incubated with zymosan released their content a ... | 2007 | 17427930 |
| occupational asthma and food allergy due to carmine. | carmine (e120), a natural red dye extracted from the dried females of the insect dactylopius coccus var. costa (cochineal), has been reported to cause hypersensitivity reactions. we report a case of occupational asthma and food allergy due to carmine in a worker not engaged in dye manufacturing. a 35-year-old nonatopic man, who had worked for 4 years in a spice warehouse, reported asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis for 5 months, related to carmine handling in his work. two weeks before the visit, he ... | 1998 | 9788693 |
| optimizing conditions for the extraction of pigments in cochineals (dactylopius coccus costa) using response surface methodology. | a simple method was developed for the extraction and determination of color pigments in cochineals (dactylopius coccus costa). the procedure was based on the solvent extraction of pigments in insect samples using methanol:water (65:35, v:v) as extractant. two-level factorial design was used in order to optimize the solvent extraction parameters: temperature, time, methanol concentration in the extractant mixture, and the number of extractions. the results suggest that the number of extractions i ... | 2002 | 12428945 |
| carminic acid dye from the homopteran dactylopius coccus hemolymph is consumed during treatment with different microbial elicitors. | the activation of dactylopius coccus (costa) hemolymph with microbial polysaccharide molecules was studied. hemolymph incubated in the presence of laminarin, zymosan, and n-acetyl glucosamine produced a dark fibrillar precipitated, and the red pigment (carminic acid) was consumed (measured spectrophotometrically at 495 nm). lipopolysaccharide (lps) did not induce any response. the reaction was inhibited with millimolar concentrations of serine and cysteine protease inhibitors, egta and phenyl th ... | 2003 | 12942514 |
| [asthma and allergy due to carmine dye]. | cochineal carmine, or simply carmine (e120), is a red colouring that is obtained from the dried bodies of the female insect dactylopius coccus costa (the cochineal insect). we have evaluated the prevalence of sensitization and asthma caused by carmine in a factory using natural colouring, following the diagnosis of two workers with occupational asthma. the accumulated incidence of sensitization and occupational asthma due to carmine in this factory are 48.1% and 18.5% respectively, figures that ... | 2003 | 13679965 |
| color quality of pigments in cochineals (dactylopius coccus costa). geographical origin characterization using multivariate statistical analysis. | the commercial value of a cochineal (dactylopius coccus costa) sample is associated with its color quality. because the cochineal is a legal food colorant, its color quality is generally understood as its pigment content. simply put, the higher this content, the more valuable the sample is to the market. in an effort to devise a way to measure the color quality of a cochineal, the present study evaluates different parameters of color measurement such as chromatic attributes (l*, and a*), percent ... | 2004 | 14995142 |
| ovariole structure of the cochineal scale insect, dactylophis coccus. | the ovaries of the adult cochineal scale insect, dactylopius coccus costa (hemiptera: coccoidea: dactylopiidae) are made up of more than 400 short ovarioles of the telotrophic type. the ovarioles develop asynchronously. the ovarioles consist of a germarium with six or seven nurse cells, a vitellarium with an oocyte, and pedicel. a terminal filament is lacking. a maturing oocyte was attached to the trophic core by the trophic cord during previtellogenesis and most of vitellogenesis. | 2008 | 20337555 |
| hemocytes of the cochineal insect: ultrastructure. | using transmission electron microscopy, light microscopy (giemsa may-grumwald), and the periodic acid-schif (pas) and sudan black b staining techniques, hemocytes in the hemolymph of adult female dactylopius coccus were characterized. the following, in order of abundance, were found: granulocytes, plasmatocytes, prohemocytes, and oenocytoids. granulocytes varied in size with granulations in the cytoplasm, a large quantity of mitochondria, rugose endoplasmatic reticulum, ribosomes and vesicles, c ... | 2010 | 20151471 |
| use of dactylopius coccus costa (hemiptera: coccoidea) pigments in the detection of larvae and pupae of plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: yponomeutidae). | carmines obtained from the dye of dactylopius coccus costa (hemiptera: coccoidea) were used for the detection of larvae and pupae of plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: yponomeutidae) in broccoli inflorescences. larvae were dyed with carmine ii and red cochineal, while the majority of the dyes, with the exception of carmine iii and the aqueous extract, were suitable to dye pupae. in the broccoli lumps exposed to the dyes, only the verge of the stems were actually dyed, right in the position w ... | 2012 | 23950051 |
| structure elucidation and chromatographic identification of anthraquinone components of cochineal (dactylopius coccus) detected in historical objects. | cochineal is one of the most well known organic red dyes. dactylopius coccus costa (dactylopiidae) is a scale insect that is used as the source of the dye known as mexican cochineal. although cochineal is today a natural food colorant (e120) and although it has been used in art objects (textiles and paintings) for centuries, its exact chemical consistency is not well clarified except for carminic acid which is the major component and kermesic and flavokermesic acids. several minor components (ty ... | 2013 | 24267092 |