| yersinia enterocolitica infection in breeding colonies of ruffed lemurs. | two outbreaks of yersiniosis caused by yersinia enterocolitica occurred in breeding colonies of red ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata rubra) and black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) housed in outdoor enclosures during the winter breeding season and spring birth season, respectively. seven of 11 animals at risk in the combined outbreaks became ill, and 3 died of acute to chronic infection. clinical signs included anorexia, lethargy, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hyperpyrexia ... | 1984 | 6511581 |
| niche separation in varecia variegata rubra and eulemur fulvus albifrons: i. interspecific patterns. | niche separation was documented in a year-long study of varecia variegata rubra and eulemur fulvus albifrons on the masoala peninsula, madagascar. feeding trees were measured, and diet, forest height, and forest site were recorded at 5-min time points on focal animals. for time point data, multivariate and bivariate analysis of frequencies was employed to examine how niche dimensions vary between species according to sex, season, and reproductive stage. v. v. rubra feeds in larger trees than e. ... | 2000 | 10861356 |
| expectations about numerical events in four lemur species (eulemur fulvus, eulemur mongoz, lemur catta and varecia rubra). | although much is known about how some primates--in particular, monkeys and apes--represent and enumerate different numbers of objects, very little is known about the numerical abilities of prosimian primates. here, we explore how four lemur species (eulemur fulvus, e. mongoz, lemur catta, and varecia rubra) represent small numbers of objects. specifically, we presented lemurs with three expectancy violation looking time experiments aimed at exploring their expectations about a simple 1+1 additio ... | 2005 | 15729569 |
| high diversity in functional properties of melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r) in divergent primate species is more strongly associated with phylogeny than coat color. | we have characterized the biochemical function of the melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r), a critical regulator of melanin synthesis, from 9 phylogenetically diverse primate species with varying coat colors. there is substantial diversity in melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh) binding affinity and basal levels of activity in the cloned mc1rs. msh binding was lost independently in lemur and new world monkey lineages, whereas high basal levels of mc1r activity occur in lemurs and some new world monkey ... | 2007 | 17609536 |
| seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern united states. | toxoplasma gondii infections in zoo animals are of interest because many captive animals die of clinical toxoplasmosis and because of the potential risk of exposure of children and elderly to t. gondii oocysts excreted by cats in the zoos. seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies in wild zoo felids, highly susceptible zoo species, and feral cats from 8 zoos of the midwestern united states was determined by using the modified agglutination test (mat). a titer of 1:25 was considered indicative of t. ... | 2008 | 18605803 |
| [animal reservoirs of human virulent microsporidian species]. | the main objective of the present study was to determined the occurrence of encephalitozoon intestinalis, e. hellem, e. cuniculi, and enterocytozoon bieneusi in poland in animal faecal using the fish (fluorescent in situ hybridization) and multiplex fish techniques. additional objectives included: (1) identification of animal hosts of microsporidia that are infectious to humans amongst free-ranging, captive, livestock and domestic animals; (2) a molecular analysis of randomly selected parasite i ... | 2009 | 19579789 |
| evolutionary roots of motor planning: the end-state comfort effect in lemurs. | humans (homo sapiens) anticipate the consequences of their forthcoming actions. for example, they grasp objects with uncomfortable grasps to afford comfortable end positions-the end-state comfort (esc) effect. when did such sophisticated motor planning abilities emerge in evolution? we addressed this question by asking whether humans' most distant living primate relatives-lemurs-also exhibit the esc effect. we presented 6 species of lemurs (lemur catta, eulemur mongoz, eulemur coronatus, eulemur ... | 2010 | 20476823 |
| occurrence and genetic characterization of giardia duodenalis from captive nonhuman primates by multi-locus sequence analysis. | giardia is the most common enteric protozoan that can be pathogenic to both humans and animals. transmission can be direct through the faecal-oral route, or through ingestion of contaminated water or food. genetic characterization of giardia duodenalis isolates has demonstrated the existence of seven groups (assemblages a to g) which differ in their host distribution. assemblages a and b are present in humans and other primates, dogs, cats, rodents, and other species of wild mammals, but the rol ... | 2011 | 21327988 |
| sex ratio affects sex-specific innovation and learning in captive ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata and varecia rubra). | recent years have witnessed extensive research into problem solving and innovation in primates, yet lemurs have not been subjected to the same level of attention as apes and monkeys, and the social context in which novel behavior appears has rarely been considered. we gave novel foraging puzzlebox devices to seven groups of ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata and varecia rubra) to examine the factors affecting rates of innovation and social learning. we found, across a range of group sex ratios, th ... | 2011 | 21898514 |
| giardia duodenalis assemblages and entamoeba species infecting non-human primates in an italian zoological garden: zoonotic potential and management traits. | giardia duodenalis and entamoeba spp. are among the most common intestinal human protozoan parasites worldwide and they are frequently reported in captive non-human primates (nhp). from a public health point of view, infected animals in zoos constitute a risk for animal caretakers and visitors. in this study we carried out the molecular identification of g. duodenalis and entamoeba spp. from nine species of primates housed in the zoological garden of rome, to better ascertain their occurrence an ... | 2011 | 21988762 |
| intertemporal choice in lemurs. | different species vary in their ability to wait for delayed rewards in intertemporal choice tasks. models of rate maximization account for part of this variation, but other factors such as social structure and feeding ecology seem to underly some species differences. though studies have evaluated intertemporal choice in several primate species, including old world monkeys, new world monkeys, and apes, prosimians have not been tested. this study investigated intertemporal choices in three species ... | 2011 | 22024661 |
| systemic blastomycosis in a captive red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra). | a 5-yr-old, intact male red ruffed lemur ( varecia rubra ) presented for evaluation as the result of a 1-wk history of lethargy and hyporexia. physical examination findings included thin body condition, muffled heart sounds, harsh lung sounds, and liquid brown diarrhea. complete blood count and serum biochemistry showed an inflammatory leukogram, mild hyponatremia, and mild hypochloremia. orthogonal trunk radiographs revealed a severe alveolar pattern in the right cranial lung lobes with cardiac ... | 2016 | 27691971 |
| fatal echinococcosis in three lemurs in the united kingdom--a case series. | tapeworms of the genus echinococcus reside in the small intestine of a number of carnivorous species, predominantly canids. in enzootic areas, hydatidosis caused by taeniid metacestodes can present a significant problem in accidental intermediate hosts, including humans. whereas the united kingdom is currently considered free of echinococcus multilocularis, echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) and echinococcus equinus are endemic in the uk and have been reported in a variety of captive m ... | 2016 | 26872922 |
| occurrence of encephalitozoon intestinalis in the red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra) and the ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta) housed in the poznan zoological garden, poland. | encephalitozoon intestinalis is one of the most common microsporidial species found in humans worldwide but it has rarely been identified in animals. the presence of this pathogen has been detected in a few species of domestic, captive and wild mammals as well as in three species of birds. the aim of the present study was to examine fecal samples obtained from mammals housed in the poznan zoological garden, poland, for the presence of potentially human-infectious microsporidia. a total of 339 fr ... | 2012 | 23094336 |
| non-human primates avoid the detrimental effects of prenatal androgen exposure in mixed-sex litters: combined demographic, behavioral, and genetic analyses. | producing single versus multiple births has important life history trade-offs, including the potential benefits and risks of sharing a common in utero environment. sex hormones can diffuse through amniotic fluid and fetal membranes, and females with male littermates risk exposure to high levels of fetal testosterone, which are shown to have masculinizing effects and negative fitness consequences in many mammals. whereas most primates give birth to single offspring, several new world monkey and s ... | 2016 | 27434275 |
| circadian rhythms in diet and habitat use in red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) and white-fronted brown lemurs (eulemur fulvus albifrons). | daily variation in niche use among vertebrates is attributed to a variety of factors, including thermoregulatory, reproductive, and nutritional requirements. lemuriform primates exhibit many behavioral and physiological adaptations related to thermoregulation and sharp, seasonal reproduction, yet they have rarely been subjects of a quantitative analysis of circadian (or daily) rhythms in niche use. in this study, i document daily rhythms in diet and microhabitat use over an annual cycle in two s ... | 2004 | 15252863 |
| niche separation in varecia variegata rubra and eulemur fulvus albifrons: ii. intraspecific patterns. | based on a year-long field study in northeastern madagascar, i summarize annual patterns of niche use (food patch size, diet, forest height, and forest site) in two sympatric lemurs, varecia variegata rubra and eulemur fulvus albifrons. furthermore, i examine intraspecific patterns of niche use according to sex, season, and reproductive stage in these two lemurs that differ in terms of energetic investment in reproduction. lemurs as a group provide a special opportunity to test hypotheses concer ... | 2002 | 12012369 |
| opsin gene polymorphism predicts trichromacy in a cathemeral lemur. | recent research has identified polymorphic trichromacy in three diurnal strepsirrhines: coquerel's sifaka (propithecus coquereli), black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), and red ruffed lemurs (v. rubra). current hypotheses suggest that the transitions to diurnality experienced by propithecus and varecia were necessary precursors to their independent acquisitions of trichromacy. accordingly, cathemeral lemurs are thought to lack the m/l opsin gene polymorphism necessary for trichromac ... | 2009 | 18837042 |
| evaluation of iron status in lemurs by analysis of serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation. | to assess serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation as indicators of iron metabolic status in 3 genera of lemurs and determine whether these variables are useful for screening for iron overload. | 2008 | 18279098 |
| daily activity and light exposure levels for five species of lemurs at the duke lemur center. | light is the primary synchronizer of all biological rhythms, yet little is known about the role of the 24-hour luminous environment on nonhuman primate circadian patterns, making it difficult to understand the photic niche of the ancestral primate. here we present the first data on proximate light-dark exposure and activity-rest patterns in free-ranging nonhuman primates. four individuals each of five species of lemurs at the duke lemur center (eulemur mongoz, lemur catta, propithecus coquereli, ... | 2014 | 24318943 |
| intraspecific variation in maximum ingested food size and body mass in varecia rubra and propithecus coquereli. | in a recent study, we quantified the scaling of ingested food size (v(b))-the maximum size at which an animal consistently ingests food whole-and found that v(b) scaled isometrically between species of captive strepsirrhines. the current study examines the relationship between v(b) and body size within species with a focus on the frugivorous varecia rubra and the folivorous propithecus coquereli. we found no overlap in v(b) between the species (all v. rubra ingested larger pieces of food relativ ... | 2011 | 22567300 |
| high reproductive effort is associated with decreasing mortality late in life in captive ruffed lemurs. | evolutionary theories of senescence predict that a high allocation to reproduction during early life should have long-term deleterious consequences on future reproduction or survival because individuals have to face an energy allocation trade-off between reproductive effort and the maintenance of body condition. using a high-quality dataset from 1,721 red ruffed lemurs (rrl, varecia rubra) and 3,637 black and white ruffed lemurs (bwrm, v. variegata) living in captivity, we tested the existence o ... | 2017 | 28608982 |
| distinct functional roles of primate grasping hands and feet during arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. | it has long been thought that quadrupedal primates successfully occupy arboreal environments, in part, by relying on their grasping feet to control balance and propulsion, which frees their hands to test unstable branches and forage. if this interlimb decoupling of function is real, there should be discernible differences in forelimb versus hind limb musculoskeletal control, specifically in how manual and pedal digital flexor muscles are recruited to grasp during arboreal locomotion. new electro ... | 2015 | 26553820 |
| frugivory and seed dispersal patterns of the red-ruffed lemur, varecia rubra, at a forest restoration site in masoala national park, madagascar. | frugivorous primates can play a critical role in the regeneration of degraded habitats by dispersing seeds of their food plants. we studied the diet and seed dispersal patterns of 3 groups of habituated red-ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) in a rain forest restoration site in masoala national park, madagascar, to assess the species' seed dispersal effectiveness. fruits accounted for 61% of the diet, with an average foraging time of 10 min per fruit patch per day. seeds from 75% of the consumed frui ... | 2014 | 25323399 |
| urethral obstruction with a copulatory plug following natural breeding in a ruffed lemur, varecia rubra. | an 18-year old captive male lemur (varecia rubra) housed in a breeding situation presented for lethargy and anorexia. | 2014 | 24372394 |
| surgical and medical management for fractures of the second through fifth metacarpals in a red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra). | a 21-yr-old female red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra) was presented with swelling and disuse of the right manus. severely displaced fractures of metacarpals ii-v were diagnosed radiographically. the fractures were surgically stabilized with intramedullary kirschner wires attached externally with an acrylic external fixator and a bone plate on the dorsal aspect of metacarpal iii. the fractures of metacarpals ii-v were predominantly healed on radiographs obtained 12 wk after surgery. however, diffus ... | 2013 | 23505733 |
| survey of minerals and fat-soluble vitamins in captive black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata). | serum and whole blood samples from 64 clinically normal captive black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), aged 6 mo to 32 yr, were analyzed to survey mineral and fat-soluble vitamin concentrations. all animals were fed a commercial primate food and a wide range of fruits and vegetables. specific commercial diet information was available for 52 animals that were fed one of 10 different diets. data analysis showed no differences in the analytes attributable to sex or access to natural ult ... | 2009 | 20063808 |
| genetic architecture of two red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra) populations of masoala national park. | the current range of the red ruffed lemur (varecia rubra) population is primarily restricted to forests of the masoala peninsula on the northeastern coast of madagascar. whereas much of the peninsula is protected as masoala national park, parts of the forest are at risk from anthropogenic pressures and habitat fragmentation. we sampled 32 individual red ruffed lemur from two sites: ambatoledama (dama), a narrow forest corridor across an area of degraded habitat connecting larger blocks of forest ... | 2010 | 19821011 |
| biomedical evaluation of free-ranging red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) within the masoala national park, madagascar. | complete health assessments were performed on 22 adult red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra), comprising nine males and 13 females, found within the masoala national park in northeast madagascar. each animal was anesthetized using tiletamine and zolazepam and underwent a thorough physical examination, including measurement of its weight and vital signs; blood collection for hematology, plasma total protein concentration, serum chemistries, fat-soluble vitamins, trace minerals, assessment of iron met ... | 2008 | 18432099 |
| the breeding system of wild red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra): a preliminary report. | captive studies have shown that ruffed lemurs (varecia) have an unusual suite of reproductive traits combined with extremely high maternal reproductive costs. these traits include the bearing of litters, nesting of altricial young, and absentee parenting. to characterize the breeding system of this enigmatic lemur, reproductive traits must be contextualized in the wild. here, i provide a preliminary report of mating and infant care in one community of wild red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra). obse ... | 2007 | 17024514 |
| activity budgets and activity rhythms in red ruffed lemurs (varecia rubra) on the masoala peninsula, madagascar: seasonality and reproductive energetics. | the activity budgets and daily activity rhythms of varecia rubra were examined over an annual cycle according to season and reproductive stage. given the relatively high reproductive costs and patchy food resources of this species, i predicted that v. rubra would 1) travel less and feed more during seasonal resource scarcity in an attempt to maintain energy balance, and 2) show sex differences in activity budgets due to differing reproductive investment. contrary to the first prediction, v. rubr ... | 2005 | 15898071 |
| automatic monitoring of primate locomotor behaviour using accelerometers. | accelerometry data were transmitted by a radio collar attached to a hand-reared red-ruffed lemur housed in a large indoor/outdoor enclosure at chester zoo. an observer simultaneously recorded locomotor behaviour using a manually operated event recorder. both data streams were recorded directly to hard disk to ensure accurate synchrony. leaps were modelled using a y = x2 - x3 formulation for the take-off acceleration, to link peak acceleration to leap distance. cyclic locomotor modes were analyse ... | 2013 | 15316155 |
| use of desferoxamine and s-adenosylmethionine to treat hemochromatosis in a red ruffed lemur (varecia variegata ruber). | hemochromatosis was diagnosed in a 14-year-old, male, red ruffed lemur (varecia variegata ruber) on the basis of abnormal results of serum biochemical analysis, including high serum ferritin and transferrin saturation values, and of liver biopsy. therapy included chelation, using desferoxamine to remove excess iron and s-adenosylmethionine to improve liver function, and monthly peripheral blood removal by phlebotomy to reduce total body iron content. response to treatment was assessed by changes ... | 2004 | 15027625 |
| female dominance in captive red ruffed lemurs, varecia variegata rubra (primates, lemuridae). | | 2006 | 10640883 |
| [hepatocellular carcinoma in a lemur (varecia variegata rubra x variegata)--a case report]. | this case report describes a spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma in a six years-old female lemur (varecia variegata rubra x variegata) with widespread metastases. potential causes of hepatic neoplasms are discussed. | 1996 | 8964241 |
| gastric pneumatosis in a red ruffed lemur. | | 1986 | 3505989 |
| hematology and serum chemistry values of juvenile and adult ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata). | hematologic and serum chemistry values are presented for adult and juvenile red ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata rubra) and black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) maintained in a zoological collection. hematologic and serum chemical values are compared between age groups and subspecies and with other primate species. elevated hematocrit, total protein, and serum albumin values were noted. significant differences in cholesterol, total protein, and serum albumin values between ... | 1985 | 3981623 |
| eulerian videography technology improves classification of sleep architecture in primates. | sleep is a critically important dimension of primate behavior, ecology, and evolution, yet primate sleep is under-studied because current methods of analyzing sleep are expensive, invasive, and time-consuming. in contrast to electroencephalography (eeg) and actigraphy, videography is a cost-effective and non-invasive method to study sleep architecture in animals. with video data, however, it is challenging to score subtle changes that occur in different sleep states, and technology has lagged be ... | 2019 | 31456082 |
| behavioral responses of three lemur species to different food enrichment devices. | environmental enrichment is a tool used to promote the welfare and well-being of captive animals by encouraging the display of species-specific behaviors and reducing the stress or boredom induced by captive environments. lemurs are highly endangered, yet few studies have analyzed the behavioral impacts of enrichment on captive populations. we studied the impacts of two novel enrichment devices on three lemur species (ring-tailed lemurs [lemur catta], red-ruffed lemurs [varecia rubra], and coque ... | 2018 | 29722911 |
| angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) in florida, usa: current status. | angiostrongylus cantonensis has been found in florida, usa, from the panhandle in the north to miami and surrounding areas in the southern parts of the state, in both definitive and intermediate hosts in a limited studies completed in 2015. additional studies have identified this parasite in a variety of intermediate hosts, both native and non-native gastropod species, with new host species recorded. many areas in florida with higher a. cantonensis prevalence were those with a high human populat ... | 2020 | 32729436 |
| daily lettuce supplements promote foraging behavior and modify the gut microbiota in captive frugivores. | for captive primates, greater provisioning of leafy greens or foliage can promote natural foraging behavior while boosting fiber intake. recalcitrant fiber, although minimally available to endogenous metabolism, is readily fermented into nutrients by gut microbes. whereas most primates in captivity consume fiber-limited diets and harbor imbalanced gut microbiota compared to their wild conspecifics, the importance of fiber provisioning to primate gut microbiota has predominately been studied in f ... | 2020 | 32608534 |
| clonal spread of yersinia enterocolitica 1b/o:8 in multiple zoo species. | yersinia enterocolitica (ye) bioserotype 1b/o:8 (ye 1b/o:8) was identified in routine culture of a variety of zoo species housed at omaha's henry doorly zoo and aquarium (ohdza) from april to july 2011. animal cases representing 12 species had ye detected from 34 cases during routine fecal monitoring and/or during postmortem examination: coquerel's sifakas (propithecus coquereli, two cases), black & white (bw) ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata, six cases), red ruffed lemurs (varecia rub ... | 2020 | 32212560 |
| sex differences in scent-marking in captive red-ruffed lemurs. | primate chemical communication remains underappreciated, as primates are considered to rely on other sensory modalities. however, various lines of evidence suggest that olfaction plays an important role in primate societies, including the conspicuous scent-marking behavior of many strepsirrhines and callitrichines. although lemurs typically show scent-marking, little is known about this behavior in red-ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata rubra). we combined behavioral observations and semiochemistr ... | 2019 | 30663779 |
| infant nest and stash sites of variegated lemurs (varecia rubra): the extended phenotype. | very few primate species give birth to litters and build nests in which to care for them. those that do are small-bodied, nocturnal, and solitary. variegated lemurs are exceptional in that they bear litters in arboreal nests, yet are relatively large-bodied, day-active, and gregarious. furthermore, they raise their young cooperatively and practice absentee parenting; non-clinging young are transported orally and periodically stashed in arboreal spots that are supportive, sheltered, and usually c ... | 2018 | 30187943 |
| subspecific divergence in a loud call of the ruffed lemur (varecia variegata). | a loud call of the ruffed lemur (varecia variegata) was analyzed for subspecific and gender differences according to four variables: pulse rate, median pulse duration, median high frequency, and median low frequency. these vocalizations of black-and-white and red ruffed lemurs and one hybrid ruffed lemur were recorded at the duke university primate center (durham, nc). significant differences were found between subspecies but not between the sexes. quantitative differences in this loud call of r ... | 1985 | 31979505 |