| serological response to hepatitis e virus genotype 3 infection: igg quantitation, avidity, and igm response. | sequential sera were collected from 18 acute cases of uk-acquired hepatitis e. the virus strains in all cases were of genotype 3. the igm and igg response to acute infection were documented over time using eia kits based on a peptide antigen, pe2, which is derived from a genotype 1 strain of hepatitis e virus (hev). ninety-five percentage of acute sera were igm positive; after 6 months or more only 12% remained positive. the kit was adapted to quantify the igg response (in who u/ml) and to deter ... | 2008 | 18041018 |
| non-travel related hepatitis e virus genotype 3 infections in the netherlands; a case series 2004 - 2006. | human hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are considered an emerging disease in industrialized countries. in the netherlands, hepatitis e virus (hev) infections have been associated with travel to high-endemic countries. non-travel related hev of genotype 3 has been diagnosed occasionally since 2000. a high homology of hev from humans and pigs suggests zoonotic transmission but direct molecular and epidemiological links have yet to be established. we conducted a descriptive case series to generat ... | 2008 | 18462508 |
| hepatitis e autochthonous infection in chronic liver disease. | hepatitis e virus is endemic in many parts of the developing world and causes a self-limiting hepatitis in young adults, except in pregnant women and patients with chronic liver disease, where the mortality is high. locally acquired hepatitis e is increasingly recognized in the developed world. it is caused by hepatitis e virus genotype 3, affects the middle-aged and the elderly, and may be a zoonotic infection from pigs. we present a case of locally acquired hepatitis e infection in a patient w ... | 2008 | 18617787 |
| hepatitis e virus genotype 3 diversity, france. | we characterized 42 hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 strains from infected patients in france in 3 parts of the genome and sequenced the full-length hev genotype 3f genome found in europe. these strains are closely related to swine strains in europe, which suggests zoonotic transmission of hev in france. | 2009 | 19116067 |
| sources of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 in the netherlands. | non-travel-related hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 infections in persons in the netherlands may have a zoonotic, foodborne, or water-borne origin. possible reservoirs for hev transmission by water, food, and animals were studied. hev genotype 3/open reading frame 2 sequences were detected in 53% of pig farms, 4% of wild boar feces, and 17% of surface water samples. hev sequences grouped within 4 genotype 3 clusters, of which 1 is so far unique to the netherlands. the 2 largest clusters contai ... | 2009 | 19239749 |
| virulent strain of hepatitis e virus genotype 3, japan. | hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3, which usually causes asymptomatic infection in japan, induced severe hepatitis in 8 patients. to better understand genetic features of hev associated with increased virulence, we determined the complete or near-complete nucleotide sequences of hev from these 8 patients and from 5 swine infected with genotype 3 strain swj19. phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates from the 8 patients and the 5 swine grouped separately from the other genotype 3 isolates t ... | 2009 | 19402955 |
| hepatitis e virus genotype 3 and sporadically also genotype 1 circulate in the population of catalonia, spain. | autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) strains have been described infecting populations of industrialized countries, previously considered as non-endemic areas. the hev strains circulating in one of those areas in south-western europe (barcelona, spain) have been studied by analysing amplicons obtained from hev genomes identified in wastewater, biosolids and sludge. six sewage and two biosolid hev positive samples from urban wastewater treatment plants and two positive hev sludge samples with an ... | 2009 | 19590134 |
| [hepatitis e transmission in denmark]. | a case of acute hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus genotype 3 was diagnosed by serology and genomic sequencing. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a strain identical to one isolated from a swedish pig, which supports the hypothesis that swine serves as reservoirs for hev infection. the patient did not have any recent travel history, had experienced no contact with animals and the origin of the infection remained unknown. we emphasize that health personnel should be aware of acute hepatitis e eve ... | 2009 | 19671402 |
| hepatitis e outbreak on cruise ship. | in 2008, acute hepatitis e infection was confirmed in 4 passengers returning to the united kingdom after a world cruise. epidemiologic investigation showed that of 789 persons who provided blood samples, 195 (25%) were seropositive, 33 (4%) had immunoglobulin [ig] m levels consistent with recent acute infection (11 of these persons were symptomatic), and 162 (21%) had igg only, consistent with past infection. passenger mean age was 68 years. most (426/789, 54%) passengers were female, yet most w ... | 2009 | 19891860 |
| the entire genome sequence of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 isolated from a patient with neuralgic amyotrophy. | we report the case of a thai male patient with neuralgic amyotrophy, presenting with acute and severe pain in the upper extremities, followed by patchy muscle weakness, associated with hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. the entire hev genome was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis and found to be genotype 3. data on the most common hev genotypes circulating in thailand are scarce. the origin of infection and the mode of hev transmission in this patient remained inconclusive; however ... | 2010 | 20100114 |
| first report of an autochthonous hepatitis e virus genotype 3 infection in a 5 month old female child in germany. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is well-known to cause endemic outbreaks of hepatitis in tropical countries, mostly caused by hev genotypes 1 or 2 and transmitted from humans to humans via the fecal-oral route. in contrast, hev genotypes 3 or 4 are commonly encountered as sporadic cases in a non-endemic setting; these autochthonous cases are transmitted from animals to humans and commonly affect elderly male subjects. we report a five-month-old caucasian girl presenting with diarrhea, emesis, and elevat ... | 2010 | 21084220 |
| discovery of hepatitis e: the epidemic non-a, non-b hepatitis 30 years down the memory lane. | hepatitis e was first recognised during an epidemic of hepatitis, which occurred in kashmir valley in 1978. the epidemic involved an estimated 52,000 cases of icteric hepatitis with 1700 deaths. the disease had unique clinical and epidemiological features. the epidemic was water-borne with highly compressed epidemic curve. following the epidemic, secondary waves of hepatitis did not occur. clinical profile was characterized by cholestasis in around 20% of patients. the disease predominantly occu ... | 2011 | 21320558 |
| differences in capabilities of different enzyme immunoassays to detect anti-hepatitis e virus immunoglobulin g in pigs infected experimentally with hepatitis e virus genotype 3 or 4 and in pigs with unknown exposure. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in humans in many developing countries, is highly prevalent in the pig population worldwide. the objective of this study was to assess the capability of three porcine prototypes of a human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), an in-house elisa and a line-immunoassay (lia) to detect anti-hev antibodies in pigs infected experimentally with hev (n=57), known to be negative for hev infection (n=27), or with unknown exposure to hev ... | 2011 | 21596064 |
| hepatitis e virus genotype 3 in humans and swine, bolivia. | we determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in persons in 2 rural communities in southeastern bolivia and the presence of hev in human and swine fecal samples. hev seroprevalence was 6.3%, and hev genotype 3 strains with high sequence homology were detected. | 2011 | 21801630 |
| cynomolgus monkeys are successfully and persistently infected with hepatitis e virus genotype 3 (hev-3) after long-term immunosuppressive therapy. | epidemiological studies found that hepatitis e virus genotype 3 (hev-3) infection was associated with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients. our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the host immunosuppressive status and the occurrence of hev-related chronic hepatitis. here we describe a successful experimental study, using cynomolgus monkeys previously treated with tacrolimus, a potent calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant, and infected with a brazilian h ... | 2017 | 28328941 |
| susceptibility of pigs to zoonotic hepatitis e virus genotype 3 isolated from a wild boar. | in europe, zoonotic hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 strains mainly circulate in humans, swine and wild boar. the aim of this study was to investigate the potential transmission of a wild boar originating hev strain (wbhev) to swine by intravenous or oral inoculation and to study the consequences of infection of a wbhev strain, a wbhev strain previously passaged in a pig and a swine hev strain after oral inoculation. firstly, an intravenous infection was performed for which five piglets were d ... | 2016 | 27477944 |
| hepatitis e virus genotype 3 diversity: phylogenetic analysis and presence of subtype 3b in wild boar in europe. | an increasing number of indigenous cases of hepatitis e caused by genotype 3 viruses (hev-3) have been diagnosed all around the word, particularly in industrialized countries. hepatitis e is a zoonotic disease and accumulating evidence indicates that domestic pigs and wild boars are the main reservoirs of hev-3. a detailed analysis of hev-3 subtypes could help to determine the interplay of human activity, the role of animals as reservoirs and cross species transmission. although complete genome ... | 2015 | 26008708 |
| natural and experimental hepatitis e virus genotype 3-infection in european wild boar is transmissible to domestic pigs. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis e in humans in developing countries, but sporadic and autochthonous cases do also occur in industrialised countries. in europe, food-borne zoonotic transmission of genotype 3 (gt3) has been associated with domestic pig and wild boar. however, little is known about the course of hev infection in european wild boar and their role in hev transmission to domestic pigs. to investigate the transmissibility and pathogenesis of wild boar- ... | 2014 | 25421429 |
| detection and phylogenetic characterization of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 in a captive wild boar in thailand. | hepatitis e virus (hev) was studied in different types of wild boar captive settings in thailand, including a wildlife breeding research station, zoo, and commercial wild boar farm, which were located in different locations of thailand. fifty-one fecal samples were collected and screened for hev rna and then analyzed. one sample obtained from a wildlife breeding research station in ratchaburi province was hev positive. phylogenetic characterization revealed that the virus was hev genotype 3 and ... | 2012 | 23082533 |
| evidences of hev genotype 3 persistence and reactivity in liver parenchyma from experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis). | hepatitis e virus genotype 3 (hev-3) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, responsible for sporadic cases of acute hepatitis e worldwide. primate models have proven to be an essential tool for the study of hev pathogenesis. here we describe the outcomes of hev infection in macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus) inoculated experimentally with genotype 3. eight adult cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intravenously with hev-3 viral particles isolated from swine and human samples. liver, spleen, duodenum, g ... | 2019 | 31211801 |
| hepatitis e virus genotype 3 strains and a plethora of other viruses detected in raw and still in tap water. | in this study, next generation sequencing was used to explore the virome in 20l up to 10,000l water from different purification steps at two swedish drinking water treatment plants (dwtps), and in tap water. one dwtp used ultrafiltration (uf) with 20 nm pores, the other uv light treatment after conventional treatment of the water. viruses belonging to 26 different families were detected in raw water, in which 6-9 times more sequence reads were found for phages than for known environmental, plant ... | 2020 | 31590036 |
| emergent subtype of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 in wild boar in spain. | wild boar (sus scrofa) is considered as the main wildlife reservoir of zoonotic hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes. the aim of this study was to evaluate the circulation of hev in free-ranging wild boar in the doñana national park (dnp), spain. blood samples were collected from 99 wild boar in the dnp during 2015. sera were analysed in parallel using indirect elisa and real-time rt-pcr. a total of 57 of the 99 tested animals (57.6%; 95%ci: 47.8%-67.3%) had anti-hev antibodies, indicating that thi ... | 2019 | 31127865 |
| leptospira spp., rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis e virus surveillance in a wild invasive golden-headed lion tamarin (leontopithecus chrysomelas; kuhl, 1820) population from an urban park in niterói, rio de janeiro, brazil. | the world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, the introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes. disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood. the golden-headed lion tamarin (ghlt, leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an urban park in niterói, rio de janeiro, brazil. the initially few invasive ghlt individuals became hundreds, adap ... | 2019 | 30828830 |
| a putative novel hepatitis e virus genotype 3 subtype identified in rabbit, germany 2016. | hepatitis e is an emerging viral disease that is the leading cause of viral hepatitis in the world. the vast majority of hepatitis e cases in developed countries are caused by zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 of hepatitis e virus (hev) for which pig and wild boar and to lesser extent rabbits are the main reservoir. according to recent reports rabbits are a source of human hev infection and highlight the risk of zoonotic foodborne transmission. here we report the molecular analysis of a novel hev strai ... | 2021 | 34205182 |