| present status of kala-azar in iran. | sporadic cases of visceral leishmaniasis have been reported from all parts of iran except the deserts and very arid zones in the southeast. about 120 cases have been reported up to the present time, the majority from the mountainous areas of the southwest. most patients (76%) have been children under 10 years of age. the probable reservoirs of infection are wild carnivores, infection of man and dog being accidental. during a survey conducted in the caspian area and northeastern part of iran in 1 ... | 1978 | 626277 |
| [contribution to the morphologic differentiation of females belonging to the species phlebotomus major and phlebotomus perfiliewi (diptera, physodidae) in rumania]. | | 1967 | 5589819 |
| [leishmaniasis in karamay. xiv. identification of promastigote isolates from naturally infected phlebotomus major wui]. | phlebotomus major wui, an anthropophilic species, was predominant among sandflies in karamay, xinjiang of china. the females of this species collected in the wild and houses were detected to be infected with promastigotes. three isolates of promastigotes obtained from p. major wui were inoculated intraperitoneally and subcutaneously into normal hamsters or balb/c mice which developed visceral leishmaniasis later. the mean size of amastigotes in hamster viscera (smear observation) artificially in ... | 1994 | 7720197 |
| phlebotomus major syriacus: a possible vector of visceral leishmaniasis in western black sea region of turkey. | two clinical forms of leishmaniasis have been observed in turkey, cutaneous (cl) and visceral (vl) unitl now, vl cases were firstly reported from two villages of karabük (western black sea region of turkey). these villages have population of 300, 1030 m altitude and high humidity due to long rain period. initial entomological study was carried out in july 1996. a total of 123 sandflies (males and females) were captured using cdc light and sticky paper traps. sandflies were collected from around ... | 1998 | 9617064 |
| sero-epidemological survey on canine visceral leishmaniasis and the distribution of sandfly vectors in northwestern turkey: prevention strategies for childhood visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania infantum, is an endemic disease in aegean and mediterranean regions among humans and dogs. in this study, a sero-epidemiological survey for vl and cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), which both are sporadically reported in the region, were carried out in the villages of eskisehir, afyon, and bilecik cities. the study was designed according to the location of the sporadic cases of vl and cl, and blood samples of 111 dogs were randomly collected. lymph no ... | 2006 | 16287909 |
| use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of natural leishmania infections in phlebotomine sand flies from southeastern turkey. | in total, 320 phelebotomine sand flies from alibozlu (osmaniye), kizyusuflu (osmaniye), and sanliurfa in southeastern turkey were tested for the detection and identification of leishmania in vector sand flies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with species-specific monoclonal antibodies. we used monoclonal antibodies that recognize both leishmania tropica and leishmania major, and a monoclonal antibody specific only to l. tropica. phosphate-buffered saline and monoclonal antibody m2 recognizin ... | 2006 | 16619606 |
| first detection of leishmania infantum in phlebotomus (larroussius) major (diptera: psychodidae) from iran. | ghir-karzin district is one of the most important endemic foci of visceral leishmaniaisis (vl) in fars province of southern iran. to identify the vector(s) of leishmania in this focus, a total of 2,539 sand flies were collected during june to september 2005. eleven species (six phlebotomus and five sergentomyia) were identified, of which phlebotomus papatasi scopoli and phlebotomus major annandale were the first (37.4%) and third (11.2%) most common species, respectively. natural leptomonad infe ... | 2008 | 18714874 |
| phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus, a vector of leishmania infantum in northwestern iran. | visceral leishmaniasis is caused by leishmania infantum, which is transmitted to humans by bites of phlebotomine sand flies and is one of the most important public health problems in iran. to identify the vector(s), an investigation was carried out in germi district, an important focus of the disease in ardebil province in northwestern iran, during july-september 2004 and 2005. using sticky papers, cdc light traps and aspirators, 3,560 sand flies were collected and identified to species. host bl ... | 2009 | 19769040 |
| autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patient: the first in thailand and review of the literature. | we report a case of visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected 37-year-old thai fisherman who presented with nephritonephrotic syndrome, fever, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. bone marrow biopsy revealed many amastigotes within macrophages. kidney biopsy showed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and nucleotide sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene in blood and kidney biopsy ... | 2010 | 20064986 |
| punique virus, a novel phlebovirus, related to sandfly fever naples virus, isolated from sandflies collected in tunisia. | sandflies are widely distributed around the mediterranean basin. therefore, human populations in this area are potentially exposed to sandfly-transmitted diseases, including those caused by phleboviruses. whilst there are substantial data in countries located in the northern part of the mediterranean basin, few data are available for north africa. in this study, a total of 1489 sandflies were collected in 2008 in tunisia from two sites, bioclimatically distinct, located 235 km apart, and identif ... | 2010 | 20089800 |
| studies of phlebotomine sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) populations in limestone areas and caves of western malaysia. | phlebotomine sand flies were collected using co2 baited cdc light trap in 2000 and 2001 in limestone areas and caves of western malaysia. a total of 1,548 specimens were collected comprising 18 species from two genera: phlebotomus (6 spp) and sergentomyia (12 spp). phlebotomus major major (38.9%) was the predominant species followed by sergentomyia perturbans (20.1%), p. stantoni (15.3%) and others. biting activity of the sand flies at the gua senyum caves, gua kota gelanggi, batu caves and gua ... | 2011 | 21323169 |
| morphometric and morphological variation between two different populations of phlebotomus major s.l. from endemic and non-endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in iran. | populations of phlebotomus major were examined in two endemic and nonendemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in iran. based on the shape of the aedeagus and ventrally located hairs of coxite and pharyngeal armatures, two morphotypes were found sympatrically in the endemic area of borazjan. significant differences in morphometric survey were observed in at least 11 measured characters. the aedeagus of the non-endemic miyandoab morphotype, and also of a few specimens from borazjan, is completely pa ... | 2011 | 21635653 |
| Seasonal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Tham Phra Phothisat temple, Saraburi province, Thailand. | Phlebotomine sand flies have long been incriminated as vectors of leishmaniasis in various parts of both the Old and New World. Prompted by recent indigenous cases of leishmaniasis in Thailand, a bionomic study of sand flies was undertaken in Tham Phra Phothisat temple, Saraburi province. In this study, sand flies were collected using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, to clarify the activity patterns and species composition of the sand flies. Traps were laid from August 20 ... | 2011 | 22041758 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of alborz province of iran and implication to health policy. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar mainly affects children in endemic areas. this study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of vl using direct agglutination test (dat) in children living in rural districts of alborz province located 30 km from tehran capital city of iran. multi-stage cluster random sampling was applied. blood samples were randomly collected from 1,007 children under 10 years of age in the clusters. a total of 37 (3.7%) of the studied population showed anti-leishm ... | 2015 | 26323835 |
| no recent adaptive selection on the apyrase of mediterranean phlebotomus: implications for using salivary peptides to vaccinate against canine leishmaniasis. | vaccine development is informed by a knowledge of genetic variation among antigen alleles, especially the distribution of positive and balancing selection in populations and species. a combined approach using population genetic and phylogenetic methods to detect selective signatures can therefore be informative for identifying vaccine candidates. parasitic leishmania species cause the disease leishmaniasis in humans and mammalian reservoir hosts after inoculation by female phlebotomine sandflies ... | 2011 | 25568049 |
| endemic transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in bhutan. | visceral leishmaniasis was first reported in bhutan in 2006. we conducted studies of the parasite, possible vectors and reservoirs, and leishmanin skin test and risk factor surveys in three villages. nineteen cases were reported from seven districts. parasite typing yielded two novel microsatellite sequences, both related to indian l. donovani. in one case village, 40 (18.5%) of 216 participants had positive leishmanin skin test results, compared with 3 (4.2%) of 72 in the other case village and ... | 2012 | 23091191 |
| sandfly-borne phlebovirus isolations from turkey: new insight into the sandfly fever sicilian and sandfly fever naples species. | many studies have presented virus sequences which suggest the existence of a variety of putative new phleboviruses transmitted by sandflies in the old world. however, in most of these studies, only partial sequences in the polymerase or the nucleoprotein genes were characterised. therefore to further our understand of the presence and potential medical importance of sandfly-borne phleboviruses that circulate in southern anatolia, we initiated field campaigns in 2012 and 2013 designed to identify ... | 2016 | 27007326 |
| persistence of phlebotomine leishmania vectors in urban sites of catania (sicily, italy). | pioneering research on "mediterranean kala-azar" carried out by adler and theodor early in the past century (~1930s) had identified catania city (sicily) as a major focus of the disease nowadays known as zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (vl). despite the fact that disease in both humans and dogs has continued to be highly prevalent in the catania province up to the present times, research on leishmania vectors in this urban focus dates back to that distant period. this study aimed to evaluate the ... | 2014 | 25487039 |
| identification of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. | phlebotomine sand flies are incriminated in the transmission of several human and veterinary pathogens. to elucidate their role as vectors, proper species identification is crucial. since traditional morphological determination is based on minute and often dubious characteristics on their head and genitalia, which require certain expertise and may be damaged in the field-collected material, there is a demand for rapid, simple and cost-effective molecular approaches. | 2014 | 24423215 |
| isolation, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of adana virus, a novel phlebovirus belonging to the salehabad virus complex, in turkey. | a new phlebovirus, adana virus, was isolated from a pool of phlebotomus spp. (diptera; psychodidae) in the province of adana, in the mediterranean region of turkey. genetic analysis based on complete coding of genomic sequences indicated that adana virus belongs to the salehabad virus species of the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae. adana virus is the third virus of the salehabad virus species for which the complete sequence has been determined. to understand the epidemiology of adan ... | 2015 | 25653443 |
| identification of sand flies of the subgenus larroussius based on molecular and morphological characters in north western iran. | the adult female sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) of the subgenus larroussius are important vectors of leishmania infantum (kinetoplastida: tripanosomatidae) in meshkinshahr district, northwest of iran. four phlebotomus (larroussius) species are present in this area, i.e. phlebotomus (larroussius) kandelakii, p. (la.) major, p. (la.) perfiliewi and p. (la.) tobbi. the objective of the present study was to identify and distinguish the females of p. perfiliewi, p. major and p. tobbi, in this dist ... | 2009 | 22808379 |
| seasonal dynamics of phlebotomine sand fly species proven vectors of mediterranean leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum. | the recent geographical expansion of phlebotomine vectors of leishmania infantum in the mediterranean subregion has been attributed to ongoing climate changes. at these latitudes, the activity of sand flies is typically seasonal; because seasonal phenomena are also sensitive to general variations in climate, current phenological data sets can provide a baseline for continuing investigations on sand fly population dynamics that may impact on future scenarios of leishmaniasis transmission. with th ... | 2016 | 26900688 |
| seroepidemiologcal investigation of visceral leishmaniasis in stray and owned dogs in alborz province, central iran using direct agglutination test. | the aim of present study was to determine the seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) among stray and owned dogs in kouhsar district of alborz province, central iran. | 0 | 23682273 |
| molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of some species belonging to phlebotomus (larroussius) and phlebotomus (adlerius) subgenera (diptera: psychodidae) from two locations in iran. | haematophagous females of some phlebotomine sandflies are the only natural vectors of leishmania species, the causative agents of leishmaniasis in many parts of the tropics and subtropics, including iran. we report the presence of phlebotomus (larroussius) major and phlebotomus (adlerius) halepensis in tonekabon (mazanderan province) and phlebotomus (larroussius) tobbi in pakdasht (tehran province). it is the first report of these species, known as potential vectors of zoonotic visceral leishman ... | 2010 | 22808394 |
| predicted distribution of visceral leishmaniasis vectors (diptera: psychodidae; phlebotominae) in iran: a niche model study. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an important vector-borne disease in iran. till now, leishmania infantum has been detected from five species of sand flies in the country including phlebotomus kandelakii, phlebotomus major s.l., phlebotomus perfiliewi, phlebotomus alexandri and phlebotomus tobbi. also, phlebotomus keshishiani was found to be infected with leishmania parasites. this study aimed at predicting the probable niches and distribution of vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in iran. data on ... | 2015 | 26032232 |
| environmental factors underlying spatial patterns of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) associated with leishmaniasis in southern sinai, egypt. | although leishmania major is endemic in parts of the sinai of egypt, the ecology and distribution of leishmania sand fly vectors in southern sinai has not been well characterized. accordingly, additional sand fly samples were obtained at 41 sites in the southern sinai region during 1996-1997, and analyzed to improve the characterization of risk of sand fly-borne pathogens. using a geographic information system (gis), species-specific spatial distributions that might suggest zoonotic cutaneous le ... | 2012 | 22410540 |
| molecular evidence indicates that phlebotomus major sensu lato (diptera: psychodidae) is the vector species of the recently-identified sandfly fever sicilian virus variant: sandfly fever turkey virus. | sandfly fever turkey virus (sftv) is a recently-discovered sandfly fever sicilian virus (sfsv) variant (family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus), characterized during retrospective evaluation of febrile disease outbreaks in turkey. in addition to causing sandfly fever, sftv was observed to induce elevation of liver enzymes, and to cause thrombocytopenia in affected individuals. this study was conducted to identify vectors for phleboviruses including sftv in ankara province, turkey, where evidence ... | 2012 | 22651385 |
| diversity and incrimination of sandflies (psychodidae: phlebotominae) captured in city and suburbs of hamadan, hamadan province, west of iran. | to investigate phlebotomus sand fly fauna and their vectorial capacity in hamadan, iran. | 2014 | 25312116 |
| the distribution of the phlebotomus major complex (diptera: psychodidae) in turkey. | the taxonomic status and distribution of the morphologically similar members of the phlebotomus major complex in turkey are unclear. to examine the utility of traditional morphological characters and molecular markers, sand flies were sampled from 90 localities in eleven different provinces covering a wide geographical range throughout turkey. the morphometric variability was analysed using multivariate analyses of twelve characters, while mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) and nuclear elongatio ... | 2013 | 23685243 |