| new saffold cardioviruses in 3 children, canada. | in canada, cardiovirus isolates related to saffold virus were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 3 children with respiratory symptoms. polyprotein sequence of the can112051-06 isolate had 91.2% aa identity with saffold virus; however, ef and cd loops of the viral surface varied substantially. | 2008 | 18439376 |
| circulation of 3 lineages of a novel saffold cardiovirus in humans. | cardioviruses cause serious disease, mainly in rodents, including diabetes, myocarditis, encephalomyelitis, and multiple sclerosis-like disseminated encephalomyelitis. recently, a human virus isolate obtained 25 years ago, termed saffold virus, was sequenced and classified as a cardiovirus. we conducted systematic molecular screening for saffold-like viruses in 844 fecal samples from patients with gastroenteritis from germany and brazil, across all age groups. six cardioviruses were identified i ... | 2008 | 18760006 |
| identification of cardioviruses related to theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in human infections. | cardioviruses comprise a genus of picornaviruses that cause severe illnesses in rodents, but little is known about the prevalence, diversity, or spectrum of disease of such agents among humans. a single cardiovirus isolate, saffold virus, was cultured in 1981 in stool from an infant with fever. here, we describe the identification of a group of human cardioviruses that have been cloned directly from patient specimens, the first of which was detected using a pan-viral microarray in respiratory se ... | 2008 | 18768820 |
| cardioviruses are genetically diverse and cause common enteric infections in south asian children. | cardioviruses cause enteric infections in mice and rats which when disseminated have been associated with myocarditis, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis-like symptoms. cardioviruses have also been detected at lower frequencies in other mammals. the cardiovirus genus within the picornaviridae family is currently made up of two viral species, theilovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus. until recently, only a single strain of cardioviruses (vilyuisk virus within the theilovirus ... | 2009 | 19193786 |
| saffold virus, a human theiler's-like cardiovirus, is ubiquitous and causes infection early in life. | the family picornaviridae contains well-known human pathogens (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, and parechovirus). in addition, this family contains a number of viruses that infect animals, including members of the genus cardiovirus such as encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and theiler's murine encephalomyelits virus (tmev). the latter are important murine pathogens that cause myocarditis, type 1 diabetes and chronic inflammation in the brains, mimicking multiple sclerosis. recently ... | 2009 | 19412527 |
| random mutagenesis defines a domain of theiler's virus leader protein that is essential for antagonism of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and cytokine gene expression. | the leader protein of cardioviruses, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) and encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), is a multifunctional protein known to antagonize type i interferon expression and to interfere with nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of host proteins and mrna. this protein plays an important role in the capacity of tmev to establish persistent infection of the central nervous system. mutant forms of the tmev leader protein were generated by random mutagenesis and selected aft ... | 2009 | 19710133 |
| cultivation and serological characterization of a human theiler's-like cardiovirus associated with diarrheal disease. | cardioviruses (e.g., theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus [tmev]) are members of the picornaviridae family that cause myocarditis and encephalitis in rodents. recently, several studies have identified human cardioviruses, including saffold virus (safv) and a related virus named human tmev-like cardiovirus (htcv). at least eight cardiovirus genotypes are now recognized, with safv and most strains of htcv belonging to genotypes 1 and 2, respectively; genotype 2 strains are the most common in t ... | 2010 | 20164225 |
| molecular detection of saffold virus in children in shanghai, china. | | 2010 | 21159549 |
| the preparation of an infectious full-length cdna clone of saffold virus. | the pathogenicity of saffold virus (safv) among humans still remains unclear, although it was identified as a novel human cardiovirus in 2007. in order to encourage the molecular pathogenetic studies of safv, we generated an infectious cdna clone of safv type 3 (safv-3). the present study demonstrated that the synthesis of the full-length infectious rna by t7 rna polymerase was terminated by a homologous sequence motif with the human preproparathyroid hormone (pth) signal in the safv-3 genome. t ... | 2011 | 21385468 |
| saffold cardiovirus infection in children associated with respiratory disease and its similarity to coxsackievirus infection. | saffold virus (safv) is a newly discovered virus belonging to the genus cardiovirus of the family picornaviridae. using molecular techniques, safv has been detected, although infrequently, in the stools of both healthy and diarrheic children and in respiratory specimens collected from children with respiratory disease. the epidemiology and pathogenicity of safv remain unclear. | 2011 | 21386746 |
| adaptation of saffold virus-2 for high-titer growth in mammalian cells. | saffold viruses (safv) are a recently discovered group of human cardioviruses closely related to the theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses (tmev). unlike tmev and encephalomyocarditis virus, each of which is monotypic, safv are genetically diverse and include at least eight genotypes. to date, only safv-3 has been grown efficiently in mammalian cells in vitro. here, we report the successful adaptation of safv-2 for efficient growth in hela cells after 13 passages in the interferon α/β-defic ... | 2011 | 21543476 |
| seroepidemiology of saffold cardiovirus type 2. | to the editor: saffold virus (safv) is a new human virus belonging to the genus cardiovirus of the family picornaviridae (1-6). the virus has also been named human theiler's-like cardiovirus (4). to date, 8 safv genotypes are known, based on molecular variation in the p1 region, which codes for the viral capsid (5). safvs are detected in respiratory and fecal samples from infants and children <6 years of age. the virus is generally detected at low frequency (0.5%-3%) in the general population, b ... | 2011 | 21801659 |
| saffold virus infection in children, malaysia, 2009. | to the editor: since 2007, a new cardiovirus, named saffold virus (safv), has been isolated from human specimens in the united states, canada, the netherlands, and people's republic of china (1-4). concurrent investigations also showed that safv could be detected in feces and respiratory secretions of children in other countries, and genetic analysis showed the circulation of different genetic lineages of safvs in various parts of the world. this new virus belongs to the genus cardiovirus, in th ... | 2011 | 21801653 |
| [the research of saffold virus in children with lower respiratory tract infection in changsha]. | to investigate prevalence of saffold virus (safv) in changsha area of hospitalized children with respiratory tract infection, and to discuss whether this virus is related to respiratory tract infection of children. | 2011 | 21789842 |
| the leader protein of cardioviruses inhibits stress granule assembly. | stress granules (sg) are cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled translation pre-initiation complexes forming in cells exposed to various environmental stresses. here, we show that stress granules assemble in cells infected with theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) mutants carrying alterations in the leader (l) protein, but not in cells infected with wild-type tmev. stress granules also formed in stat1-deficient cells, suggesting that sg formation was not a consequence of increased type-i i ... | 2011 | 21752908 |
| saffold cardioviruses in children with diarrhea, thailand. | to the editor: cardioviruses currently consist of at least 3 viruses: theiler murine encephalomyocarditis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, and saffold virus (safv) (1-4). saffold cardiovirus in the family picornaviridae was isolated and identified from fecal specimens of a child with fever of unknown origin in the united states (3). | 2011 | 21749802 |
| analysis of the genomic homologous recombination in theilovirus based on complete genomes. | at present, theilovirus is considered to comprise four distinct serotypes, including theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus, thera virus, and saffold virus. so far, there is no systematical study that investigated the genomic recombination of theilovirus. the present study performed the phylogenetic and recombination analysis of theilovirus over the complete genomes. seven potentially significant recombination events were identified. however, according t ... | 2011 | 21923921 |
| molecular characterization of viruses from clinical respiratory samples producing unidentified cytopathic effects in cell culture. | the sequence-independent single primer amplification (sispa) method was performed to identify a virus in 17 clinical respiratory samples producing uncharacterized cytopathic effects in llc-mk2 cells. sequence analysis of 600-1600 bp amplicons allowed the identification of six viruses (one influenza c, two parechovirus-3 and three cardioviruses). genomic sequences of the cardioviruses showed similarities with those of the recently-described saffold virus strain although significant variation was ... | 2009 | 21994539 |
| saffold virus, a novel human cardiovirus with unknown pathogenicity. | although cardioviruses have been thought to mainly infect rodents, a novel human cardiovirus, designated saffold virus (safv), was identified in 2007. safv is grouped with theiler-like rat virus and theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) in the species theilovirus of the genus cardiovirus of the family picornaviridae. eight genotypes of safv have now been identified. safv has been isolated from nasal and stool specimens from infants presenting with respiratory and gastrointestinal sympt ... | 2011 | 22114344 |
| serious invasive saffold virus infections in children, 2009. | the first human virus in the genus cardiovirus was described in 2007 and named saffold virus (safv). cardioviruses can cause severe infections of the myocardium and central nervous system in animals, but safv has not yet been convincingly associated with disease in humans. to study a possible association between safv and infections in the human central nervous system, we designed a real-time pcr for safv and tested cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from children <4 years of age. safv was detecte ... | 2012 | 22261113 |
| is there still room for novel viral pathogens in pediatric respiratory tract infections? | viruses are the most frequent cause of respiratory disease in children. however, despite the advanced diagnostic methods currently in use, in 20 to 50% of respiratory samples a specific pathogen cannot be detected. in this work, we used a metagenomic approach and deep sequencing to examine respiratory samples from children with lower and upper respiratory tract infections that had been previously found negative for 6 bacteria and 15 respiratory viruses by pcr. nasal washings from 25 children (ou ... | 2014 | 25412469 |
| full genomic characterization of a saffold virus isolated in peru. | while studying respiratory infections of unknown etiology we detected saffold virus in an oropharyngeal swab collected from a two-year-old female suffering from diarrhea and respiratory illness. the full viral genome recovered by deep sequencing showed 98% identity to a previously described saffold strain isolated in japan. phylogenetic analysis confirmed the peruvian saffold strain belongs to genotype 3 and is most closely related to strains that have circulated in asia. this is the first docum ... | 2015 | 26610576 |
| analysis of aichi virus and saffold virus association with pediatric acute gastroenteritis. | aichi virus (aiv) and saffold virus (safv) have been reported in children with acute gastroenteritis and respiratory disease worldwide; however, their causative role in acute gastroenteritis remains ambiguous. | 2017 | 27992789 |
| multiplex rt-pcr for rapid detection of viruses commonly causing diarrhea in pediatric patients. | multiplex rt-pcr method using five sets of panel primers was developed for the detection of diarrheal viruses, including rotavirus a, b, and c, adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus gi and gii, sapovirus, aichi virus, parechovirus, enterovirus, cosavirus, bocavirus, and saffold virus. the sensitivity of the method was evaluated and tested with 751 fecal specimens collected from japanese children with acute diarrhea. several kinds of viruses were detected in 528 out of 751 (70.3%) fecal specimens. mi ... | 2017 | 27735999 |
| gastroenteritis and the novel picornaviruses aichi virus, cosavirus, saffold virus, and salivirus in young children. | during the last few years many new human picornaviruses have been discovered due to advances in metagenomics and other molecular biological approaches. the clinical significance and the occurrence are only sparsely described. | 2013 | 23602437 |
| modulation of the host lipid landscape to promote rna virus replication: the picornavirus encephalomyocarditis virus converges on the pathway used by hepatitis c virus. | cardioviruses, including encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and the human saffold virus, are small non-enveloped viruses belonging to the picornaviridae, a large family of positive-sense rna [(+)rna] viruses. all (+)rna viruses remodel intracellular membranes into unique structures for viral genome replication. accumulating evidence suggests that picornaviruses from different genera use different strategies to generate viral replication organelles (ros). for instance, enteroviruses (e.g. poliovir ... | 2015 | 26406250 |
| three cardiovirus leader proteins equivalently inhibit four different nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways. | cardiovirus infections inhibit nucleocytoplasmic trafficking by leader protein-induced phosphorylation of phe/gly-containing nucleoporins (nups). recombinant leader from encephalomyocarditis virus, theiler׳s murine encephalomyelitis virus and saffold virus target the same subset of nups, including nup62 and nup98, but not nup50. reporter cell lines with fluorescence mcherry markers for m9, rs and classical sv40 import pathways, as well as the crm1-mediated export pathway, all responded to transf ... | 2015 | 26115166 |
| binding interactions between the encephalomyocarditis virus leader and protein 2a. | the leader (l) and 2a proteins of cardioviruses are the primary antihost agents produced during infection. for encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), the prototype of the genus cardiovirus, these proteins interact independently with key cellular partners to bring about inhibition of active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and cap-dependent translation, respectively. l and 2a also bind each other and require this cooperation to achieve their effects during infection. recombinant l and 2a interact with 1 ... | 2014 | 25210192 |
| amp-activated protein kinase phosphorylates emcv, tmev and safv leader proteins at different sites. | cardioviruses of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and theilovirus species encode small, amino-terminal proteins called leaders (l). phosphorylation of the emcv l (le) at two distinct sites by ck2 and syk kinases is important for virus-induced nup phosphorylation and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking inhibition. despite similar biological activities, the le phosphorylation sites are not conserved in the theiloviruses, saffold virus (ls, safv) or theiler׳s murine encephalitis virus (lt, tmev) seq ... | 2014 | 24999048 |
| genetic analysis of saffold virus-penang in relation to other newly discovered saffold viruses. | viruses in the family picornaviridae are classified into nine genera. within the family picornaviridae, two species: encephalomyocarditis virus and theilovirus, are listed under the genus cardiovirus. a novel theilovirus, saffold virus (safv), was first reported in 2007. since then, numerous safv isolates have been detected around the world and genetic recombinations have been reported among them. in 2009, safv-penang was isolated from a febrile child with influenza-like illness in malaysia. saf ... | 2012 | 23077814 |
| nonstructural protein l* species specificity supports a mouse origin for vilyuisk human encephalitis virus. | vilyuisk human encephalitis virus (vhev) is a picornavirus related to theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev). vhev was isolated from human material passaged in mice. whether this vhev is of human or mouse origin is therefore unclear. we took advantage of the species-specific activity of the nonstructural l* protein of theiloviruses to track the origin of tmev isolates. tmev l* inhibits rnase l, the effector enzyme of the interferon pathway. by using coimmunoprecipitation and functional ... | 2017 | 28446680 |
| isolation of saffold virus type 2 in green monkey kidney cells. | saffold viruses (safv) have been discovered recently and they are classified into theilovirus species in genus cardiovirus in the picornaviridae family. safv, especially those belonging to the genotype 2, have been difficult to propagate in laboratory cell lines. this study describes the successful isolation of an efficiently growing safv-2 strain directly from a stool specimen by standard virological methods. the availability of safv isolates that can be propagated to high titers is crucial to ... | 2012 | 22825830 |
| detection of saffold viruses from children with acute respiratory infections in yamagata, japan, between 2008 and 2015. | although saffold virus (safv) was reported as a novel human cardiovirus in 2007, no causative association between safv and clinical disease has been proven and the longitudinal epidemiology of safvs is not available. to establish the relationship between safvs and acute respiratory infections (aris) and to clarify the longitudinal epidemiology of safvs, 7258 nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from children with aris in yamagata, japan between 2008 and 2015. the specimens were inoculated on ... | 2018 | 28851118 |
| prevalence of human cosavirus and saffold virus with an emergence of saffold virus genotype 6 in patients hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in chiang mai, thailand, 2014-2016. | human cosavirus and saffold virus are both newly discovered members of the picornaviridae family. it has been suggested that these viruses may be the causative agents of acute gastroenteritis. in this study, 1093 stool samples collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis between january 2014 and december 2016, were screened for cosavirus and saffold virus using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the viral genotypes were then established via nucleotide sequencing. here, cosavi ... | 2017 | 28495647 |
| immunohistochemical insights into saffold virus infection of the brain of juvenile ag129 mice. | saffold virus (safv) is a human cardiovirus that is suspected of causing infection of the central nervous system (cns) in children. while recent animal studies have started to elucidate the pathogenesis of safv, very little is known about the mechanisms behind it. | 2016 | 27887630 |
| intracellular localization of saffold virus leader (l) protein differs in vero and hep-2 cells. | the saffold virus (safv) genome is translated as a single long polyprotein precursor and co-translationally cleaved to yield 12 separate viral proteins. little is known about the activities of safv proteins although their homologs in other picornaviruses have already been described. to further support research on functions and activities of respective viral proteins, we investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of safv proteins in vero and hep-2 cells that had been either transfected with pl ... | 2016 | 27729641 |
| saffold virus, an emerging human cardiovirus. | saffold virus (safv) is an emerging human cardiovirus that has been shown to be ubiquitous. initial studies of safv focused on respiratory and gastrointestinal infection; however, it has also recently been associated with diverse clinical symptoms including the endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. given the systemic nature of safv, and its high prevalence, understanding its pathogenicity and clinical impact is of utmost importance. this comprehensive review highlights and discuss ... | 2017 | 27723176 |
| intracerebral inoculation of mouse-passaged saffold virus type 3 affects cerebellar development in neonatal mice. | saffold virus (safv), a human cardiovirus, is occasionally detected in infants with neurological disorders, including meningitis and cerebellitis. we recently reported that safv type 3 isolates infect cerebellar glial cells, but not large neurons, in mice. however, the impact of this infection remained unclear. here, we determined the neuropathogenesis of safv type 3 in the cerebella of neonatal ddy mice using safv passaged in the cerebellum of neonatal balb/c mice. the virus titer in the cerebe ... | 2016 | 27581974 |
| structure and genome release mechanism of the human cardiovirus saffold virus 3. | in order to initiate an infection, viruses need to deliver their genomes into cells. this involves uncoating the genome and transporting it to the cytoplasm. the process of genome delivery is not well understood for nonenveloped viruses. we address this gap in our current knowledge by studying the uncoating of the nonenveloped human cardiovirus saffold virus 3 (safv-3) of the family picornaviridae safvs cause diseases ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to meningitis. we present a structure ... | 2016 | 27279624 |
| neurotropism of saffold virus in a mouse model. | saffold virus (safv) is a highly seroprevalent human cardiovirus discovered recently. no clear association between safv infection and human disease has been established. rare infection cases, however, correlated with neurological symptoms. to gain insight into the pathogenesis potential of the virus, we performed experimental mouse infection with safv strains of genotypes 2 and 3 (safv-2 and safv-3). after intraperitoneal infection, both strains exhibited a typical cardiovirus tropism. viral loa ... | 2016 | 26959376 |
| the pathogenesis of saffold virus in ag129 mice and the effects of its truncated l protein in the central nervous system. | saffold virus (safv) is a human cardiovirus that has been suggested to cause severe infection of the central nervous system (cns). compared to a similar virus, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev), safv has a truncated leader (l) protein, a protein essential in the establishment of persistent cns infections. in this study, we generated a chimeric safv by replacing the l protein of safv with that of tmev. we then compared the replication in cell cultures and pathogenesis in a mouse mod ... | 2016 | 26901216 |
| neuropathogenicity of two saffold virus type 3 isolates in mouse models. | saffold virus (safv), a picornavirus, is occasionally detected in children with acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and cerebellitis; however, the neuropathogenicity of safv remains undetermined. | 2016 | 26828718 |
| saffold virus infection associated with human myocarditis. | saffold virus was described in 2007 as one of the first human viruses within the genus cardioviruses. cardioviruses may cause severe infections of the myocardium in animals, and several studies have associated saffold virus with human disease. as a result, saffold virus has been isolated from different anatomical compartments, including the myocardium, but, until now, it has not been possible to demonstrate the accompanying histopathological signs of inflammation. | 2016 | 26687438 |
| isolation of saffold virus type 2 from children with acute respiratory infections by using the rd-18s-niigata cell line. | | 2015 | 26399926 |
| saffold virus, a human cardiovirus, and risk of persistent islet autoantibodies in the longitudinal birth cohort study midia. | the aim of this study was to describe the frequency and distribution of saffold virus in longitudinal stool samples from children, and test for association with development of persistent autoantibodies predictive of type 1 diabetes. a cohort of norwegian children carrying the hla genotype associated with highest risk of type 1 diabetes ("dr4-dq8/dr3-dq2") was followed with monthly stool samples from 3 to 35 months of age. blood samples were tested for autoantibodies to insulin, glutamic acid dec ... | 2015 | 26317929 |
| molecular epidemiological analysis of saffold cardiovirus genotype 3 from upper respiratory infection patients in taiwan. | saffold cardiovirus (safv) belongs to the cardiovirus genus of picornaviridae family, and may be a relevant new human pathogen; thus far, eleven genotypes have been identified. the safv type 3 (safv-3) is thought to be the major genotype and is detected relatively frequently in children with acute gastroenteritis and respiratory illness. the epidemiology and pathogenicity of safv-3 remain unclear. | 2015 | 26305811 |
| saffold viruses in pediatric patients with diarrhea in thailand. | saffold virus (safv) is a newly discovered human virus which is classified into the genus cardiovirus of the family picornaviridae. a total of 608 fecal specimens collected during january 2012 to december 2013 from children with diarrhea in chiang mai, thailand were investigated for safv by rt-nested pcr and sequence analysis. of these, nine out of 608 (1.5%) were positive for safvs and four genotypes were identified, safv1, safv2, safv3, and safv4. safv mono-infection was found in five cases (c ... | 2015 | 25583432 |
| saffold virus respiratory infection in children and immunocompromised patients in spain. | | 2015 | 25459664 |
| saffold virus is able to productively infect primate and rodent cell lines and induces apoptosis in these cells. | saffold virus (safv), a newly discovered human cardiovirus of the picornaviridae family, causes widespread infection among children, as shown by previous seroprevalence studies. to determine the host cell range of safv and its cytopathogenicity, eight mammalian cell lines that were available in the laboratory were screened for productive safv infection by a laboratory-adapted safv of genotype 3. five of the cell lines (neuro2a, cho-k1, nih/3t3, vero and hep-2) were found to be permissible. the t ... | 2014 | 26038510 |
| saffold virus type 3 (safv-3) persists in hela cells. | saffold virus (safv) was identified as a human cardiovirus in 2007. although several epidemiological studies have been reported, they have failed to provide a clear picture of the relationship between safv and human diseases. safv genotype 3 has been isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid specimen of patient with aseptic meningitis. this finding is of interest since theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev), which is the closely related virus, is known to cause a multiple sclerosis-like syn ... | 2013 | 23308162 |
| three clusters of saffold viruses circulating in children with diarrhea in japan. | saffold virus (safv) is a newly discovered human virus in the genus cardiovirus, family picornaviridae. the virus was first described from fecal specimens of a child with fever of unknown origin in 2007. a total of 454 fecal specimens were collected from children with diarrhea attended clinics in japan, 2010-2011, 7 (1.5%) were positive for safv. mixed-infections of safv and other enteric viruses (rotavirus, norovirus, and bocavirus) were found in four out of seven cases, while monoinfection by ... | 2013 | 23183311 |