| genetic polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class iib alleles and pathogen resistance in the giant spiny frog quasipaa spinosa. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes are candidates for determining disease susceptibility due to their pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. accordingly, the association between the genetic variation of mhc genes and the pathogen resistance has been investigated in numerous vertebrates. to date, however, little is reported in amphibians. in this study, we investigate the genetic variation at the mhc class iib gene in the giant spiny frog quasipaa spinosa, which has ... | 2014 | 25269786 |
| phylogeographic analyses strongly suggest cryptic speciation in the giant spiny frog (dicroglossidae: paa spinosa) and interspecies hybridization in paa. | species identification is one of the most basic yet crucial issues in biology with potentially far-reaching implications for fields such as conservation, population ecology, and epidemiology. the widely distributed but threatened frog paa spinosa has been speculated to represent a complex of multiple species. in this study, 254 individuals representing species of the genus paa were investigated along the entire range of p. spinosa: 196 specimens of p. spinosa, 8 specimens of p. jiulongensis, 5 s ... | 2013 | 23936199 |
| fifteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for the giant spiny frog, paa spinosa. | we characterized 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the giant spiny frog, paa spinosa. these loci were highly polymorphic when screened in 38 individuals from two different populations, with nine to 23 alleles per locus. the range of observed and expected heterozygosities was 0.231-0.916 and 0.296-0.944, respectively. these polymorphic loci will be useful for assessing genetic diversity, population structure, gene flow, population assignment and determining paternity in the giant spiny frog. | 2009 | 21564643 |
| elizabethkingia miricola infection in chinese spiny frog (quasipaa spinosa). | elizabethkingia miricola is a gram-negative rod which has been incriminated in severe infections in humans. recently, a serious infectious disease was identified in chinese spiny frogs (quasipaa spinosa), in the sichuan province of china; the disease was characterized by corneal opacity, the presence of ascites and neurological symptoms. a gram-negative bacillus was isolated from the liver, spleen and kidney of the diseased frogs. experimental infection test revealed that the bacillus could infe ... | 2019 | 30554477 |
| functional differences of three cxcl10 homologues in the giant spiny frog quasipaa spinosa. | chemokines are a superfamily of structurally related chemotactic cytokines exerting significant roles in acting as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. in this study, we identified three cxc motif chemokine 10 (cxcl10) homologues (qscxcl10-1, qscxcl10-2 and qscxcl10-3) from giant spiny frog quasipaa spinosa. all three deduced qscxcl10 proteins contained four conserved cysteine residues as found in other known cxc chemokines. phylogenetic analysis showed that qscxcl10-1, 2, ... | 2020 | 32344047 |
| gut microbiota differences during metamorphosis in sick and healthy giant spiny frogs (paa spinosa) tadpoles. | gut microbiota plays important roles in host nutrition, immunity, development and health; therefore, disruption of the gut microbiota is closely associated with development of diseases in the host. in amphibians, metamorphosis is associated not only with extensive changes in the gut microbiota, but also with high mortality. therefore, we hypothesized that unsuccessful restructuring of the gut microbiota during metamorphosis was an important factor that caused the fatalities. to test this hypothe ... | 2020 | 31755992 |
| effects of both cold and heat stress on the liver of the giant spiny frog (quasipaa spinosa): stress response and histological changes. | ambient temperature-associated stress can affect normal physiological functions in ectotherms. to assess the effects of cold or heat stress on amphibians, giant spiny frogs (quasipaa spinosa) were acclimated at 22°c followed by exposure to 5°c or 30°c for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. histological alterations, apoptotic index, generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ros), antioxidant activity indices and stress-response gene expression in frog livers were subsequently dete ... | 2018 | 30190316 |
| interspecies introgressive hybridization in spiny frogs quasipaa (family dicroglossidae) revealed by analyses on multiple mitochondrial and nuclear genes. | introgression may lead to discordant patterns of variation among loci and traits. for example, previous phylogeographic studies on the genus quasipaa detected signs of genetic introgression from genetically and morphologically divergent quasipaa shini or quasipaa spinosa. in this study, we used mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence data to verify the widespread introgressive hybridization in the closely related species of the genus quasipaa, evaluate the level of genetic diversity, and reveal t ... | 2018 | 29375796 |
| a de novo case of floating chromosomal polymorphisms by translocation in quasipaa boulengeri (anura, dicroglossidae). | very few natural polymorphisms involving interchromosomal reciprocal translocations are known in amphibians even in vertebrates. in this study, thirty three populations, including 471 individuals of the spiny frog quasipaa boulengeri, were karyotypically examined using giemsa stain or fish. five different karyomorphs were observed. the observed heteromorphism was autosomal but not sex-related, as the same heteromorphic chromosomes were found both in males and females. our results indicated that ... | 2012 | 23056254 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of quasipaa boulengeri (anura: dicroglossidae). | quasipaa boulengeri, an asian spiny frog that belongs to neobatrachia, has been reported as a de novo case of chromosomal rearrangements. in this paper, we determined the whole mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequence of q. boulengeri. the complete mtdna sequence of q. boulengeri is 17,741 bp in length, which contains 13 protein-coding genes (pcgs), two rrnas, 23 trnas and one control region. the overall nucleotides base composition of the complete mtdna is a (28.86%), g (14.43%), c (26.09%), t (30.62 ... | 2014 | 23841602 |
| genealogy and palaeodrainage basins in yunnan province: phylogeography of the yunnan spiny frog, nanorana yunnanensis (dicroglossidae). | historical drainage patterns adjacent to the qinghai-tibetan plateau differed markedly from those of today. we examined the relationship between drainage history and geographic patterns of genetic variation in the yunnan spiny frog, nanorana yunnanensis, using approximately 981 base pairs of mitochondrial dna partial sequences from protein-coding genes nd1 and nd2, and intervening areas including complete trna(ile), trna(gln) and trna(met). two null hypotheses were tested: (i) that genetic patte ... | 2010 | 20666999 |
| integrative taxonomy helps to reveal the mask of the genus gynandropaa (amphibia: anura: dicroglossidae). | species of the genus gynandropaa within the family dicroglossidae are typical spiny frogs whose taxonomic status has long been in doubt. we used integrative methods, involving morphological and molecular analyses, to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships, and to determine identities and the geographic distribution of each valid species. we obtained dna sequence data of 5 species of gynandropaa (complete sequences of the mitochondrial nadh dehydrogenase subunit 2 [nd2] gene, and 890 bp of 12s ... | 2016 | 26531851 |
| phylogeny of the asian spiny frog tribe paini (family dicroglossidae) sensu dubois. | the anuran tribe paini, family dicroglossidae, is known in this group only from asia. the phylogenetic relationships and often the taxonomic recognition of species are controversial. in order to stabilize the classification, we used approximately 2100 bp of nuclear (rhodopsin, tyrosinase) and mitochondrial (12s, 16s rrna) dna sequence data to infer the phylogenetic relationships of these frogs. phylogenetic trees reconstructed using bayesian inference and maximum parsimony methods supported a mo ... | 2009 | 18992827 |
| spiny frogs (paini) illuminate the history of the himalayan region and southeast asia. | asian frogs of the tribe paini (anura: dicroglossidae) range across several first-order tectono-morphological domains of the cenozoic indo-asian collision that include the tibetan plateau, the himalayas, and indochina. we show how the tectonic events induced by the indo-asian collision affected the regional biota and, in turn, how the geological history of the earth can be viewed from a biological perspective. our analysis of a concatenated dataset comprising four nuclear gene sequences of paini ... | 2010 | 20643945 |
| identification of multiple antimicrobial peptides from the skin of fine-spined frog, hylarana spinulosa (ranidae). | in this study, peptidomics and genomics analyses were used to study antimicrobial peptides from the skin of hylarana spinulosa. twenty-nine different antimicrobial peptide precursors were characterized from the skin of h. spinulosa, which produce 23 mature antimicrobial peptides belonging to 12 different families. to confirm the actual presence and characteristics of these antimicrobial peptides in the skin tissue extractions from h. spinulosa, we used two distinct methods, one was peptide purif ... | 2013 | 24055160 |
| phylogeny of spiny frogs nanorana (anura: dicroglossidae) supports a tibetan origin of a himalayan species group. | recent advances in the understanding of the evolution of the asian continent challenge the long-held belief of a faunal immigration into the himalaya. spiny frogs of the genus nanorana are a characteristic faunal group of the himalaya-tibet orogen (hto). we examine the phylogeny of these frogs to explore alternative biogeographic scenarios for their origin in the greater himalaya, namely, immigration, south tibetan origin, strict vicariance. we sequenced 150 nanorana samples from 62 localities f ... | 2019 | 31938536 |
| suppressed recombination of sex chromosomes is not caused by chromosomal reciprocal translocation in spiny frog (quasipaa boulengeri). | chromosome rearrangements (crs) are perceived to be related to sex chromosome evolution, but it is a matter of controversy whether crs are the initial causative mechanism of suppressed recombination for sex differentiation. the early stages of sex chromosome evolution in amphibians may represent intermediate states of differentiation, and if so, they potentially shed light on the ultimate cause of suppressed recombination and the role of crs in sex chromosome differentiation. in this paper, we s ... | 2018 | 30210524 |
| sex chromosomal dimorphisms narrated by x-chromosome translocation in a spiny frog (quasipaa boulengeri). | in the general model of sex chromosome evolution for diploid dioecious organisms, the y (or w) chromosome is derived, while the homogametic sex presumably represents the ancestral condition. however, in the frog species quasipaa boulengeri, heteromorphisms caused by a translocation between chromosomes 1 and 6 are not related to sex, because the same heteromorphic chromosomes are found both in males and females at the cytological level. to confirm whether those heteromorphisms are unrelated to se ... | 2018 | 30505335 |
| the origin and evolution of chromosomal reciprocal translocation in quasipaa boulengeri (anura, dicroglossidae). | chromosomal rearrangements have long fascinated evolutionary biologists for being widely implicated in causing genetic differentiation. suppressed recombination has been demonstrated in various species with inversion; however, there is controversy over whether such recombination suppression would facilitate divergence in reciprocal translocation with reduced fitness. in this study, we used the spiny frog, quasipaa boulengeri, whose western sichuan basin populations exhibit translocation polymorp ... | 2019 | 32038718 |
| elevational patterns of species richness, range and body size for spiny frogs. | quantifying spatial patterns of species richness is a core problem in biodiversity theory. spiny frogs of the subfamily painae (anura: dicroglossidae) are widespread, but endemic to asia. using spiny frog distribution and body size data, and a digital elevation model data set we explored altitudinal patterns of spiny frog richness and quantified the effect of area on the richness pattern over a large altitudinal gradient from 0-5000 m a.s.l. we also tested two hypotheses: (i) the rapoport's alti ... | 2011 | 21611199 |
| molecular phylogeny of megalobatrachonema (nematoda: ascaridida), with description of a new species based on morphological and molecular evidence. | species of megalobatrachonemayamaguti, 1941 (ascaridida: cosmocercoidea) are important nematode parasites in amphibians and reptiles. however, the phylogenetic relationship of its included two subgenera megalobatrachonema and chabaudgolvania remains unclear. in the present study, a new species of megalobatrachonema, m. (chabaudgolvania) wangi sp. nov., was described based on the specimens collected from the lesser spiny frog quasipaa exilispinosa (liu & hu) (amphibia: anura) in china. the riboso ... | 2020 | 31911143 |
| morphological and molecular characterization of megalobatrachonema hainanensis sp. nov. (nematoda: ascaridida), with phylogenetic position of megalobatrachonema in cosmocercoidea. | the genus megalobatrachonema is a rare group of nematode parasites within ascaridida. the systematic status of megalobatrachonema in the superfamily cosmocercoidea (ascaridida) has long been controversial. the relationship of megalobatrachonema and chabaudgolvania remains unsolved. in the present study, a new species of megalobatrachonema, m. hainanensis sp. nov., was described based on specimens collected in amolops hainanensis (boulenger) and hylarana spinulosa (smith) (amphibia: anura) from h ... | 2018 | 30511610 |