| stat1-dependent innate immunity to a norwalk-like virus. | norwalk-like caliciviruses (noroviruses) cause over 90% of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide, but the pathogenesis of norovirus infection is poorly understood because these viruses do not grow in cultured cells and there is no small animal model. here, we report a previously unknown murine norovirus. analysis of murine norovirus 1 infection revealed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-dependent innate immunity, but not t and b cell-dependent adaptive immunity, i ... | 2003 | 12624267 |
| replication of norovirus in cell culture reveals a tropism for dendritic cells and macrophages. | noroviruses are understudied because these important enteric pathogens have not been cultured to date. we found that the norovirus murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) infects macrophage-like cells in vivo and replicates in cultured primary dendritic cells and macrophages. mnv-1 growth was inhibited by the interferon-alphabeta receptor and stat-1, and was associated with extensive rearrangements of intracellular membranes. an amino acid substitution in the capsid protein of serially passaged mnv-1 was ass ... | 2004 | 15562321 |
| development of a microsphere-based serologic multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay and a reverse transcriptase pcr assay to detect murine norovirus 1 infection in mice. | murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) is a newly recognized pathogen of mice that causes lethal infection in mice deficient in components of the innate immune response but not in wild-type 129 mice. in this study, in vitro-propagated mnv-1 was used as antigen to develop a multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay (mfi) to detect antibodies to mnv-1 in infected mice. the mnv-1 mfi was 100% specific and 100% sensitive in detecting anti-mnv-1 antibody in sera from experimentally infected mice. testing of a large nu ... | 2005 | 16210475 |
| murine norovirus: a model system to study norovirus biology and pathogenesis. | | 2006 | 16698991 |
| vpg of murine norovirus binds translation initiation factors in infected cells. | norovirus genomic and subgenomic rnas are covalently linked at the 5' nucleotide to a 15 kd protein called vpg. vpg of two human norovirus strains binds translation initiation factor eif3 and other eifs in vitro, suggesting vpg functions in initiation of protein synthesis on viral rna. human norovirus strains are not cultivable, and thus experimental evidence of interactions between vpg and eifs in infected cells has been lacking. we used the cultivable murine norovirus mnv-1 as a model to study ... | 2006 | 16719923 |
| caliciviruses differ in their functional requirements for eif4f components. | two classes of viruses, namely members of the potyviridae and caliciviridae, use a novel mechanism for the initiation of protein synthesis that involves the interaction of translation initiation factors with a viral protein covalently linked to the viral rna, known as vpg. the calicivirus vpg proteins can interact directly with the initiation factors eif4e and eif3. translation initiation on feline calicivirus (fcv) rna requires eif4e because it is inhibited by recombinant 4e-bp1. however, to da ... | 2006 | 16835235 |
| cleavage map and proteolytic processing of the murine norovirus nonstructural polyprotein in infected cells. | murine norovirus (mnv) is presently the only member of the genus norovirus in the caliciviridae that can be propagated in cell culture. the goal of this study was to elucidate the proteolytic processing strategy of mnv during an authentic replication cycle in cells. a proteolytic cleavage map of the orf1 polyprotein was generated, and the virus-encoded 3c-like (3cl) proteinase (pro) mediated cleavage at five dipeptide cleavage sites, 341e/g342, q705/n706, 870e/g871, 994e/a995, and 1177q/g1178, t ... | 2006 | 16873239 |
| persistent infection with and serologic cross-reactivity of three novel murine noroviruses. | according to serologic testing, murine norovirus is the most prevalent viral pathogen in contemporary laboratory mice. previously, murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) was the only norovirus reported to infect research mice. in this study, 3 novel murine norovirus strains--mnv-2, mnv-3, and mnv-4--were isolated from geographically separate mouse research colonies. all 4 murine norovirus strains used as individual antigens in microsphere fluorescent immunoassays displayed serologic cross-reactivity to seru ... | 2006 | 16941951 |
| pathology of immunodeficient mice with naturally occurring murine norovirus infection. | murine norovirus (mnv) was recently discovered in rag2-/-/stat1-/- mice in a u.s. medical research facility. presently, little is known concerning the epidemiology and natural history of this virus. we studied the pathology of naturally occurring mnv infection in 28 immunodeficient mice of several different genotypes (rag1-/-/ifngamma r-/-, ot1 rag1-/-/ifngamma r-/-, ot2 rag1-/-/ifngamma r-/-, rag1-/-/stat1-/-, and rag2-/-) that were maintained in two u.s. research facilities. the mice were sele ... | 2006 | 17074739 |
| surrogates for the study of norovirus stability and inactivation in the environment: aa comparison of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus. | human noroviruses (novs) are the leading cause of food- and waterborne outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. as a result of the lack of a mammalian cell culture model for these viruses, studies on persistence, inactivation, and transmission have been limited to cultivable viruses, including feline calicivirus (fcv). recently, reports of the successful cell culture of murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) have provided investigators with an alternative surrogate for human novs. in this ... | 2006 | 17133824 |
| inactivation of a norovirus by high-pressure processing. | murine norovirus (strain mnv-1), a propagable norovirus, was evaluated for susceptibility to high-pressure processing. experiments with virus stocks in dulbecco's modified eagle medium demonstrated that at room temperature (20 degrees c) the virus was inactivated over a pressure range of 350 to 450 mpa, with a 5-min, 450-mpa treatment being sufficient to inactivate 6.85 log(10) pfu of mnv-1. the inactivation of mnv-1 was enhanced when pressure was applied at an initial temperature of 5 degrees c ... | 2007 | 17142353 |
| molecular characterization of three novel murine noroviruses. | murine noroviruses (mnv) comprise a group of newly recognized pathogens infecting laboratory mice. the first reported murine norovirus, murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), produces a transient infection with a short duration of fecal shedding after infection of immunocompetent laboratory mice. our laboratory subsequently isolated three novel murine noroviruses, murine norovirus 2 (mnv-2), murine norovirus 3 (mnv-3), and murine norovirus 4 (mnv-4), that have markedly different pathogenicity from mnv-1 by ... | 2007 | 17171545 |
| an rna extraction protocol for shellfish-borne viruses. | the gptt virus rna extraction method, originally developed for extraction of human norovirus and hepatitis a virus rnas from contaminated shellfish, was evaluated for extraction of rna from aichi virus strain a846/88 (aiv), coxsackievirus strains a9 (cav9) and b5 (cbv5), murine norovirus (strain mnv-1), and the norovirus surrogate, feline calicivirus (fcv) strain kcd, for the purpose of rt-pcr detection within seeded oyster (crassostrea virginica) extracts. the rt-pcr equivalent sensitivities ob ... | 2007 | 17184849 |
| murine norovirus 1 infection is associated with histopathological changes in immunocompetent hosts, but clinical disease is prevented by stat1-dependent interferon responses. | human noroviruses are the major cause of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. however, little is known regarding their pathogenesis or the immune responses that control them because until recently there has been no small animal model or cell culture system of norovirus infection. we recently reported the discovery of the first murine norovirus, murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), and its cultivation in macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro. we further defined interferon receptors and the ... | 2007 | 17229692 |
| recovery of infectious murine norovirus using pol ii-driven expression of full-length cdna. | noroviruses are the major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. these viruses have remained refractory to detailed molecular studies because of the lack of a reverse genetics system coupled to a permissive cell line for targeted genetic manipulation. there is no permissive cell line in which to grow infectious human noroviruses nor an authentic animal model that supports their replication. in contrast, murine norovirus (mnv) offers a tractable system for the study of noroviruses with ... | 2007 | 17581883 |
| recovery of genetically defined murine norovirus in tissue culture by using a fowlpox virus expressing t7 rna polymerase. | despite the significant disease burden caused by human norovirus infection, an efficient tissue-culture system for these viruses remains elusive. murine norovirus (mnv) is an ideal surrogate for the study of norovirus biology, as the virus replicates efficiently in tissue culture and a low-cost animal model is readily available. in this report, a reverse-genetics system for mnv is described, using a fowlpox virus (fwpv) recombinant expressing t7 rna polymerase to recover genetically defined mnv ... | 2007 | 17622609 |
| naturally occurring murine norovirus infection in a large research institution. | murine norovirus (mnv) is a recently discovered infectious agent in mice and may be the most common naturally occurring infection of laboratory mice in north america. in 2005, we surveyed the swiss webster female sentinel mice in our institute's research facilities. of the 4 facilities surveyed, 3 had sentinel mice that were positive for mnv antibodies, whereas our largest facility (which only receives mice directly from select vendors or by embryo rederivation directly into the facility) was ap ... | 2007 | 17645294 |
| murine noroviruses comprising a single genogroup exhibit biological diversity despite limited sequence divergence. | viruses within the genus norovirus of the family caliciviridae are the major cause of acute, nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. human noroviruses are genetically diverse, with up to 57% divergence in capsid protein sequences, and comprise three genogroups. the significance of such genetic diversity is not yet understood. the discovery of murine norovirus (mnv) and its ability to productively infect cultured murine macrophages and dendritic cells has provided an opportunity to determine the ... | 2007 | 17652401 |
| a single-amino-acid substitution in the p2 domain of vp1 of murine norovirus is sufficient for escape from antibody neutralization. | noroviruses cause epidemic outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide, and the number of reported outbreaks is increasing. human norovirus strains do not grow in cell culture. however, murine norovirus (mnv) replicates in the raw 264.7 macrophage cell line and thus provides a tractable model to investigate norovirus interactions with host cells. epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the human norovirus strains norwalk virus and snow mountain virus (smv) identified r ... | 2007 | 17804495 |
| detection of murine norovirus 1 by using plaque assay, transfection assay, and real-time reverse transcription-pcr before and after heat exposure. | the correlation between the detection of murine norovirus 1 rna by real-time reverse transcription-pcr and the infectivity by plaque assay before and after heat exposure (80 degrees c) was examined. no correlation was found in the current study. moreover, heat inactivation had a much stronger detrimental effect on virus infectivity than on the integrity of the viral genome. | 2008 | 18024676 |
| evaluation of murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, poliovirus, and ms2 as surrogates for human norovirus in a model of viral persistence in surface water and groundwater. | human noroviruses (novs) are a significant cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated drinking water a potential transmission route. the absence of a cell culture infectivity model for nov necessitates the use of molecular methods and/or viral surrogate models amenable to cell culture to predict nov inactivation. the nov surrogates murine nov (mnv), feline calicivirus (fcv), poliovirus (pv), and male-specific coliphage ms2, in conjunction with norwalk virus (nv), were spi ... | 2008 | 18065626 |
| structure of antibody-neutralized murine norovirus and unexpected differences from viruslike particles. | noroviruses (family caliciviridae) are the major cause of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, but the mechanism of antibody neutralization is unknown and no structure of an infectious virion has been reported. murine norovirus (mnv) is the only norovirus that can be grown in tissue culture, studied in an animal model, and reverse engineered via an infectious clone and to which neutralizing antibodies have been isolated. presented here are the cryoelectron microscopy structures of an ... | 2008 | 18094184 |
| eradication of murine norovirus from a mouse barrier facility. | murine norovirus (mnv) is a common viral infection of mice in many research facilities. mnv infects hematopoietic cells and alters their cellular morphology. because of mnv's probable effects on the systemic immune response of infected mice the decision was made to eradicate the virus from 2 rooms containing infected animals in our vivarium. two different eradication methods were selected. one room, in which most of the indirectly exposed sentinels had antibodies to mnv, was depopulated and thor ... | 2008 | 18210995 |
| inactivation and uv disinfection of murine norovirus with tio2 under various environmental conditions. | we studied inactivation and uv disinfection of murine norovirus (mnv) as a surrogate for human norovirus. we investigated the effects of different surface characteristics, temperatures, and nacl concentrations on mnv survival using both a plaque assay and a real-time taqman reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay. mnv survived more than 40 days on diaper material, on gauze, and in a stool suspension. compared to inactivation at lower temperatures (-20 and 4 degrees c), inactivation of mnv was great ... | 2008 | 18245239 |
| bioinformatic and functional analysis of rna secondary structure elements among different genera of human and animal caliciviruses. | the mechanism and role of rna structure elements in the replication and translation of caliciviridae remains poorly understood. several algorithmically independent methods were used to predict secondary structures within the norovirus, sapovirus, vesivirus and lagovirus genera. all showed profound suppression of synonymous site variability (sssv) at genomic 5' ends and the start of the sub-genomic (sg) transcript, consistent with evolutionary constraints from underlying rna structure. a newly de ... | 2008 | 18319285 |
| use of murine norovirus as a surrogate to evaluate resistance of human norovirus to disinfectants. | murine norovirus (mnv) was used as a surrogate to study resistance of human norovirus to disinfectants used in hospitals. mnv was sensitive to alcohol, alcohol hand rubs, bleach, and povidone iodine-based disinfectant. real-time reverse transcription-pcr results indicated that the presence of viral rna did not correlate with the presence of infectious virus. | 2008 | 18378650 |
| antibody is critical for the clearance of murine norovirus infection. | human noroviruses cause more than 90% of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. however, the role of b cells and antibody in the immune response to noroviruses is unclear. previous studies have demonstrated that human norovirus specific antibody levels increase upon infection, but they may not be protective against infection. in this report, we used murine norovirus (mnv), an enteric norovirus, as a model to determine the importance of norovirus specific b cells and immune antibody in clearance ... | 2008 | 18417579 |
| prevention of murine norovirus infection in neonatal mice by fostering. | murine norovirus (mnv) causes subclinical chronic infections in adult immunocompetent mice and is endemic in many mouse colonies. the susceptibility of neonatal mice to mnv infection was investigated. intestinal homogenates from swiss webster (sw) mice inoculated orally with mnv-l on postpartum days (ppd) 1 to 3 were negative for mnv by rt-pcr at postinoculation days (pid) 3 and 7. in contrast, 69% of intestinal homogenates prepared on pid 3 and 7 from mice inoculated orally at ppd 5 to 8 were m ... | 2008 | 18459709 |
| soiled-bedding sentinel detection of murine norovirus 4. | according to serologic surveys, murine norovirus (mnv) is the most prevalent viral pathogen infecting mice used in biomedical research. however, the use of sentinel mice to detect mnv-infected mouse populations has not been evaluated thoroughly. to this end, an experimental method of soiled bedding transfer was created to mimic a quarterly sentinel monitoring program. soiled bedding (15 or 30 cm3) from icr mice experimentally infected with mnv4 was transferred weekly to cages of pair-housed 4-wk ... | 2008 | 18459710 |
| a single amino acid substitution in the murine norovirus capsid protein is sufficient for attenuation in vivo. | murine norovirus (mnv), a prevalent pathogen of laboratory mice, shares many characteristics with human noroviruses. previous results indicated that passage of mnv1 in the macrophage cell line raw 264.7 results in attenuation in stat1-deficient mice (c. e. wobus, s. m. karst, l. b. thackray, k. o. chang, s. v. sosnovtsev, g. belliot, a. krug, j. m. mackenzie, k. y. green, and h. w. virgin, plos. biol. 2:e432, 2004). sequence analysis revealed two amino acid differences between the virulent and a ... | 2008 | 18495770 |
| opportunistic infections of mice and rats: jacoby and lindsey revisited. | adventitious infections among rodents used in biomedical research and teaching continue to be problematic even with improved housing and disease-deterrent methodologies. in addition to well-documented viral diseases (e.g., mouse hepatitis virus and rodent parvoviruses) and parasites (mites and pinworms), new pathogens such as murine norovirus have emerged in recent years. infectious agents can enter colonies via incoming rodent shipments, in unscreened biological materials, on people (especially ... | 2008 | 18506060 |
| lurking in the shadows: emerging rodent infectious diseases. | rodent parvoviruses, helicobacter spp., murine norovirus, and several other previously unknown infectious agents have emerged in laboratory rodents relatively recently. these agents have been discovered serendipitously or through active investigation of atypical serology results, cell culture contamination, unexpected histopathology, or previously unrecognized clinical disease syndromes. the potential research impact of these agents is not fully known. infected rodents have demonstrated immunomo ... | 2008 | 18506061 |
| murine norovirus, a recently discovered and highly prevalent viral agent of mice. | murine norovirus (mnv), a recently discovered viral agent of laboratory mice, is closely related to human norovirus, a contagious pathogen known to cause gastroenteritis. the prototype strain of mnv (mnv-1) was first isolated and characterized in 2003 as a sporadic, lethal pathogen in certain strains of immunocompromised knockout mice. serological surveillance data from mouse colonies throughout the us and canada have since shown that mnv is highly prevalent. because mnv is unique among noroviru ... | 2008 | 18568010 |
| improved inactivation of nonenveloped enteric viruses and their surrogates by a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer. | norovirus is the leading cause of food-related illness in the united states, and contamination of ready-to-eat items by food handlers poses a high risk for disease. this study reports the in vitro (suspension test) and in vivo (fingerpad protocol) assessments of a new ethanol-based hand sanitizer containing a synergistic blend of polyquaternium polymer and organic acid, which is active against viruses of public health importance, including norovirus. when tested in suspension, the test product r ... | 2008 | 18586970 |
| mda-5 recognition of a murine norovirus. | noroviruses are important human pathogens responsible for most cases of viral epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) is one of several murine noroviruses isolated from research mouse facilities and has been used as a model of human norovirus infection. mnv-1 infection has been shown to require components of innate and adaptive immunity for clearance; however, the initial host protein that recognizes mnv-1 infection is unknown. because noroviruses are rna viruses, we inves ... | 2008 | 18636103 |
| the reduction of murine norovirus 1, b. fragilis hsp40 infecting phage b40-8 and e. coli after a mild thermal pasteurization process of raspberry puree. | pasteurization processes of raspberry puree are nowadays limited to short times and rather low temperatures to maintain flavor and nutritional quality. norovirus (nov) outbreaks associated with raspberries highlight the need to determine the survival of nov on this type of soft fruit. therefore, resistance of murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), a surrogate for human nov, b. fragilis hsp40 infecting phage b40-8, and e. coli towards mild pasteurization was tested. raspberry puree heat treated at 65 degree ... | 2008 | 18721675 |
| survival and transfer of murine norovirus 1, a surrogate for human noroviruses, during the production process of deep-frozen onions and spinach. | the reduction of murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) on onions and spinach by washing was investigated as was the risk of contamination during the washing procedure. to decontaminate wash water, the industrial sanitizer peracetic acid (paa) was added to the water, and the survival of mnv-1 was determined. in contrast to onions, spinach undergoes a heat treatment before freezing. therefore, the resistance of mnv-1 to blanching of spinach was examined. mnv-1 genomic copies were detected with a real-time re ... | 2008 | 18724752 |
| inhibition of norovirus replication by morpholino oligomers targeting the 5'-end of the genome. | noroviruses are an important cause of non-bacterial epidemic gastroenteritis, but no specific antiviral therapies are available. we investigated the inhibitory effect of phosphorodiamidiate morpholino oligomers (pmos) targeted against norovirus sequences. a panel of peptide-conjugated pmos (ppmos) specific for the murine norovirus (mnv) genome was developed, and two ppmo compounds directed against the first aug of the orf1 coding sequence near the 5'-end of the genome proved effective in inhibit ... | 2008 | 18783811 |
| bioinformatic and physical characterizations of genome-scale ordered rna structure in mammalian rna viruses. | by the analysis of thermodynamic rna secondary structure predictions, we previously obtained evidence for evolutionarily conserved large-scale ordering of rna virus genomes (p. simmonds, a. tuplin, and d. j. evans, rna 10:1337-1351, 2004). genome-scale ordered rna structure (gors) was widely distributed in many animal and plant viruses, much greater in extent than rna structures required for viral translation or replication, but in mammalian viruses was associated with host persistence. to subst ... | 2008 | 18799591 |
| bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of enteric viruses by crassostrea virginica and crassostrea ariakensis oysters. | crassostrea ariakensis oysters are under review for introduction into the chesapeake bay. however, the human health implications of the introduction have not been fully addressed. this study evaluated rates of bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of viruses by crassostrea virginica and c. ariakensis when the two oyster species were maintained in separate tanks containing synthetic seawater of various salinities (8, 12, or 20 ppt). oyster bioaccumulation tanks were seeded with 10(3) pfu/ml ... | 2008 | 18820067 |
| inactivation of murine norovirus 1 and bacteroides fragilis infecting phage b40-8 by the use of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid as decontaminating agents for shredded iceberg lettuce. | | 2008 | 18831252 |
| the use of cross-foster rederivation to eliminate murine norovirus, helicobacter spp., and murine hepatitis virus from a mouse colony. | over 10 mo, 287 mouse litters were cross-fostered by using 1 of 2 paradigms to eliminate murine norovirus (mnv), helicobacter spp., murine hepatitis virus (mhv), and syphacia obvelata. paradigm 1 involved cross-fostering litters at younger than 48 h with no attention to the changing of bedding material. paradigm 2 involved cross-fostering litters at younger than 24 h from cages in which the bedding material was changed within 24 h before cross-fostering. after cross-foster rederivation, mice wer ... | 2008 | 19049248 |
| immune mechanisms responsible for vaccination against and clearance of mucosal and lymphatic norovirus infection. | two cardinal manifestations of viral immunity are efficient clearance of acute infection and the capacity to vaccinate against secondary viral exposure. for noroviruses, the contributions of t cells to viral clearance and vaccination have not been elucidated. we report here that both cd4 and cd8 t cells are required for efficient clearance of primary murine norovirus (mnv) infection from the intestine and intestinal lymph nodes. further, long-lasting protective immunity was generated by oral liv ... | 2008 | 19079577 |
| murine norovirus: an intercurrent variable in a mouse model of bacteria-induced inflammatory bowel disease. | murine norovirus (mnv) has recently been recognized as a widely prevalent viral pathogen in mouse colonies and causes disease and mortality in mice with impaired innate immunity. we tested the hypothesis that mnv infection would alter disease course and immune responses in mice with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). fvb.129p2-abcb1a(tm1bor) n7 (mdr1a-/-) mice develop spontaneous ibd that is accelerated by infection with helicobacter bilis. as compared with controls, mdr1a-/- mice coinfected with ... | 2008 | 19149409 |
| alphavirus-adjuvanted norovirus-like particle vaccines: heterologous, humoral, and mucosal immune responses protect against murine norovirus challenge. | the development of an effective norovirus vaccine likely requires the capacity to protect against infection with multiple norovirus strains. advanced recombinant genetic systems and the recent discovery of a mouse-tropic norovirus strain (mnv) provide robust model systems for vaccine efficacy studies. we coadministered multivalent norovirus-like particle (vlp) vaccines with alphavirus adjuvant particles to mice and evaluated homotypic and heterotypic humoral and protective immunity to human and ... | 2009 | 19176631 |
| apoptosis in murine norovirus-infected raw264.7 cells is associated with downregulation of survivin. | noroviruses (nvs) are recognized as a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. studies of the human nvs continue to be hampered by the inability to propagate them in any cell culture system. until recently, most data concerning nv replication were derived from studies of feline calicivirus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, which are cultivable members of the family caliciviridae. from such studies, it was proposed that caliciviruses induce apoptosis to facilitate the disseminat ... | 2009 | 19211757 |
| ganglioside-linked terminal sialic acid moieties on murine macrophages function as attachment receptors for murine noroviruses. | noroviruses are the major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. however, little is known regarding the norovirus life cycle, including cell binding and entry. in contrast to human noroviruses, the recently discovered murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) readily infects murine macrophages and dendritic cells in culture. many viruses, including the related feline calicivirus, use terminal sialic acids (sa) as receptors for infection. therefore, we tested whether sa moieties play a role during mnv ... | 2009 | 19244326 |
| type i and type ii interferons inhibit the translation of murine norovirus proteins. | human noroviruses are responsible for more than 95% of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. both onset and resolution of disease symptoms are rapid, suggesting that components of the innate immune response are critical in norovirus control. while the study of the human noroviruses has been hampered by the lack of small animal and tissue culture systems, our recent discovery of a murine norovirus (mnv) and its in vitro propagation have allowed us to begin addressing norovirus replicat ... | 2009 | 19297466 |
| evaluation of murine norovirus as a surrogate for human norovirus and hepatitis a virus in heat inactivation studies. | to determine the suitability of murine norovirus (mnv) as a surrogate for human norovirus (hunov) in heat inactivation studies. | 2009 | 19298511 |
| a serological survey to evaluate contemporary prevalence of viral agents and mycoplasma pulmonis in laboratory mice and rats in western europe. | to evaluate current prevalence rates of 24 viruses and of the bacterium mycoplasma pulmonis, the authors retrospectively surveyed serological data obtained from laboratory mice and rats housed in more than 100 western european institutions. serum samples were submitted to the authors' institution for testing between january 2007 and june 2008. the prevalence of an infection was defined as the percentage of tested samples that yielded positive results for a specific agent. in mice, the most commo ... | 2009 | 19384313 |
| murine norovirus infection has no significant effect on adaptive immunity to vaccinia virus or influenza a virus. | murine norovirus (mnv) is endemic in many research mouse colonies. although mnv infections are typically asymptomatic in immunocompetent mice, the effects of mnv infection on subsequent experimental viral infections are poorly documented. here, we infected c57bl/6 mice with mnv and then with either vaccinia virus or influenza a virus. mnv infection had no effect on cd8(+) t-cell or antibody responses to secondary viruses or to secondary virus-induced morbidity or mortality. while our findings su ... | 2009 | 19403665 |
| primary high-dose murine norovirus 1 infection fails to protect from secondary challenge with homologous virus. | human noroviruses in the caliciviridae family are the major cause of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. primary human norovirus infection does not elicit lasting protective immunity, a fact that could greatly affect the efficacy of vaccination strategies. little is known regarding the pathogenesis of human noroviruses or the immune responses that control them because there has previously been no small-animal model or cell culture system of infection. using the only available small- ... | 2009 | 19403675 |
| molecular detection of murine norovirus from experimentally and spontaneously infected mice. | the rna polymerase gene of murine norovirus (mnv) was isolated from feces and organ samples by the reverse transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr). for experimental infection, homogenate of cecum obtained from an mnv-infected mouse was gavaged to 3 c.b-17-prkdc(scid) (scid) mice and 3 icr mice at 6 weeks of age. sixty days after oral inoculation, mnv was isolated from the cecum (3/3 scid and 3/3 icr), feces (3/3 scid and 3/3 icr), duodenum (1/3 scid and 3/3 icr), liver (1/3 scid and 1 ... | 2009 | 19448336 |
| murine norovirus-1 entry into permissive macrophages and dendritic cells is ph-independent. | murine norovirus (mnv) is a recently discovered mouse pathogen. unlike the fastidious human noroviruses that cause the overwhelming majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, mnv readily infects cells in culture. its replication in primary murine macrophages and dendritic cells and their derived cell lines allows the study of norovirus cell entry for the first time. in this study we determined the role of ph during mnv-1 infection since the low ph environment of endosomes often trigger ... | 2009 | 19463729 |
| efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce murine norovirus 1, b40-8, listeria monocytogenes, and escherichia coli o157:h7 on shredded iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. | the efficiency of sodium hypochlorite (naocl) and peroxyacetic acid (paa) to reduce murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), a surrogate for human norovirus, and bacteroides fragilis hsp40-infecting phage b40-8 on shredded iceberg lettuce was investigated. the levels of removal of viruses mnv-1 and b40-8 were compared with the reductions observed for bacterial pathogens listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli o157:h7. two inoculation levels, one with a high organic load and the other containing a 10-fold ... | 2009 | 19517733 |
| multiplex real-time rt-pcr for simultaneous detection of gi/gii noroviruses and murine norovirus 1. | a quantitative two-step multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase (rt-) pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of genogroup i (gi) and genogroup ii (gii) noroviruses (novs) is described below. a murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) real-time pcr detection assay described recently was integrated successfully into the multiplex assay, making it possible to detect gi and gii novs and mnv-1 in one reaction tube with mnv-1 plasmid dna as real-time pcr internal amplification control (iac). the results showed ... | 2009 | 19563828 |
| inactivation of murine norovirus by chemical biocides on stainless steel. | human norovirus (nov) causes more than 80% of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in europe and the united states. nov transmission via contaminated surfaces may be significant for the spread of viruses. therefore, measures for prevention and control, such as surface disinfection, are necessary to interrupt the dissemination of human nov. murine norovirus (mnv) as a surrogate for human nov was used to study the efficacy of active ingredients of chemical disinfectants for virus inactivation on inanimate ... | 2009 | 19583832 |
| mouse norovirus replication is associated with virus-induced vesicle clusters originating from membranes derived from the secretory pathway. | human noroviruses (family caliciviridae) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. despite the prevalence of these viruses within the community, the study of human norovirus has largely been hindered due to the inability to cultivate the viruses ex vivo and the lack of a small-animal model. in 2003, the discovery of a novel murine norovirus (mnv-1) and the identification of the tropism of mnv-1 for cells of a mononuclear origin led to the establishment of the first norovir ... | 2009 | 19587041 |
| investigation of the impact of the common animal facility contaminant murine norovirus on experimental murine cytomegalovirus infection. | murine norovirus (mnv) is a recently discovered pathogen that has become a common contaminant of specific pathogen-free mouse colonies. mnv-1 induces a robust interferon-beta response and causes histopathology in some mouse strains, suggesting that it may impact other mouse models of infection. despite many concerns about mnv-1 contamination, there is little information about its impact on immune responses to other infections. this study addresses whether mnv-1 infection has an effect on a model ... | 2009 | 19647849 |
| cysteine protease activation and apoptosis in murine norovirus infection. | noroviruses are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis. because a suitable in vitro culture system for the human virus has yet to be developed, many basic details of the infection process are unknown. murine norovirus (mnv) serves as a model system for the study of norovirus infection. recently it was shown that infection of raw 264.7 cells involved a novel apoptotic pathway involving survivin. | 2009 | 19744337 |
| molecular characterization of murine norovirus isolates from south korea. | the recently discovered murine norovirus (mnv) is an important surrogate virus for studying the human norovirus (nov) because of its ability to replicate in conventional cell cultures using mouse macrophage cell lines. in addition, the impact of mnv is significant due to the high prevalence of mnv in commonly used laboratory animals in biomedical research. the prevalence and molecular characteristics of mnv could differ in various regions of the world. therefore, the objectives of this study wer ... | 2010 | 19799947 |
| effects of acute and chronic murine norovirus infections on immune responses and recovery from friend retrovirus infection. | murine norovirus (mnv) is a highly infectious but generally nonpathogenic agent that is commonly found in research mouse colonies in both north america and europe. in the present study, the effects of acute and chronic infections with mnv on immune responses and recovery from concurrent friend virus (fv) infections were investigated. no significant differences in t-cell or nk-cell responses, fv-neutralizing antibody responses, or long-term recovery from fv infection were observed. we conclude th ... | 2009 | 19812147 |
| anion-exchange filtration and real-time pcr for the detection of a norovirus surrogate in food. | in the present study, nanoalumina filters were used as a sample preparation step for the concentration of a norovirus surrogate (murine norovirus 1) from food, and this was coupled with a two-step, real-time reverse transcriptase pcr for quantification. the nanoalumina medium was provided in a syringe-filter format, and its binding and elution capacities were tested with different buffers. among the binding buffers tested (0.1 m tris-hcl [ph 7.0] with 0.1% tween 80, 0.1% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-d ... | 2009 | 19833042 |
| development of a fluorescent in situ method for visualization of enteric viruses. | studying the interactions between enteric pathogens and their environment is important to improving our understanding of their persistence and transmission. however, this remains challenging in large part because of difficulties associated with tracking pathogens in their natural environment(s). in this study, we report a fluorescent labeling strategy which was applied to murine norovirus (mnv-1), a human norovirus surrogate, and hepatitis a virus (hav). specifically, streptavidin-labeled quantu ... | 2009 | 19854924 |
| fast, broad-range disinfection of bacteria, fungi, viruses and prions. | effective disinfectants are of key importance for the safe handling and reprocessing of surgical instruments. this study tested whether new formulations containing sds, naoh and 1-propanol (n-propanol) are simultaneously active against a broad range of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, non-enveloped viruses and prions. inactivation and disinfection were examined in suspension and on carriers, using coagulated blood or brain homogenate as an organic contaminant. coomassie blue staining was use ... | 2010 | 19864502 |
| prevalence of helicobacter hepaticus, murine norovirus, and pneumocystis carinii and eradication efficacy of cross-fostering in genetically engineered mice. | we investigated the prevalence of helicobacter hepaticus, murine norovirus (mnv), and pneumocystis carinii and the efficacy of cross-fostering for their eradication in 49 genetically engineered mouse (gem) strains at our institute. prevalences of h. hepaticus, mnv, and p. carinii were 33.9, 36.5, and 8.6%, respectively, and immunodeficient strains showed relatively higher prevalence of the 3 pathogens than immunocompetent strains. additionally, the same immune phenotype strains showed similar pr ... | 2009 | 19897933 |
| virucidal activity of 2 alcohol-based formulations proposed as hand rubs by the world health organization. | the virucidal activity of 2 hand rubs proposed by the world health organization was studied in a quantitative suspension test for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics in human medicine (en 14476). these formulations are recommended if no hand rubs with declared microbiological activity are available in health care settings. formulation i, based on ethanol, inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), adenovirus, and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviru ... | 2010 | 19900740 |
| enhanced detection and study of murine norovirus-1 using a more efficient microglial cell line. | human noroviruses are the predominant cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. to facilitate prevention and control, a norovirus isolated from mice can provide a model to understand human noroviruses. to establish optimal viral infectivity conditions for murine noroviruses, several cell lines of hematopoietic lineage, including murine bv-2, raw 264.7, and tib, as well as human chme-5, were tested comparatively for their sensitivity to murine norovirus-1. | 2009 | 19903359 |
| high-pressure homogenization for the inactivation of human enteric virus surrogates. | novel inactivation methods are needed to control the spread of foodborne viruses responsible for nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. the advent of high-pressure homogenization combining high pressure, shear stress, and cavitation provides the opportunity to evaluate this technology for viral inactivation in fluid foods under continuous processing conditions. our objective was to evaluate murine norovirus (mnv-1) and ms2 coliphage (single-stranded rna) as human enteric virus surrogates for th ... | 2009 | 19903411 |
| efficacy of chemical treatments against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and ms2 bacteriophage. | human noroviruses pose an emerging public health threat, and despite stringent control strategies, variant strains continue to spread and cause disease outbreaks. routinely used chemical sanitizers, such as sodium hypochlorite though effective on food contact surfaces, require high concentrations to cause reduction in enteric viral titers. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of trisodium phosphate (tsp) against three human enteric virus surrogates, murine norovirus (mnv-1), feline ... | 2010 | 19919284 |
| manure- and biosolids-resident murine norovirus 1 attachment to and internalization by romaine lettuce. | the attachment of murine norovirus 1 (mnv) in biosolids, swine manure, and dairy manure to romaine lettuce and internalization of this virus were evaluated. the mnv in animal manures had behavior similar to that of pure mnv; however, mnv in biosolids had significantly higher levels of attachment and internalization than pure mnv or mnv in manures. the incubation time did not affect the attachment of mnv in biosolids or manure. confocal microscopy was used to observe mnv on lettuce after sybr gol ... | 2010 | 19933344 |
| hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for the concentration and simultaneous recovery of multiple pathogens in contaminated foods. | we investigated the possibility of using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (huf) for the simultaneous recovery of multiple microorganisms in food samples. ms2 bacteriophage, e. coli, bacillus subtilis spores, and murine norovirus (mnv) were each inoculated into 5 liters of either distilled water (dw) or glycine elution buffer and then concentrated using hollow-fiber polysulfone ultrafilters. the resulting concentrates were further analyzed by either cultivation or taqman real-time reverse transcripti ... | 2009 | 20003737 |
| effect of chitosan on the infectivity of murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and bacteriophage ms2. | chitosan is known to inhibit microorganisms of concern to plants, animals, and humans. however, the effect of chitosan on human enteric viruses of public health concern has not been extensively investigated. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan on three human enteric viral surrogates: murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), feline calicivirus f-9 (fcv-f9), and (ssrna) bacteriophage ms2 (ms2). chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (molecular weight of 5,000) and water-soluble chitosan ... | 2009 | 20003751 |
| inactivation of adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and murine norovirus in water by free chlorine and monochloramine. | inactivation of infectious viruses during drinking water treatment is usually achieved with free chlorine. many drinking water utilities in the united states now use monochloramine as a secondary disinfectant to minimize disinfectant by-product formation and biofilm growth. the inactivation of human adenoviruses 2, 40, and 41 (hadv2, hadv40, and hadv41), coxsackieviruses b3 and b5 (cvb3 and cvb5), echoviruses 1 and 11 (e1 and e11), and murine norovirus (mnv) are compared in this study. experimen ... | 2010 | 20023080 |
| expression of the vp2 protein of murine norovirus by a translation termination-reinitiation strategy. | expression of the minor virion structural protein vp2 of the calicivirus murine norovirus (mnv) is believed to occur by the unusual mechanism of termination codon-dependent reinitiation of translation. in this process, following translation of an upstream open reading frame (orf) and termination at the stop codon, a proportion of 40s subunits remain associated with the mrna and reinitiate at the aug of a downstream orf, which is typically in close proximity. consistent with this, the vp2 start c ... | 2009 | 20027307 |
| mechanism of inactivation of murine norovirus-1 by high pressure processing. | murine norovirus-1 (mnv) is currently the most suitable surrogate for human norovirus. the mechanism of mnv-1 inactivation by high pressure processing (hpp) was investigated. hpp-treated mnv could not bind to its target receptor and therefore could not initiate infection of mouse raw cells. the integrity of the capsid was not affect by hpp. partial motif changes of the viral capsid caused by hpp were accessed by induced sensitivity to proteinase k. | 2010 | 20034691 |
| biogenic silver for disinfection of water contaminated with viruses. | the presence of enteric viruses in drinking water is a potential health risk. growing interest has arisen in nanometals for water disinfection, in particular the use of silver-based nanotechnology. in this study, lactobacillus fermentum served as a reducing agent and bacterial carrier matrix for zerovalent silver nanoparticles, referred to as biogenic ag(0). the antiviral action of biogenic ag(0) was examined in water spiked with an enterobacter aerogenes-infecting bacteriophage (uz1). addition ... | 2010 | 20038697 |
| characterization of ozone disinfection of murine norovirus. | despite the importance of human noroviruses (novs) in public health, little information concerning the effectiveness of ozone against novs is available. we determined the efficacy of ozone disinfection using murine norovirus (mnv) as a surrogate of human nov. mnv in ozone demand-free buffer was exposed to a predetermined dose of ozone at two different phs and temperatures. the virus remaining in the solution was analyzed by plaque assay, real-time taqman reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) (short ... | 2010 | 20038700 |
| functional analysis of rna structures present at the 3' extremity of the murine norovirus genome: the variable polypyrimidine tract plays a role in viral virulence. | interactions of host cell factors with rna sequences and structures in the genomes of positive-strand rna viruses play various roles in the life cycles of these viruses. our understanding of the functional rna elements present in norovirus genomes to date has been limited largely to in vitro analysis. however, we recently used reverse genetics to identify evolutionarily conserved rna structures and sequences required for norovirus replication. we have now undertaken a more detailed analysis of r ... | 2010 | 20053745 |
| inactivation of murine norovirus 1 and bacteroides fragilis phage b40-8 by mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of pig slurry. | mesophilic (37 degrees c) and thermophilic (52 degrees c) anaerobic digestion of pig slurry induced at least a 4-log decrease in murine norovirus 1, used as a surrogate virus for porcine norovirus, after 13 and 7 days, respectively. bacteroides fragilis phage b40-8, employed as a universal viral model, was lowered by 2.5 log after 7 days. the viral titer declined due to temperature and matrix effects. | 2010 | 20080994 |
| effect of murine norovirus infection on mouse parvovirus infection. | enzootic infection with mouse parvovirus (mpv) remains a common problem in laboratory colonies, and diagnosis of mpv infection is complicated by viral and host factors. the effect of an underlying viral infection on mpv infection has not previously been investigated. we assessed the effect of murine norovirus (mnv) infection, the most prevalent infectious agent in laboratory mice, on mpv shedding, tissue distribution and transmission. fecal mpv shedding persisted longer in balb/c mice infected w ... | 2010 | 20122310 |
| [norovirus infections: an overview]. | noroviruses belong to the caliciviridae family. they are a major cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis in all age groups, and are responsible for a considerable disease burden in industrialized countries. noroviruses are single-stranded rna viruses, and show great genetic diversity making their detection difficult. noroviruses can be divided into 5 genogroups, which themselves are subdivided into genotypes. besides chance mutations that occur during viral replication, the grea ... | 2010 | 20132778 |
| murine norovirus-1 cell entry is mediated through a non-clathrin-, non-caveolae-, dynamin- and cholesterol-dependent pathway. | for many viruses, endocytosis and exposure to the low ph within acidic endosomes is essential for infection. it has previously been reported that feline calicivirus uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis for entry into mammalian cells. here, we report that infection of raw264.7 macrophages by the closely related murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) does not require the clathrin pathway, as infection was not inhibited by expression of dominant-negative eps15 or by knockdown of the adaptin-2 complex. further, i ... | 2010 | 20147520 |
| murine norovirus-1 3dpol exhibits rna-dependent rna polymerase activity and nucleotidylylates on tyr of the vpg. | we investigated the roles and biochemical properties of recombinant murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) 3d(pol) in rna synthesis and virus genome-linked protein (vpg) nucleotidylylation. we therefore expressed vpg and 3d(pol) of mnv-1 in escherichia coli. mnv-1 3d(pol) exhibited rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity in vitro with poly(a) rna as a template and mncl(2) as a cofactor. mnv-1 3d(pol) demonstrated optimum rna-synthesis activity at ph 7.4 and 37 degrees c in the absence of a primer. furt ... | 2010 | 20219896 |
| indirect elisa and indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay for detecting the antibody against murine norovirus s7 in mice. | to evaluate murine norovirus (mnv) infection in laboratory mice, we attempted to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) system and an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) assay for detecting the anti-mnv-s7 antibody in mice. mnv-s7, which was isolated in japan, was used in both assays. the antigen for elisa was prepared by ultracentrifugation of culture supernatants of raw 264 cells infected with mnv-s7. positive sera were obtained from 6-week-old, female c57bl/6jjcl mice inoc ... | 2010 | 20224169 |
| high-resolution x-ray structure and functional analysis of the murine norovirus 1 capsid protein protruding domain. | murine noroviruses (mnv) are closely related to the human noroviruses (hunov), which cause the majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. unlike hunov, mnv grow in culture and in a small-animal model that represents a tractable model to study norovirus biology. to begin a detailed investigation of molecular events that occur during norovirus binding to cells, the crystallographic structure of the murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) capsid protein protruding (p) domain has been determined. crystallization ... | 2010 | 20335262 |
| high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of murine norovirus 1 and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus reveal marked flexibility in the receptor binding domains. | our previous structural studies on intact, infectious murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) virions demonstrated that the receptor binding protruding (p) domains are lifted off the inner shell of the virus. here, the three-dimensional (3d) reconstructions of recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rrhdv) virus-like particles (vlps) and intact mnv-1 were determined to approximately 8-a resolution. rrhdv also has a raised p domain, and therefore, this conformation is independent of infectivity and genu ... | 2010 | 20335264 |
| disinfection kinetics of murine norovirus using chlorine and chlorine dioxide. | we determined the disinfection efficiency of chlorine and chlorine dioxide (clo(2)) using murine norovirus (mnv) and coliphage ms2 as surrogates for human norovirus. experiments were performed in oxidant demand-free buffer (ph 7.2) at 5 degrees c and 20 degrees c. the extent of virus inactivation by a disinfectant was quantified using three different analytical methods: plaque, short template real-time taqman reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and long template rt-pcr assa ... | 2010 | 20356616 |
| endocytosis of murine norovirus 1 into murine macrophages is dependent on dynamin ii and cholesterol. | although noroviruses cause the vast majority of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, little is known about their life cycle, including viral entry. murine norovirus (mnv) is the only norovirus to date that efficiently infects cells in culture. to elucidate the productive route of infection for mnv-1 into murine macrophages, we used a neutral red (nr) infectious center assay and pharmacological inhibitors in combination with dominant-negative (dn) and small interfering rna (sirna) constructs t ... | 2010 | 20375172 |
| the effect of cranberry juice and cranberry proanthocyanidins on the infectivity of human enteric viral surrogates. | the effect of cranberry juice (cj) and cranberry proanthocyanidins (pac) on the infectivity of human enteric virus surrogates, murine norovirus (mnv-1), feline calicivirus (fcv-f9), ms2(ssrna) bacteriophage, and phix-174(ssdna) bacteriophage was studied. viruses at high (approximately 7 log(10) pfu/ml) or low (approximately 5 log(10) pfu/ml) titers were mixed with equal volumes of cj, 0.30, 0.60, and 1.20 mg/ml final pac concentration, or water and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. viral in ... | 2010 | 20417404 |
| characterization of a cross-reactive monoclonal antibody against norovirus genogroups i, ii, iii and v. | noroviruses cause the majority of epidemic outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. in a previous study of monoclonal antibodies against norovirus gii/4 strain, we identified a continuous epitope (55)wirnnf(60) that was recognized by mab n2c3. subsequent studies found that this mab could recognize several different strains of noroviruses, not just gii/4. in the present study, we used homology modeling to confirm that the epitope of n2c3 was exposed on the surface of gii/4 capsid prote ... | 2010 | 20417671 |
| survival of murine norovirus and hepatitis a virus in different types of manure and biosolids. | noroviruses and hepatitis a virus (hav) are common causes of foodborne disease. they are usually shed in feces and have been found in sewage water, biosolids, and animal manures. with the wide application of manure and biosolids on agricultural lands, there is an increasing interest in investigating virus survival in manure and biosolids. in this study, murine norovirus-1 (mnv) and hav were inoculated into different types of animal manure and three types of differently treated biosolids at 20 de ... | 2010 | 20455755 |
| [investigation of in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a novel alcohol based hand rub, mr06b7]. | alcohol based hand rubs have been used for hand hygiene in health-care settings. compared with hand scrubbing, using suitable alcohol based hand rub provides several advantages like usability in a ward with no tap, requiring less time and mildly-irritating. alcohol provides immediate activity, but poor virucidal activity against certain viruses including norovirus. it is important to develop further improved alcohol based hand rubs which have characteristics of sufficient effectiveness, skin-saf ... | 2010 | 20460874 |
| chlorine inactivation of human norovirus, murine norovirus and poliovirus in drinking water. | to evaluate the reduction of human norovirus (hunov) by chlorine disinfection under typical drinking water treatment conditions. | 2010 | 20536708 |
| (e)-2-styrylchromones as potential anti-norovirus agents. | human noroviruses (nov) are now recognized as the most frequent cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. despite the significant economic impact and considerable morbidity of norovirus disease, no drug or vaccine is currently available to treat or prevent this disease, therefore the discovery of anti-norovirus drugs is urgent. in the present work, a total of 12 structure related chromone and (e)-2-styrylchromones were evaluated for their potential anti-norovirus activity u ... | 2010 | 20554208 |
| effects of source water quality on chlorine inactivation of adenovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and murine norovirus. | more information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of chlorine for viruses in source water. in this study, chlorine disinfection efficacy was investigated for usepa contaminant candidate list viruses coxsackievirus b5 (cvb5), echovirus 1 (e1), murine norovirus (mnv), and human adenovirus 2 (hadv2) in one untreated groundwater source and two partially treated surface waters. disinfection experiments using ph 7 and 8 source water were carried out in duplicate, using 0.2 and 1 mg/liter free ch ... | 2010 | 20562285 |
| inactivation of human enteric virus surrogates by high-intensity ultrasound. | foodborne viruses, especially human noroviruses, are recognized as leading causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. development of effective inactivation methods is of great importance to control their spread. in this study, the effect of high-intensity ultrasound (hius) on the infectivity of three foodborne virus surrogates was investigated. the three surrogates, murine norovirus (mnv-1), feline calicivirus (fcv-f9), and ms2 bacteriophage, were diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs ... | 2010 | 20575674 |
| effects of murine norovirus infection on a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. | murine norovirus (mnv) is prevalent in spf mouse facilities in the united states, and we currently lack sufficient data to determine whether it should be eliminated. it is generally accepted that the virus does not cause clinical symptoms in immuno-competent mice. however, we previously reported that mnv infection alters the phenotype of a mouse model of bacteria-induced inflammatory bowel disease in part through its effects on dendritic cells. the tropism of mnv toward macrophages and dendritic ... | 2010 | 20579433 |
| development of an optimized rna-based murine norovirus reverse genetics system. | murine norovirus (mnv), identified in 2003, is the only norovirus which replicates efficiently in tissue culture and as a result has been used extensively as a model for human noroviruses, a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. the current report describes the generation of a new approach to reverse genetics recovery of genetically defined mnv that relies on the transfection of in vitro transcribed capped rna directly into cells. the use of the recently developed scriptcap post-transcriptional ... | 2010 | 20637238 |
| norwalk virus does not replicate in human macrophages or dendritic cells derived from the peripheral blood of susceptible humans. | human noroviruses are difficult to study due to the lack of an efficient in vitro cell culture system or small animal model. murine norovirus replicates in murine macrophages (mphi) and dendritic cells (dcs), raising the possibility that human novs might replicate in such human cell types. to test this hypothesis, we evaluated dcs and mphi derived from monocyte subsets and cd11c(+) dcs isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals susceptible to norwalk virus (nv) infection. th ... | 2010 | 20667573 |