| symbiotic effectiveness of antibiotic-resistant mutants of fast- and slow-growing strains of rhizobium nodulating lotus species. | mutants resistant ot 16 individual antibiotics were isolated from two fast-growing and two slow-growing strains of lotus rhizobia and their symbiotic effectiveness on lotus pedunculatus evaluated. resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline (inhibitors of protein synthesis) was associated with little or no loss of effectiveness with all four strains but resistance to nalidixic acid and rifampicin (inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis), and to d-cycloserine, novob ... | 1977 | 890601 |
| exopolysaccharide mutants of rhizobium loti are fully effective on a determinate nodulating host but are ineffective on an indeterminate nodulating host. | by tn5 mutagenesis of rhizobium loti pn184 (nzp2037 str-1) and selection for nonfluorescence of colonies on calcofluor agar, eight independently generated expolysaccharide (eps) mutants (three smooth and five rough) were isolated. the parent strain, pn184, was found to produce an acidic eps. this eps was produced. with reduced o acetylation, by the smooth eps mutants but not by the rough eps mutants. lipopolysaccharide was isolated from all mutants and was identical to that of pn184 as defined b ... | 1991 | 1987168 |
| isolation and characterization of a rhizobium loti gene required for effective nodulation of lotus pedunculatus. | a rhizobium loti gene required for effective invasion of the host lotus pedunculatus has been identified by transposon tn5 mutagenesis. cosmids that complemented a previously isolated mutation (239) at this invasion (inv) locus were identified by in planta complementation and used to construct a physical map of the gene region. the insertion site of tn5 in pn239 was mapped to a 7.5-kb ecori fragment, which complemented the mutation when subcloned into plafr1. further tn5 mutagenesis of the 7.5-k ... | 1989 | 2520823 |
| isolation and characterization of transposon tn5-induced symbiotic mutants of rhizobium loti. | rhizobium loti nzp2037 and nzp2213, each cured of its single large indigenous plasmid, formed effective nodules on lotus spp., suggesting that the symbiotic genes are carried on the chromosome of these strains. by using psup1011 as a vector for introducing transposon tn5 into r. loti nzp2037, symbiotic mutants blocked in hair curling (hac), nodule initiation (noi), bacterial release (bar), and nitrogen fixation (nif/cof) on lotus pedunculatus were isolated. cosmids complementing the hac, noi, an ... | 1985 | 2984178 |
| biosynthesis and degradation of nodule-specific rhizobium loti compounds in lotus nodules. | two nodule-specific rhizobium loti compounds were identified in lotus tenuis and lotus pedunculatus nodules induced by strain nzp2037. one, a silver nitrate-positive cation called rhizolotine, has been characterized as the riboside of a novel alpha-hydroxyimino acid containing a 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine ring (g. j. shaw, r. d. wilson, g. a. lane, l. d. kennedy, d. b. scott, and g. j. gainsford, j. chem. soc. chem. commun., p. 180-181, 1986), and the other, yellow-1, stains yellow with ninhyd ... | 1987 | 3025173 |
| the role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 4. sites of carbohydrate and protein digestion as influenced by dietary reactive tannin concentration. | 1. vegetative secondary growth lotus pedunculatus was cut daily, and fed fresh at hourly intervals (600 g dry matter (dm)/d) to three groups each of three sheep fitted with permanent cannulas into the rumen and duodenum. lotus fed to two of the groups was sprayed with low and high rates of polyethylene glycol (peg; molecular weight 3350), which specifically binds the condensed tannins (ct). nutrient intake and faecal excretion were measured directly, duodenal flows estimated from continuous intr ... | 1986 | 3663569 |
| the role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 5. effects on the endocrine system and on adipose tissue metabolism. | 1. three experiments were conducted using lotus pedunculatus containing high concentrations of condensed tannins (ct), and utilizing the principle that polyethylene glycol (peg) application (molecular weight 3350) will irreversibly bind a portion of the ct and thus reduce the dietary reactive (i.e. non-peg bound) ct concentration. lotus diets containing 95, 45 and 14 g total reactive ct/kg dry matter (dm), induced by spraying with three peg rates, were given to sheep at hourly intervals (600 g d ... | 1986 | 3676235 |
| the role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of lotus pedunculatus for sheep. rates of body and wool growth. | lotus pedunculatus (cv. grasslands maku) grown on acid low-fertility soil and containing high concentrations of condensed tannin (76-90 g/kg dry matter (dm] was grazed by growing sheep for 31-42 d periods in three experiments. in expt 2 an additional group of lambs grazed areas oversown with white clover (trifolium repens) and red clover (trifolium pratense). lambs were transferred from grazing ryegrass (lolium perenne)-white clover straight on to lotus in all experiments (unconditioned sheep). ... | 1985 | 4063306 |
| transfer of an indigenous plasmid of rhizobium loti to other rhizobia and agrobacterium tumefaciens. | rhizobium loti strains nzp2037 and nzp2213 were each found to contain a single large plasmid: prlo2037a (240 mdal) and prlo2213a (120 mdal), respectively. plasmid dna present in crude cell lysates of each strain and purified prlo2037a dna did not hybridize with pid1, a recombinant plasmid containing part of the nitrogen fixation (nif) region of r. meliloti, indicating that nif genes were not present on these plasmids. the transposon tn5 was inserted into prlo2037a and this plasmid was then trans ... | 1983 | 6313860 |
| the role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 1. voluntary intake. | voluntary intake was determined with vegetative lotus pedunculatus cut and fed fresh to growing sheep of 42-46 kg live weight. effects attributable to condensed tannins were assessed by growing the plant under high and low levels of soil fertility, inducing low and high concentrations of tannin (expt 1), or by binding the tannins through spraying the herbage with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 3350, peg; expt 2). primary-growth lotus was used in expt 1 and secondary-growth lotus in expt 2 ... | 1984 | 6722089 |
| the role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 2. quantitative digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. | primary growth vegetative lotus pedunculatus containing 46 and 106 g/kg dry matter (dm) of total condensed tannin and 3 and 14 g/kg dm of free condensed tannin, was cut and fed fresh at hourly intervals (750 g dm/d) to sheep fitted with permanent cannulas into the rumen and duodenum. low- and high-tannin lotus contained respectively 41.3 and 31.6 g total nitrogen/kg dm and 132 and 152 g lignin/kg dm. the two forms of lotus were similar in carbohydrate composition. nutrient intake was recorded an ... | 1984 | 6722090 |
| assay and digestion of 14c-labelled condensed tannins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. | three experiments were conducted to determine the fate of condensed tannins (ct) during digestion in sheep. ct were measured as extractable, protein-bound and fibre-bound fractions using the butanol-hcl procedure. in expt 1, purified ct were added to digesta from different parts of the digestive tract obtained from a pasture-fed sheep. recoveries of ct after 0 and 4 h of anaerobic incubation at 39 degrees averaged: rumen 78.9 and 57.5%; abomasum 50.9 and 49.0%; duodenum 64.4 and 46.0% and ileum ... | 1994 | 7947660 |
| proanthocyanidins inhibit hydrolysis of leaf proteins by rumen microflora in vitro. | proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins; pa) purified from the leaves of forage legumes trifolium arvense, lotus pedunculatus, lotus corniculatus, dorycnium rectum, coronilla varia, onobrychis viciifolia, or hedysarum coronarium, were added to soluble lucerne (medicago sativa) leaf protein and incubated with strained rumen fluid in vitro. fractions were collected and frozen immediately. denatured proteins were fractionated by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), sta ... | 1994 | 8031741 |
| the effect of condensed tannins in lotus pedunculatus on the digestion and metabolism of methionine, cystine and inorganic sulphur in sheep. | two experiments were conducted with sheep fed on fresh lotus pedunculatus containing 50-55 g condensed tannin (ct)/kg dry matter. effects of ct were assessed by comparing control sheep (ct operating) with sheep receiving a continuous intraruminal infusion of polyethylene glycol (peg) to bind and inactivate ct. digestion of methionine and cystine was determined using a continuous intraruminal infusion of indigestible markers, whilst plasma irreversible loss (irl) of methionine, cystine and inorga ... | 1993 | 8260487 |
| novel and complex chromosomal arrangement of rhizobium loti nodulation genes. | a mutational and structural analysis of rhizobium loti nodulation genes in strains nzp2037 and nzp2213 was carried out. unlike the case with other rhizobium strains examined to date, nodb was found on an operon separate from nodacij. sequence analysis of the nodacij and nodb operon regions confirm that r. loti common nod genes have a gene organization different from that of other rhizobium spp. at least 4 copies of nodd-like sequences were identified in r. loti. the complete nucleotide sequence ... | 1996 | 8850088 |
| controlling internal parasites in grazing ruminants without recourse to anthelmintics: approaches, experiences and prospects. | interest in ways of raising stock without using anthelmintics has been stimulated by the desire for intensive grazing systems to adopt more sustainable methods of internal parasite control and by potential premiums for "organic" produce. this requires grazing management systems which are practicable and achieve levels of parasite control sufficient to meet realistic production objectives. this paper will summarise 3 years experience of lamb and cattle production without a recourse to anthelminti ... | 1996 | 8923145 |
| the effect of condensed tannins in lotus pedunculatus on the solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (ec 4.1.1.39; rubisco) protein in the rumen and the sites of rubisco digestion. | three experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of condensed tannin (ct) in lotus pedunculatus (45-55 g extractable ct/kg dm) on the digestion of the principal leaf protein, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (ec 4.1.1.39; rubisco; fraction 1 leaf protein). in two of the experiments lotus pedunculatus was fed to sheep, with one group receiving a continuous intraruminal infusion (per fistulum) of peg (molecular weight 3500) to bind and inactivate the ct (peg group). the other group, ... | 1996 | 8942361 |
| establishment and fecundity of ostertagia circumcincta and trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs fed lotus (lotus pedunculatus) or perennial ryegrass. | forty four 12-14 week old polled dorset ram lambs, raised helminth free from birth, were used to investigate the effects of condensed tannins (ct) in lotus (lotus pedunculatus) on lamb growth and gastrointestinal nematode establishment and fecundity. condensed tannins bind to proteins in the rumen and increase the flow of protein to the intestines. lambs were allocated to either a ryegrass (lolium perenne) or lotus diet fed ad libitum, with or without twice daily drenching of polyethylene glycol ... | 1998 | 9703616 |
| effect of condensed tannins extracted from four forages on the viability of the larvae of deer lungworms and gastrointestinal nematodes. | the inhibitory activity of condensed tannins extracted from four forage legume plants were evaluated by using a larval migration inhibition assay. the first (l1) and third (l3) stages of deer lungworm (dictyocaulus viviparus), and the third stage (l3) of deer gastrointestinal nematodes were incubated with tannins extracted from lotus pedunculatus, lotus corniculatus, sulla (hedysarum coronarium) and sainfoin (onobrychus viciifolia). the tannins extracted from all the forages had inhibitory activ ... | 2000 | 10955893 |
| the implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. | new methodology for measuring forage condensed tannin (ct) content is described and the effects of ct upon forage feeding and nutritive value for ruminant animals are reviewed. ct react with forage proteins in a ph-reversible manner, with reactivity determined by the concentration, structure and molecular mass of the ct. increasing concentrations of ct in lotus corniculatus and lotus pedunculatus reduce the rates of solubilization and degradation of fraction 1 leaf protein in the rumen and incre ... | 1999 | 10999013 |
| the effect of condensed tannins from lotus pedunculatus and lotus corniculatus on the growth of proteolytic rumen bacteria in vitro and their possible mode of action. | five strains of proteolytic rumen bacteria were treated with condensed tannins (ct) purified from lotus pedunculatus and lotus corniculatus to investigate their effect on the growth of these bacteria in vitro. streptococcus bovis ncfb 2476, eubacterium sp. c124b, prevotella bryantii b14, butyrivibrio fibrisolvens h17c, and clostridium proteoclasticum b316t were tested against 200, 400, and 600 microg ct x ml(-1) extracted from l. pedunculatus and l. corniculatus. in the absence of ct, all bacter ... | 2001 | 11547882 |
| effect of condensed tannins on egg hatching and larval development of trichostrongylus colubriformis in vitro. | the effects of condensed tannins extracted from seven forages on the viability of the eggs and first stage (l1) larvae of the sheep nematode trichostrongylus colubriformis were evaluated in in vitro assays. the extracts of condensed tannins were obtained from lotus pedunculatus (lp), lotus corniculatus (lc), sulla (hedysarum coronarium), sainfoin (onobrychus viciifolia), dorycnium pentaphylum (dp), dorycnium rectum (dr) and dock (rumex obtusifolius). extracts containing 200 to 500 microg/ml redu ... | 2002 | 11837588 |
| testing for direct anthelmintic effects of bioactive forages against trichostrongylus colubriformis in grazing sheep. | the aim of the present study was to investigate potential direct anthelmintic effects of forages that contain plant secondary metabolites (psm) towards the intestinal nematode trichostrongylus colubriformis. for this purpose, we introduced an experimental design, which enabled us to investigate the direct anthelmintic effects of psm-rich forages, without significant interference of possible indirect immunological effects of psm. sixty parasite naive sheep were infected with 8000 t. colubriformis ... | 2004 | 15710524 |
| the consequences of short-term grazing of bioactive forages on established adult and incoming larvae populations of teladorsagia circumcincta in lambs. | the objective of this study was to investigate the consequences of short-term grazing on bioactive forages on (i) the viability and fecundity of established adult teladorsagia circumcincta population and (ii) the establishment and development of incoming t. circumcincta infective larvae. forty-eight, parasite naive, 3-month old, grazing lambs were artificially infected with 8000 infective larvae of t. circumcincta on day 1 of the experiment. on day 21 p.i., lambs were allocated to one of three b ... | 2005 | 15722084 |
| effectiveness of rhizobium strains used in inoculants after their introduction into soil. | rhizobium strains used in inoculants for trifolium spp., medicago spp., glycine max, and lotus pedunculatus were isolated from nodules of these legumes grown in soils into which the rhizobia had been introduced 4 to 8 years before. isolations were made from a total of 420 nodules. nodule occupancy by the inoculant strains varied from 17.7% for a soybean strain to 100% in the case of l. pedunculatus whose specific rhizobia did not occur in the soils studied. in general, inoculant strains isolated ... | 1985 | 16346692 |
| neutral lipids and phospholipids of free-living and bacteroid forms of two strains of rhizobium infective on lotus pedunculatus. | the neutral lipids and phospholipids of two strains of rhizobia in their free-living state and in symbiosis with a host plant are described. the principal lipid classes found were the polymer poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, phospholipids, free fatty acids, glycerides, methyl esters, aliphatic alcohols, and hydrocarbons. the lipids include unusual unsaturated methyl-branched and saturated methoxy-branched fatty acids. most components were found to be common to both forms of both strains, although the ... | 1975 | 16350025 |
| condensed tannins act against cattle nematodes. | the use of natural plant anthelmintics was suggested as a possible alternative control of gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) in ruminants. direct anthelmintic effects of tannin-containing plants have already been shown in sheep and goat gin. these anthelmintic properties are mainly associated with condensed tannins. in the present study, we evaluated possible in vitro effects of three tannin-containing plants against bovine gin. effects of onobrychis viciifolia, lotus pedunculatus and lotus cornic ... | 2011 | 21726942 |
| the effect of condensed tannins from seven herbages on trichostrongylus colubriformis larval migration in vitro. | the effects of condensed tannins (ct) extracted from seven forages on the motility of the economically important nematode, trichostrongylus colubriformis (giles, 1892), were evaluated by using a larval migration inhibition (lmi) assay. the assay involved incubation of third stage (l3) exsheathed t. colubriformis larvae with ct extracted from lotus pedunculatus, lotus corniculatus, sulla (hedysarum coronarium), sainfoin (onobrychis viciifolia), dorycnium rectum, dorycnium pentaphyllum and dock (r ... | 2000 | 10833014 |
| effect of adenine nucleotides on nad-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases in rhizobia and bacteroids of legume root nodules. | atp, adp, amp and cyclic amp inhibit nad-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (l-s-isocitrate : nad-+ oxidoreductase, ec 1.1.1.41) from rhizobia but have no effect on the enzyme from corresponding bacteroids. this was observed using three rhizobial strains two of which are effective, and one ineffective, with lotus pedunculatus. using partially purified enzyme from each of the three rhizobial strains it was found that the adenine nucleotides inhibit the enzyme by competing with nad-+, not with iso ... | 1975 | 166683 |
| protein precipitation behavior of condensed tannins from lotus pedunculatus and trifolium repens with different mean degrees of polymerization. | the precipitation of bovine serum albumin (bsa), lysozyme (lys), and alfalfa leaf protein (alf) by two large- and two medium-sized condensed tannin (ct) fractions of similar flavan-3-ol subunit composition is described. ct fractions isolated from white clover flowers and big trefoil leaves exhibited high-purity profiles by 1d/2d nmr and purities >90% (determined by thiolysis). at ph 6.5, large cts with a mean degree of polymerization (mdp) of ∼18 exhibited similar protein precipitation behaviors ... | 2015 | 25569853 |
| genome sequence of the lotus spp. microsymbiont mesorhizobium loti strain nzp2037. | mesorhizobium loti strain nzp2037 was isolated in 1961 in palmerston north, new zealand from a lotus divaricatus root nodule. compared to most other m. loti strains, it has a broad host range and is one of very few m. loti strains able to form effective nodules on the agriculturally important legume lotus pedunculatus. nzp2037 is an aerobic, gram negative, non-spore-forming rod. this report reveals that the genome of m. loti strain nzp2037 does not harbor any plasmids and contains a single scaff ... | 2014 | 25780500 |
| the effects of condensed tannins extracted from different plant species on egg hatching and larval development of teladorsagia circumcincta (nematoda: trichostrongylidae). | the effects of condensed tannins (cts) extracted from five species of plants on egg hatching and larval development of teladorsagia circumcincta (stadelmann, 1894) (syn. ostertagia circumcincta) were evaluated using in vitro bioassays. the extracts of cts were obtained from lotus pedunculatus (lp), lotus corniculatus (lc), dorycnium pentaphyllum (dp), dorycnium rectum (dr) and rumex obtusifolius (ro). the results of egg hatching assay showed that about 53%, 68%, 51%, 60% and 46% of the eggs hatc ... | 2010 | 20450000 |
| effect of rhizobial strain and host plant on nitrogen isotopic fractionation in legumes. | lotus pedunculatus l., medicago sativa l., macroptilium atropurpureum, glycine max, and trifolium repens l. were grown in a n-free medium and inoculated with one of ten rhizobium strains. dry matter, n content, and delta(15)n values were determined for various plant parts.nodules, with the exception of those from lucerne, were enriched in (15)n relative to atmospheric n. considerable variation was found in delta(15)n values of plant herbage (-4.5 to +0.8). the extent of isotopic discrimination w ... | 1983 | 16663110 |
| localized changes in flavonoid biosynthesis in roots of lotus pedunculatus after infection by rhizobium loti. | two-dimensional paper chromatography in four solvent systems, high-sensitivity spray reagents, and uv absorption spectroscopy were used to separate and characterize flavonoids and isoflavonoids in roots and root nodules of 20-d-old lotus pedunculatus cav. seedlings were grown either under sterile conditions or after inoculation with fix(+) or fix(-) strains of rhizobium loti. flavonoids rather than isoflavonoids predominated in all tissues. flavonoid profiles in sterile and denodulated root tiss ... | 1992 | 16652981 |
| genetic structure and symbiotic characteristics of a bradyrhizobium population recovered from a pasture soil. | we examined the genetic structure and symbiotic characteristics of bradyrhizobium isolates recovered from four legume species (lupinus albus [white lupine], lupinus angustifolius [blue lupine], ornithopus compressus [yellow serradella], and macroptilium atropurpureum [sirato]) grown in an oregon soil. we established that multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) can provide insights into the genetic relatedness among bradyrhizobium strains by showing a positive correlation (r = >/=0.90) between t ... | 1994 | 16349270 |
| unaltered nodulation competitiveness of a strain of bradyrhizobium sp. (lotus) after a decade in soil. | a bradyrhizobium sp. (lotus) strain that formed a soil population that was highly competitive for nodulation of lotus pedunculatus 11 years after its introduction into a field soil and a culture of the same strain stored lyophilized were compared with an antibiotic-resistant mutant in respect of their nodulation competitiveness. the mutant was less competitive than the wild-type strain it was isolated from and had to be present at a cell ratio of 5.76:1 in mixed inoculum in sand culture to form ... | 1989 | 16348061 |
| identification of lotus rhizobia by direct dna hybridization of crushed root nodules. | hybridization of crushed lotus pedunculatus root nodules with p-labeled total genomic dna probes was used to identify rhizobium loti and bradyrhizobium sp. (lotus rhizobia). probes always hybridized with homologous target dna and frequently with dnas of other strains from the same genus. intergeneric hybridization did not occur. results were comparable to those from colony hybridization. | 1987 | 16347400 |
| characterization of condensed tannins purified from legume forages: chromophore production, protein precipitation, and inhibitory effects on cellulose digestion. | to identify simple screening tools for selecting condensed tannin (ct)-containing forages as candidate sources for further study, ct were isolated from nine legumes, and their molecular weights (mw), chromophore production, capacity to precipitate bovine serum albumin (bsa) and fraction 1 protein (rubisco) isolated from alfalfa, and inhibition of filter paper digestion were compared. sources were as follows: leaves of sericea lespedeza (lespedeza cuneata dum.-cours.), crown vetch (coronilla vari ... | 2005 | 16132212 |