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[contribution to study of ixodidae (acarina, ixodoidea) in cantabric mountains (spain) (author's transl)].five ixodidae species parasites of small mammals have been identified in north-western spain and particularly on the cantabrique mountains. the authors mention that among these species there are ixodes acuminatus (neumann, 1901) and ixodes trianguliceps (birula, 1895), which according to their own knowledge, have never been noticed in the iberian peninsula so far.1976788615
the effect of babesia microti on feeding and survival in its tick vector, ixodes trianguliceps.evidence is presented that babesia microti may promote its transmission amongst rodents by enhancing the feeding success and survival of its tick vector, ixodes trianguliceps. both the mean engorged weight of larval ticks and the percentage moult of larvae to nymphs increased as larvae fed on naive hosts later in the parasitaemic cycle up to a point a few days beyond the loss of a patent infection. this increased feeding success and survival was not dependent on the level of infection by b. micr ...19912038503
the ecology of the tick ixodes trianguliceps birula (arachnida; acarina; ixodoidea). 19676048570
ixodes trianguliceps: seasonal abundance and role in the epidemiology of babesia microti infection in north-western england. 19807008722
quantifying parameters in the transmission of babesia microti by the tick ixodes trianguliceps amongst voles (clethrionomys glareolus).the estimation of two parameters in the transmission of babesia microti by the tick ixodes trianguliceps amongst small mammals, (1) the duration of infectivity in natural hosts and (2) the probability of transmission from an infected to a susceptible vole, is described. when b. microti was maintained by direct tick transmission, the probability of a complete cycle of transmission via the larval-nymphal and nymphal-adult transstadial routes was 1.0 and 0.71 respectively, but only if the larvae or ...19957724236
density-dependent acquired resistance to ticks in natural hosts, independent of concurrent infection with babesia microti.the question of whether the known immunosuppressive effects of babesia microti may disrupt the development of acquired resistance to its tick vector, ixodes trianguliceps, in natural rodent hosts (clethrionomys glareolus), and thus enhance the disease transmission potential, is addressed experimentally. the results show for the first time that natural hosts can acquire resistance to ticks; that this acquired resistance is manifested chiefly by a strongly density-dependent reduction in the percen ...19948008455
bionomical and ecological characteristic of ticks (acari:ixodida) of significant medical importance on the territory of poland.among polish ticks species the most common in our country ixodes ricinus has the biggest medical importance. argasidae: argas reflexus, a. polonicus and ixodidae: ixodes trianguliceps, i. hexagonus and dermacentor reticulatus have significant medical meaning. argasidae are nests and burrows dwelling species having multi-host development cycle, they are mainly synanthropic and semisynanthropic, nocturnal active, with the peak seasonal activity in the middle of summer, dwelling semihumid or dry ha ...19968673794
[the isolation of borrelia from the tick ixodes trianguliceps (ixodidae) and the possible significance of this species in the epizootiology of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses].ixodes trianguliceps is a common tick species of the eurasian forest zone. these ticks live probably in natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (itbb) from western europe to transbaikalia, but their role in circulation of corresponding pathogens remains unclear. this study was performed in a natural itbb focus located in the perm region of russia (near the urals), where borrelia garinii and b. afzelii circulate and i. persulcatus serves as their main vector. in july-august of 1994, 296 sma ...19968975209
granulocytic ehrlichia infection in ixodid ticks and mammals in woodlands and uplands of the u.k.the prevalence of infection with ehrlichiae of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup (the granulocytic ehrlichiae), in questing ixodes ricinus ticks of u.k. upland and woodland habitats, was investigated by pcr. the prevalence of infection in the three feeding stages of i. ricinus indicated that granulocytic ehrlichiae are transmitted transstadially with no, or inefficient, transovarial transmission. the presence of infected ticks in both habitats indicates that endemic cycles of granulocytic e ...19989824827
pcr detection of granulocytic ehrlichiae in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild small mammals in western switzerland.the presence of granulocytic ehrlichiae was demonstrated by pcr in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild small mammals in switzerland in two areas of endemicity for bovine ehrlichiosis. six ticks (three females and three nymphs) (1.4%) of 417 i. ricinus ticks collected by flagging vegetation contained ehrlichial dna. a total of 201 small mammals from five species, wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), earth vole (pitymys subterraneus), bank vole (clethrionomys gla ...200010698987
babesiosis.babesiosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted, zoonotic disease caused by hematotropic parasites of the genus babesia. babesial parasites (and those of the closely related genus theileria) are some of the most ubiquitous and widespread blood parasites in the world, second only to the trypanosomes, and consequently have considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. the parasites are intraerythrocytic and are commonly called piroplasms due to the pear-shaped forms found within inf ...200010885987
sequence analysis of the ank gene of granulocytic ehrlichiae.the ank gene of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) codes for a protein with a predicted molecular size of 131.2 kda that is recognized by serum from both dogs and humans infected with granulocytic ehrlichiae. as part of an effort to assess the phylogenetic relatedness of granulocytic ehrlichiae from different geographic regions and in different host species, the ank gene was pcr amplified and sequenced from a variety of sources. these included 10 blood specimens from patients wit ...200010921951
human babesiosis in japan: isolation of babesia microti-like parasites from an asymptomatic transfusion donor and from a rodent from an area where babesiosis is endemic.to determine the source of infection for the japanese index case of human babesiosis, we analyzed blood samples from an asymptomatic individual whose blood had been transfused into the patient. in addition, we surveyed rodents collected from near the donor's residence. examination by microscopy and pcr failed to detect the parasite in the donor's blood obtained 8 months after the donation of the blood that was transfused. however, we were able to isolate babesia parasites by inoculating the bloo ...200111376054
diversity of babesia infecting european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus).questing ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) adult and nymphal ticks collected in various parts of slovenia were tested for the presence of babesial parasites with a pcr assay based on the nuclear small subunit rrna gene (nss-ribosomal dna [rdna]). thirteen of 135 ticks were found to contain babesial dna. sequence determination and analysis of amplified portions of nss-rdna revealed their identity with babesia microti and a high degree of homology with babesia odocoilei and babesia divergens. the r ...200111526189
[histopathological changes in the skin of small mammals in the area of feeding of ixodes trianguliceps, i. persulcatus i i. ricinus (ixodidae) ticks].histopathological changes in the places of attachment and feeding of the ixodes trianguliceps, i. persulcatus, and i. ricinus on natural hosts are similar. they pass through the stages of skin inflammation: perforation, exudation and proliferation. the mouthparts of tick contact with the host tissues. the fibrin deposit and callogen capsule surround the mouthparts. these species of ticks do not form the cement. formation of the feeding cavity is caused by the salivation of ticks and neutrophil i ...200111558334
human babesiosis in japan: epizootiologic survey of rodent reservoir and isolation of new type of babesia microti-like parasite.we have carried out epizootiologic surveys at various sites in japan to investigate wild animals that serve as reservoirs for the agents of human babesiosis in the country. small mammals comprising six species, apodemus speciosus, apodemus argenteus, clethrionomys rufocanus, eothenomys smithii, crocidura dsinezumi, and sorex unguiculatus, were trapped at various places, including hokkaido, chiba, shiga, hyogo, shimane, and tokushima prefectures. animals harboring babesia microti-like parasites w ...200111724838
transmission studies of babesia microti in ixodes ricinus ticks and gerbils.in order to investigate the possible role of ixodes ricinus as a vector of zoonotic babesia microti infection in europe, a european rodent isolate (hk) and a zoonotic american isolate (gi) were studied in transmission experiments. pcr detected b. microti in the blood and spleens of infected gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) and also in laboratory-induced infections of i. ricinus ticks. b. microti dna was detected by pcr in all pooled samples of nymphs and the majority of adults that had fed as lar ...200211923342
entomologic and serologic evidence of zoonotic transmission of babesia microti, eastern switzerland.we evaluated human risk for infection with babesia microti at a site in eastern switzerland where several b. microti-infected nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks had been found. dna from pooled nymphal ticks amplified by polymerase chain reaction was highly homologous to published b. microti sequences. more ticks carried babesial infection in the lower portion of the rectangular 0.7-ha grid than in the upper (11% vs. 0.8%). in addition, we measured seroprevalence of immunoglobulin (ig) g antibodies aga ...200212095442
[detection of natural foci of babesiosis and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in russia].the use of microscopy, infection of golden hamsters and the polymerase chain reaction made it possible to find out that about 30% of common red-backed voles (clethrionomys glareolus), inhabiting the taiga forests of the southern part of the western urals (the chusovskoi district of the perm region), were infected with babesia microti and simultaneously (a third of them) with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila, the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. the sequencing of 18s rdna of str ...200212506622
seasonal dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophila in a rodent-tick (ixodes trianguliceps) system, united kingdom.we investigated the reservoir role of european wild rodents for anaplasma phagocytophila using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of blood collected from individually tagged rodents captured monthly over 2 years. the only tick species observed in the woodland study site was ixodes trianguliceps, and ruminant reservoir hosts were not known to occur. a. phagocytophila infections were detected in both bank voles and wood mice but were restricted to periods of peak nymphal and adult tick activ ...200312533283
survey of rodents and ticks in human babesiosis emergence area in japan: first detection of babesia microti-like parasites in ixodes ovatus.babesia microti-like parasites were detected for the first time in ixodes ovatus in hyogo prefecture, japan, where two reported types of b. microti-like parasites were recognized in many rodents. of 80 adult i. ovatus ticks collected, 5 possessed the reported type and 1 possessed a new type of b. microti-like parasite.200415131209
north spain (burgos) wild mammals ectoparasites.twenty-seven species of arthropods were collected from 105 wild mammals, six wolves canis lupus (linnaeus, 1758) included. a total of 87 animals (82.8%) harboured some ectoparasites. ticks were found in 60% of the samples, fleas in 51.4%, chewing-lice in 3.8%, and others (mesostigmata and hippoboscids) in 3.8%. moreover, 42.5% were single infestation and 57.5% mixed. some of the species were new records for a host in spanish country such as trichodectes canis (de géer, 1778), ixodes triangulicep ...200415490750
identification of a new borrelia species among small mammals in areas of northern spain where lyme disease is endemic.the role of small mammals as reservoir hosts for borrelia burgdorferi was investigated in several areas where lyme disease is endemic in northern spain. a low rate of infestation by ixodes ricinus nymphs was found in the small mammal populations studied that correlated with the near-absence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in 184 animals tested and with the lack of transmission of b. burgdorferi sensu lato to i. ricinus larvae that fed on them. in contrast, questing ticks collected at the same time ...200515746336
[genetic characteristics of human pathogenic borrelia isolated from ixodes trianguliceps bir. and ixodes pavlovskyi pom].to support the results of typing the amplicon of the spacer site 5s-23s of prna by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) assay, the isolates from the ticks i. trianguliceps and i. pavlovskyi underwent sequenation of rrf (5s)-rrl (23s) spacer to make a comparative analysis of derived nucleotide sequences with the ddbj/embl/ genbank databases. for this purpose, the authors used six isolates (three imago and three nymphal) from i. trianguliceps and three isolates from adult hungry i. pavl ...200515984608
simple epidemiological model predicts the relationships between prevalence and abundance in ixodid ticks.we tested whether the prevalence of ticks can be predicted reliably from a simple epidemiological model that takes into account only mean abundance and its variance. we used data on the abundance and distribution of larvae and nymphs of 2 ixodid ticks parasitic on small mammals (apodemus agrarius, apodemus flavicollis, apodemus uralensis, clethrionomys glareolus and microtus arvalis) in central europe. ixodes trianguliceps is active all year round, occurs in the study area in the mountain and su ...200717032480
sympatric ixodes trianguliceps and ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on field voles (microtus agrestis): potential for increased risk of anaplasma phagocytophilum in the united kingdom?the importance of wild rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens is considered low in the united kingdom because, in studies to date, those parasitized by exophilic ixodes ricinus ticks carry almost exclusively larvae and thus have a minor role in transmission cycles. in a cross-sectional study, 11 (6.7%) of 163 field voles (microtus agrestis) captured at field sites in northern england were pcr-positive for anaplasma phagocytophilum. the voles were found to act as hosts for both la ...200617187576
emerging zoonoses and vector-borne infections affecting humans in europe.the purpose of this study was to assess and describe the current spectrum of emerging zoonoses between 2000 and 2006 in european countries. a computerized search of the medline database from january 1966 to august 2006 for all zoonotic agents in european countries was performed using specific criteria for emergence. fifteen pathogens were identified as emerging in europe from 2000 to august 2006: rickettsiae spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., francisella tula ...200717445320
host community structure and infestation by ixodid ticks: repeatability, dilution effect and ecological specialization.abundance of a species in a location results from the interplay between the intrinsic properties of that species and the extrinsic properties, both biotic and abiotic, of the local habitat. intrinsic factors promote among-population stability in abundance, whereas extrinsic factors generate variation among populations of a species. we studied (a) repeatability and (b) the effect of abundance and species richness of small mammals on the level of their infestation by larvae and nymphs of ixodes ri ...200717684769
tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in wild and domestic small mammals in northern spain.the prevalence and diversity of tick-borne zoonotic bacteria (borrelia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, and spotted fever group rickettsiae) infecting 253 small mammals captured in the basque country (spain) were assessed using pcr and reverse line blot hybridization. trapping sites were selected around sheep farms (study 1, 2000 to 2002) and recreational parks (study 2, 2003 to 2005). the majority of the studied mammals (162) were wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus), but six othe ...200717693556
disease effects on reproduction can cause population cycles in seasonal environments.1. recent studies of rodent populations have demonstrated that certain parasites can cause juveniles to delay maturation until the next reproductive season. furthermore, a variety of parasites may share the same host, and evidence is beginning to accumulate showing nonindependent effects of different infections. 2. we investigated the consequences for host population dynamics of a disease-induced period of no reproduction, and a chronic reduction in fecundity following recovery from infection (s ...200818005128
dynamic transmission of numerous anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes among lambs in an infected sheep flock in an area of anaplasmosis endemicity.the transmission dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains circulating within juvenile members of a sheep flock grazing on an ixodes ricinus-infested pasture in southern norway were monitored. pcr-based detection of the bacterial p44 fragments in the blood of 16 lambs sampled weekly for 16 weeks following their release into pasture revealed rickettsemia in all animals, with an increasing proportion of infected animals as the survey progressed. comparison of partial msp4 sequences obtained fr ...200818367562
relative importance of ixodes ricinus and ixodes trianguliceps as vectors for anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in field vole (microtus agrestis) populations.the importance of ixodes ricinus in the transmission of tick-borne pathogens is well recognized in the united kingdom and across europe. however, the role of coexisting ixodes species, such as the widely distributed species ixodes trianguliceps, as alternative vectors for these pathogens has received little attention. this study aimed to assess the relative importance of i. ricinus and i. trianguliceps in the transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti among united kingdom fiel ...200818820068
major histocompatibility complex (mhc) heterozygote superiority to natural multi-parasite infections in the water vole (arvicola terrestris).the fundamental role of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) in immune recognition has led to a general consensus that the characteristically high levels of functional polymorphism at mhc genes is maintained by balancing selection operating through host-parasite coevolution. however, the actual mechanism by which selection operates is unclear. two hypotheses have been proposed: overdominance (or heterozygote superiority) and negative frequency-dependent selection. evidence for these hypoth ...200919129114
immunomodulatory parasites and toll-like receptor-mediated tumour necrosis factor alpha responsiveness in wild mammals.immunological analyses of wild populations can increase our understanding of how vertebrate immune systems respond to 'natural' levels of exposure to diverse infections. a major recent advance in immunology has been the recognition of the central role of phylogenetically conserved toll-like receptors in triggering innate immunity and the subsequent recruitment of adaptive response programmes. we studied the cross-sectional associations between individual levels of systemic toll-like receptor-med ...200919386086
current management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and ehrlichia ewingii ehrlichiosis.anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii are emerging tick-borne pathogens and are the causative agents of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and e. ewingii ehrlichiosis, respectively. collectively, these are referred to as human ehrlichioses. these obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae are transmitted by ixodes spp. or amblyomma americanum ticks and infect peripherally circulating leukocytes to cause inf ...200919681699
biogeography of tick-borne bhanja virus (bunyaviridae) in europe.bhanja virus (bhav) is pathogenic for young domestic ruminants and also for humans, causing fever and affections of the central nervous system. this generally neglected arbovirus of the family bunyaviridae is transmitted by metastriate ticks of the genera haemaphysalis, dermacentor, hyalomma, rhipicephalus, boophilus, and amblyomma. geographic distribution of bhav covers southern and central asia, africa, and southern (partially also central) europe. comparative biogeographic study of eight know ...201020182535
tick surveillance in great britain.the ability for public/veterinary health agencies to assess the risks posed by tick-borne pathogens is reliant on an understanding of the main tick vector species. crucially, the status, distribution, and changing trends in tick distribution and abundance are implicit requirements of any risk assessment; however, this is contingent on the quality of tick distribution data. since 2005 the health protection agency has promoted an enhanced tick surveillance program. through engagement with a variet ...201120849277
transfusion-transmitted babesia spp.: bull's-eye on babesia microti.babesia spp. are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of animals and humans that cause babesiosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted primarily by tick vectors. although a variety of species or types of babesia have been described in the literature as causing infection in humans, the rodent parasite babesia microti has emerged as the focal point of human disease, especially in the united states. not only has b. microti become established as a public health concern, this agent is increasingly being ...201121233506
the common shrew (sorex araneus): a neglected host of tick-borne infections?although the importance of rodents as reservoirs for a number of tick-borne infections is well established, comparatively little is known about the potential role of shrews, despite them occupying similar habitats. to address this, blood and tick samples were collected from common shrews (sorex araneus) and field voles (microtus agrestis), a known reservoir of various tick-borne infections, from sites located within a plantation forest in northern england over a 2-year period. of 647 blood sampl ...201121453011
the ecology of tick-transmitted infections in the redwood chipmunk (tamias ochrogenys).the redwood chipmunk contributes to the maintenance of tick-borne diseases in northern california. the range of redwood chipmunks overlaps that of western black-legged ticks and tick-borne disease, including granulocytic anaplasmosis and lyme borreliosis. chipmunks have high anaplasma phagocytophilum pcr- and seroprevalence, are infested with a diversity of ixodes spp. ticks, and are reservoir competent for borrelia burgdorferi. we hypothesized that chipmunks could maintain tick-borne disease on ...201121643481
molecular characterization reveals distinct genospecies of anaplasma phagocytophilum from diverse north american hosts.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen that infects humans, domestic animals and wildlife throughout the holarctic. in the far-western united states, multiple rodent species have been implicated as natural reservoirs for a. phagocytophilum. however, the presence of multiple a. phagocytophilum strains has made it difficult to determine which reservoir hosts pose the greatest risk to humans and domestic animals. here we characterized three genetic markers (23s-5s rrna interge ...201121921109
[Detection of DNA erlichia and anaplasma in ticks Ixodes trianguliceps in Tyumen Province].The data on the study of Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. collected from small mammals in the southern taiga forests of Tyumen Province with the PCR-hybridization with fluorescent detection method are given. DNA of Erlichua and Anaplasma was revealed in ticks of this species for the first time; mixed infection with both these pathogens was also demonstrated.201122141249
prevalence of ectoparasitic arthropods on wild animals and cattle in the las merindades area (burgos, spain).this paper reports the prevalence of ectoparasitic arthropods in sampled groups of wild (n = 128; 16 species) and domestic (n = 69; 3 species) animals in the las merindades area of the province of burgos, spain. the study revealed that wild animals were more infested and with a wider variety of ectoparasites than domestic animals. the parasitic prevalence was 67% for wild animals and 48% for livestock. in this way, 39% of animals were infected by ticks. ixodes ricinus and ixodes hexagonus were t ...201121894267
ticks of poland. review of contemporary issues and latest research.the paper presents current knowledge of ticks occurring in poland, their medical importance, and a review of recent studies implemented in the polish research centres on ticks and their significance in the epidemiology of transmissible diseases. in the polish fauna there are 19 species of ticks (ixodida) recognized as existing permanently in our country: argas reflexus, argas polonicus, carios vespertilionis, ixodes trianguliceps, ixodes arboricola, ixodes crenulatus, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes li ...201223444797
natural history of zoonotic babesia: role of wildlife reservoirs.babesiosis is an emerging zoonotic disease on all inhabited continents and various wildlife species are the principal reservoir hosts for zoonotic babesia species. the primary vectors of babesia are ixodid ticks, with the majority of zoonotic species being transmitted by species in the genus ixodes. species of babesia vary in their infectivity, virulence and pathogenicity for people. various factors (e.g., increased interactions between people and the environment, increased immunosuppression, ch ...201224533312
tick parasites of rodents in romania: host preferences, community structure and geographical distribution.ticks are among the most important vectors of zoonotic diseases in temperate regions of europe, with widespread distribution and high densities, posing an important medical risk. most ticks feed on a variety of progressively larger hosts, with a large number of small mammal species typically harbouring primarily the immature stages. however, there are certain ixodidae that characteristically attack micromammals also during their adult stage. rodents are widespread hosts of ticks, important vecto ...201223171665
babesia spp. and anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents--analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area.the aims of this study were to evaluate the host-tick-pathogen interface of babesia spp. and anaplasma phagocytophilum in restored areas in both questing and host-attached ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus and their small mammalian hosts.201222950642
ixodes ricinus and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in europe: new hazards and relevance for public health.tick-borne diseases represent major public and animal health issues worldwide. ixodes ricinus, primarily associated with deciduous and mixed forests, is the principal vector of causative agents of viral, bacterial, and protozoan zoonotic diseases in europe. recently, abundant tick populations have been observed in european urban green areas, which are of public health relevance due to the exposure of humans and domesticated animals to potentially infected ticks. in urban habitats, small and medi ...201425520947
circulation of four anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes in europe.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiological agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and animals. wild animals and ticks play key roles in the enzootic cycles of the pathogen. potential ecotypes of a. phagocytophilum have been characterized genetically, but their host range, zoonotic potential and transmission dynamics has only incompletely been resolved.201425127547
the generalist tick ixodes ricinus and the specialist tick ixodes trianguliceps on shrews and rodents in a northern forest ecosystem--a role of body size even among small hosts.understanding aggregation of ticks on hosts and attachment of life stages to different host species, are central components for understanding tick-borne disease epidemiology. the generalist tick, ixodes ricinus, is a well-known vector of lyme borrelioses, while the specialist tick, ixodes trianguliceps, feeding only on small mammals, may play a role in maintaining infection levels in hosts. in a northern forest in norway, we aimed to quantify the role of different small mammal species in feeding ...201526671686
factors affecting larval tick feeding success: host, density and time.ectoparasites rely on blood-feeding to sustain activity, support development and produce offspring. blood-feeding is also a route for transmission of diverse vector-borne pathogens. the likelihood of successfully feeding is thus an important aspect of ectoparasite population dynamics and pathogen transmission. factors that affect blood-feeding include ectoparasite density, host defenses, and ages of the host and ectoparasite. how these factors interact to affect feeding success is not well under ...201526104393
dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise.dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. it has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. it has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. its high adaptiveness gives an edge to th ...201627251148
spatial disaggregation of tick occurrence and ecology at a local scale as a preliminary step for spatial surveillance of tick-borne diseases: general framework and health implications in belgium.the incidence of tick-borne diseases is increasing in europe. sub national information on tick distribution, ecology and vector status is often lacking. however, precise location of infection risk can lead to better targeted prevention measures, surveillance and control.201323800283
hard ticks (acari, ixodidae) of croatia.the present paper is based on original and literature data. in croatia the first studies on the occurrence of ixodid species were made about 80 years ago. the number of tick species recorded in croatia considerably increased during the 1950s, 60s, 70s and 80s of the past century. a total of 21 species of hard tick belonging to 5 genera have been recorded in croatia. ixodes is the best represented genus, with seven species recorded. haemaphysalis is represented by six species, followed by rhipice ...201223372407
molecular epidemiology of the emerging zoonosis agent anaplasma phagocytophilum (foggie, 1949) in dogs and ixodid ticks in brazil.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, dogs and other animals, and it is transmitted by ixodid ticks. the objective of the current study was a) detect a. phagocytophilum in dogs and ixodid ticks using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr); and b) determine important variables associated to host, environment and potential tick vectors that are related to the presence of a. phagocytophilum in dogs domiciled in rio de janeiro, brazil.201324330631
mediterranean spotted fever in southeastern romania.although cases of mediterranean spotted fever (msf) have been reported for decades in southeastern romania, there are few published data. we retrospectively studied 339 patients, diagnosed with msf at the national institute of infectious diseases "prof. dr. matei bals" between 2000 and 2011, in order to raise awareness about msf in certain regions of romania. according to the raoult diagnostic criteria 171 (50.4%) had a score >25 points. mean age was 52.5 years. one hundred and fifty-five (90.6% ...201324024190
parasite diversity of european myotis species with special emphasis on myotis myotis (microchiroptera, vespertilionidae) from a typical nursery roost.bats belong to one of the most species-rich orders within the mammalia. they show a worldwide distribution, a high degree of ecological diversification as well as a high diversity of associated parasites and pathogens. despite their prominent and unique role, the knowledge of their parasite-host-relationships as well as the mechanisms of co-evolutionary processes are, partly due to strict conservation regulations, scarce.201525880235
the first german map of georeferenced ixodid tick locations.georeferenced locations of ixodid ticks are required to depict the observed distribution of species. further, they are used as input data for species distribution models also known as niche models. the latter were applied to describe current and future (projected) tick distributions. beside model assumptions and selected climate parameters, the number of georeferenced tick locations available as a digital dataset is of fundamental importance for the reliability of such models. for germany, howev ...201425301245
anaplasma phagocytophilum prevalence in ticks and rodents in an urban and natural habitat in south-western slovakia.ixodes ricinus is the principal vector of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the ethiological agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in europe. anaplasmosis is an emerging zoonotic disease with a natural enzootic cycle. the reservoir competence of rodents is unclear. monitoring of a. phagocytophilum prevalence in i. ricinus and rodents in various habitat types of slovakia may contribute to the knowledge about the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in central europe.201525980768
varying influences of selection and demography in host-adapted populations of the tick-transmitted bacterium, anaplasma phagocytophilum.the host range of a pathogenic bacterial strain likely influences its effective population size, which in turn affects the efficacy of selection. transmission between competent hosts may occur more frequently for host generalists than for specialists. this could allow higher bacterial population densities to persist within an ecological community and increase the efficacy of selection in these populations. conversely, specialist strains may be better adapted to their hosts and consequently achie ...201525888490
first report of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in rodents in finland.tick-borne diseases pose an increasingly important public health problem in europe. rodents are the reservoir host for many tick-transmitted pathogens, including anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti, which can cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis and babesiosis, respectively. to estimate the presence of these pathogens in rodents in finland, we examined blood samples from 151 bank voles (myodes glareolus) and demonstrate, for the first time, that a. phagocytophilum and b. microti commo ...201424848684
host-parasite biology in the real world: the field voles of kielder.research on the interactions between the field voles (microtus agrestis) of kielder forest and their natural parasites dates back to the 1930s. these early studies were primarily concerned with understanding how parasites shape the characteristic cyclic population dynamics of their hosts. however, since the early 2000s, research on the kielder field voles has expanded considerably and the system has now been utilized for the study of host-parasite biology across many levels, including genetics, ...201424612619
babesia spp. in ticks and wildlife in different habitat types of slovakia.babesiosis is an emerging and potentially zoonotic disease caused by tick-borne piroplasmids of the babesia genus. new genetic variants of piroplasmids with unknown associations to vectors and hosts are recognized. data on the occurrence of babesia spp. in ticks and wildlife widen the knowledge on the geographical distribution and circulation of piroplasmids in natural foci. questing and rodent-attached ticks, rodents, and birds were screened for the presence of babesia-specific dna using molecu ...201627207099
candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from urban and natural habitats of south-western slovakia.candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis (cnm) is an emerging tick-borne pathogen causing severe disease in immunocompromised patients. in europe, ixodes ricinus is the primary vector and rodents act as reservoir hosts. new data on the prevalence of cnm in ticks and rodents contribute to the knowledge on the distribution of endemic areas and circulation of the bacterium in natural foci.201626728197
composition and function of haemolymphatic tissues in the european common shrew.studies of wild animals responding to their native parasites are essential if we are to understand how the immune system functions in the natural environment. while immune defence may bring increased survival, this may come at a resource cost to other physiological traits, including reproduction. here, we tested the hypothesis that wild common shrews (sorex araneus), which produce large numbers of offspring during the one breeding season of their short life span, forgo investment in immunity and ...200818923707
the role of particular ticks developmental stages in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens in central europe. 4. anaplasmataceaein central european conditions, two species of anaplasmataceae have epidemiological significance – candidatus neoehrlichia micurensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum. tick ixodes ricinus is considered as their main vector, wild mammals as the animal reservoir. there is presented the transstadial transmission in ticks, due to the lack of transovarial mode the circulation goes mainly between immature ticks and hosts; pathogen circulates primarily in the cycle: infected rodent → the tick larva → the ...201628151609
distinct anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes associated with ixodes trianguliceps ticks and rodents in central europe.rodents are important reservoir hosts of tick-borne pathogens. anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis of both medical and veterinary importance. in europe, this pathogen is primarily transmitted by the ixodes ricinus tick among a wide range of vertebrate hosts. however, to what degree a. phagocytophilum exhibits host specificity and vector association is poorly understood. to assess the extent of vector association of this pathogen and to clarify its ecolog ...201425129860
genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and voles from ixodes persulcatus/ixodes trianguliceps sympatric areas from western siberia, russia.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in different mammals. the presence of a. phagocytophilum was assayed in ixodes persulcatus, ixodes trianguliceps ticks and myodes spp. voles from two i. persulcatus/i. trianguliceps sympatric areas in the omsk region (western siberia, russia). in total, a. phagocytophilum was found in 42/108 (38.9%) of vole blood samples, 13/34 (38.2%) of i. trianguliceps ticks removed from voles, 1/12 (8.3%) of i. persulcatus removed fr ...201425113979
high prevalence of babesia microti 'munich' type in small mammals from an ixodes persulcatus/ixodes trianguliceps sympatric area in the omsk region, russia.babesia microti is a genetically diverse group of protozoan parasites whose life cycle is associated with both small mammals and ixodes spp. ticks. in this study, the prevalence of different b. microti genetic groups in ticks and small rodents in an area with ixodes persulcatus and ixodes trianguliceps occurring in sympatry was examined. a total of 541 small mammals were captured during eight sampling periods between 2013 and 2015 at a site in the omsk region of russia and tested for the presenc ...201627212463
presence of candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis and babesia microti in rodents and two tick species (ixodes ricinus and ixodes trianguliceps) in slovakia.rodents are important reservoir hosts of many tick-borne pathogens. their importance in the circulation of the emerging bacterial agent, candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis and the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, babesia microti has been recently proposed. the aim of the present study was to identify the presence and genetic diversity of candidatus n. mikurensis and b. microti circulating in the natural foci among rodents and two species of ixodid ticks (ixodes ricinus and ixodes triangulic ...201626700195
molecular examinations of babesia microti in rodents and rodent-attached ticks from urban and sylvatic habitats in germany.small mammals serve as reservoir hosts for tick-borne pathogens, especially for those which are not transmitted transovarially in ticks - such as babesia microti. molecular investigations on the prevalence of b. microti in wild small mammals and on attached ticks from differently structured areas may provide information on the circulation of b. microti in different ecological niches. in 2012 and 2013, 622 rodents (396 myodes glareolus, 178 apodemus flavicollis, 36 apodemus sylvaticus, 4 apodemus ...201525922232
[dna detection of pathogens transmitted by ixodid ticks in blood of small mammals inhabiting the forest biotopes in middle irtysh area (omsk region, west siberia)].microtine rodents were captured in two disconnected sampling sites in omsk region where ixodes pesulrcatus and ixodes trianguliceps are sympatric. in blood samples of rodents the dna was revealed belonging to several ixodid-transmitted pathogens: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (prevalence 20.0 and 6.0%, here and further values are given for the first and second site, respectively), borrelia miyamotoi (8.3 and 2.0%), anlaplasnma phagocytophilum (33.3 and 48.0%), ehrlichia muris (30.0 and 2.0%) a ...201425507835
[dna detection of pathogens transmitted by ixodid ticks in blood of small mammals inhabiting the forest biotopes in middle irtysh area (omsk region, west siberia)].microtine rodents were captured in two disconnected sampling sites in omsk region where ixodes pesulrcatus and ixodes trianguliceps are sympatric. in blood samples of rodents the dna was revealed belonging to several ixodid-transmitted pathogens: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (prevalence 20.0 and 6.0%, here and further values are given for the first and second site, respectively), borrelia miyamotoi (8.3 and 2.0%), anlaplasnma phagocytophilum (33.3 and 48.0%), ehrlichia muris (30.0 and 2.0%) a ...201425434237
comparative analysis of the roles of ixodes persulcatus and i. trianguliceps ticks in natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses in the middle urals, russia.long-term studies on natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (itbb) have been performed in chusovskoi district of perm region, the middle urals, where the vectors of these infections are represented by two ixodid tick species: the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus and many times less abundant vole tick i. trianguliceps. over 10 years, more than 6000 half-engorged ticks were collected from small forest mammals using the standard procedure, and 1027 i. persulcatus and 1142 i. trianguliceps ticks ...201525843812
molecular evidence of rickettsia spp. in ixodid ticks and rodents in suburban, natural and rural habitats in slovakia.natural foci of tick-borne spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae of public health concern have been found in slovakia, but the role of rodents in their circulation is unclear. ticks (ixodes ricinus, ixodes trianguliceps, dermacentor marginatus, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis concinna and haemaphysalis inermis) and tissues of rodents (apodemus flavicollis, apodemus sylvaticus, myodes glareolus, microtus arvalis, microtus subterraneus and micromys minutus) were examined for the presence of ...201728340608
genetic variability of rickettsia spp. in ixodes persulcatus/ixodes trianguliceps sympatric areas from western siberia, russia: identification of a new candidatus rickettsia species.rickettsia spp. are the causative agents of a number of diseases in humans. these bacteria are transmitted by arthropods, including ixodid ticks. dna of several rickettsia spp. was identified in ixodes persulcatus ticks, however, the association of ixodes trianguliceps ticks with rickettsia spp. is unknown. in our study, blood samples of small mammals (n=108), unfed adult i. persulcatus ticks (n=136), and i. persulcatus (n=12) and i. trianguliceps (n=34) ticks feeding on voles were collected in ...201526190452
population regulation in ticks: the role of acquired resistance in natural and unnatural hosts.attachment, engorgement and subsequent development of successive infestations of ixodes trianguliceps larvae and nymphs on natural hosts, apodemus sylvaticus, and unnatural hosts, laboratory mice, are compared. in laboratory mice, primary infestations above a threshold level of about 10 ticks elicit an immunological response which reduces, in a density-dependent manner, the rate of successful tick engorgement during subsequent infestations. in contrast, in a. sylvaticus successive infestations o ...1979542316
ticks on dogs and cats: a pet owner-based survey in a rural town in northeastern switzerland.changes in the endemic foci of tick populations and invasions of tick species to new areas have become evident in europe, leading to changes in the epidemiology of tick-transmitted diseases. however, data about tick infestations of pet animals are limited. following the recent identification of a new focus of canine babesiosis in northeastern switzerland, we investigated the occurrence of tick vectors in this region by using a pet owner-based sampling strategy. all dog owners in a rural town wer ...201525684694
tick infestation of small mammals in an english woodland.tick infestations on small mammals were studied from april to november, 2010, in deciduous woodland in southern england in order to determine whether co-infestations with tick stages occurred on small mammals, a key requirement for endemic transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev). a total of 217 small mammals was trapped over 1,760 trap nights. yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis) made up the majority (52.5%) of animals, followed by wood mice (a. sylvaticus) 35.5% and bank voles ...201728504447
[data on the distribution and ecology of ixodes trianguliceps (ixodidae) in kharkov province].in the ranges of the kharkov district ixodes trianguliceps bir. is distributed in the limits of forest-steppe zone from the western border to the valley of the seversky donets. through the forests along the seversky donets the species gets to the steppe zone. most abundant the species is in aspen groves, its main host -- clethrionomys glareolus schreb. the peak of abundance was recorded in june.20076359025
[distribution and ecology of ixodes trianguliceps (birula, 1895) (acarina, ixodoidea) in france, particularly in the south-east].ixodes trianguliceps, parasite of insectivores and rodent mammals seems to be distributed throughout france, except in the mediterranean low altitude areas. this tick which does not manifest any parasitic specificty, has meanwhile preferred hosts (clethrionomys glareolus, especially). at low altitudes, it likes forests, hedge-rows and heaths and at higher altitudes (subalpine and alpine), opened area may be densely inhabited. the authors study the numerous concerned vegetal associations and prec ...197611660
prevalence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens: babesia and borrelia species in ticks infesting cats of great britain.in a study of tick and tick-borne pathogen prevalence, between may and october 2016, 278 veterinary practices in great britain examined 1855 cats. six-hundred and one cats were found to have attached ticks. the most frequently recorded tick species was ixodes ricinus (57.1%), followed by ixodes hexagonus (41.4%) and ixodes trianguliceps (1.5%). male cats, 4-6 years of age living in rural areas were most likely to be carrying a tick; hair length and tick treatment history had no significant assoc ...201728917304
[ixodes trianguliceps (parasitiformes, ixodidae) in the southern lake baikal area].in the southern lake baikal area, in the region of the khamar-daban ridge, which borders the banks of lake baikal, there was found in abundant population the tick i. trianguliceps. data on the ecology of the tick in this particular part of its distribution area and on its ecological links revealed by factor analysis of the tick's habitat of the first and second order by means of electronic computers are given.20073205582
population regulation in ticks: the effect of delayed mating on fertility in ixodes trianguliceps (acarina: ixodidae).the paper describes an experimental investigation of the effects of delayed mating on both the time course of engorgement and the reproductive output by female ixodes trianguliceps birula. males apparently do not mate with females off the host prior to the female's blood meal, and successful mating is less likely to occur within the first 3 to 4 days of the blood meal. if mating is delayed beyond day 7 of the blood meal, the rate of engorgement decreases sharply from day 7 or 8 onwards, until ma ...19807391870
ixodes trianguliceps bir. middle-rusian highlands tick of island forests of the foreststeppe. 1977143132
[distribution and some problems in the ecology of the tick, ixodes trianguliceps bir. in the southern urals].data on the distribution and ecology of ixodes trianguliceps in the south urals are presented. this species occurs in various landscapes of the forest zone of the south urals between 52 degrees 11' and 52 degrees 22' n. lat. it infects 9 species of small mammals of which species of the genus clethrionomys were found to be the major hosts of i. trianguliceps in this area.20071221337
distribution, host relations, and seasonal occurrence of ixodes trianguliceps birula (acari) in fennoscandia. 19744452490
[presence of ixodes trianguliceps (birula, 1895) and ixodes apronophorus (schulze, 1924) in switzerland (ixodoidea; ixodidae)]. 19705475284
[remarks on the occurrence and ecology of the tick ixodes trianguliceps birula, 1895]. 196514316188
the ecology of the tick ixodes trianguliceps bir., 1895. 196213927905
[some data on the biology of ixodes trianguliceps bir. and i. persulcatus p sch, in krasnoiarsk territory]. 200913913947
[on biology of ixodes trianguliceps bir]. 200913729280
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