| sensitive and specific detection of salmonid alphavirus using real-time pcr (taqman). | pancreas disease is responsible for major economic losses in the european salmonid farming industry. it was previously believed that a single subtype (salmon pancreas disease virus) of the virus species salmonid alphavirus (sav) was responsible for all outbreaks of pancreas disease in the uk and norway. however, the recent discovery that pancreas disease in norway is caused by a new and distinct subtype of salmonid alphavirus, exclusively found in norway, has advocated the need for better diagno ... | 2006 | 16202457 |
| new subtype of salmonid alphavirus (sav), togaviridae, from atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in norway. | in europe, 2 closely related alphaviruses (togaviridae) are regarded as the causative agents of sleeping disease (sd) and salmon pancreas disease (spd): sd virus (sdv) has been isolated from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in france and the uk, while spd virus (spdv) has been isolated from salmon salmo salar in ireland and the uk. farmed salmonids in western norway also suffer from a disease called pancreas disease (pd), and this disease is also believed to be caused by an alphavirus. however, ... | 2005 | 16231636 |
| genetic stability within the norwegian subtype of salmonid alphavirus (family togaviridae). | salmonid alphavirus (sav) (family togaviridae) causes mortality in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss w.) in norway, france, uk, and ireland. at least three subtypes of sav exist: spdv in uk/ireland, sdv in france/uk, and the recently reported norwegian salmonid alphavirus (nsav) in western norway. during 2003 and 2004, disease caused by nsav was reported for the first time in northern norway, more than 800 km away from the enzootic area in western norway. th ... | 2006 | 16362641 |
| virus-like particles associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (hsmi). | the first cases of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (hsmi), in atlantic salmon salmo salar were registered in 1999 in the hitra/frøya area of norway. the disease has since spread south to rogaland, i.e. the southernmost county with salmon farming in norway. the disease outbreaks usually start 5 to 9 mo after release into seawater but may occur as early as 2 wk after sea release. the present study focuses on possible pathogens associated with hsmi. it was not possible to find any parasites ... | 2006 | 16903229 |
| experimental infection of atlantic salmon salmo salar pre-smolts by i.p. injection with new irish and norwegian salmonid alphavirus (sav) isolates: a comparative study. | atlantic salmon salmo salar l. pre-smolts were experimentally infected with 2 different isolates of salmonid alphavirus (sav): a subtype 1 isolate from ireland and a subtype 3 isolate from norway. sequential samples of tissue and blood were collected during a period of 20 wk post injection and subjected to virus isolation from kidney tissue and serum, detection of viral nucleic acid in heart tissue and serum by real-time rt-pcr, detection of specific antibodies by virus neutralisation assay, and ... | 2007 | 17523539 |
| alphavirus infections in salmonids--a review. | the first alphavirus to be isolated from fish was recorded in 1995 with the isolation of salmon pancreas disease virus from atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in ireland. subsequently, the closely related sleeping disease virus was isolated from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in france. more recently norwegian salmonid alphavirus (sav) has been isolated from marine phase production of atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in norway. these three viruses are closely related and are now co ... | 2007 | 17718707 |
| discovery of frameshifting in alphavirus 6k resolves a 20-year enigma. | the genus alphavirus includes several potentially lethal human viruses. additionally, species such as sindbis virus and semliki forest virus are important vectors for gene therapy, vaccination and cancer research, and important models for virion assembly and structural analyses. the genome encodes nine known proteins, including the small '6k' protein. 6k appears to be involved in envelope protein processing, membrane permeabilization, virion assembly and virus budding. in protein gels, 6k migrat ... | 2008 | 18822126 |
| studies on the possibility of vertical transmission of norwegian salmonid alphavirus in production of atlantic salmon in norway. | disease associated with salmonid alphavirus (sav) infection is a significant problem for farm production of salmonids in europe. the sav subtype 3 (sav3) is a norwegian subtype present exclusively in production systems for atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in western norway. it has been suggested that sav3 is transmitted through smolt transport from the main area for sav disease in western norway to as far as northern norway. one explanation for this type of sprea ... | 2009 | 20043403 |
| alpha interferon and not gamma interferon inhibits salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 replication in vitro. | salmonid alphavirus (sav) is an emerging virus in salmonid aquaculture, with sav-3 being the only subtype found in norway. until now, there has been little focus on the alpha interferon (ifn-alpha)-induced antiviral responses during virus infection in vivo or in vitro in fish. the possible involvement of ifn-gamma in the response to sav-3 is also not known. in this study, the two ifns were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins (recombinant ifn-alpha [rifn-alpha] and rifn-gamma) and used f ... | 2010 | 20573808 |
| low temperature-dependent salmonid alphavirus glycoprotein processing and recombinant virus-like particle formation. | pancreas disease (pd) and sleeping disease (sd) are important viral scourges in aquaculture of atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. the etiological agent of pd and sd is salmonid alphavirus (sav), an unusual member of the togaviridae (genus alphavirus). sav replicates at lower temperatures in fish. outbreaks of sav are associated with large economic losses of ~17 to 50 million $/year. current control strategies rely on vaccination with inactivated virus formulations that are cumbersome to obtain a ... | 2011 | 21991361 |