| parasitic infections of indian yak bos (poephagus) grunniens--an overview. | for centuries, the yak and its hybrids with domestic cows (dzomo/dzo) have been contributing to the socio-economic status of their owners in desolate regions of the greater himalayas. studies on the prevalence of parasitic diseases in these animals were undertaken in ladakh (jammu and kashmir), sikkim and villages near the indo-nepal border of uttar pradesh. visceral organs of necropsied animals were observed for the presence of adult metazoan parasites, fresh or preserved faecal samples were ex ... | 1994 | 8091621 |
| pulmonary haemodynamics of the yak, cattle, and cross breeds at high altitude. | the pulmonary arterial pressure of ladakhi yaks, at an altitude of about 4500m, was not significantly different from that found in yaks bred at low altitude. the pulmonary arterial resistance, however, was slightly but significantly increased in the high altitude group. it is concluded that the yak has adapted genetically to high altitude by largely eliminating the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response. the pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance were significantly higher in indigenous h ... | 1986 | 3787555 |
| pulmonary endocrine cells in various species in the himalaya. | the numbers, morphology and distribution of pulmonary endocrine cells in goats, sheep and the yak and its interbreeds with cattle, dzos and stols, were studied after their demonstration by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique with a polyclonal antiserum raised in the rabbit to human neuron-specific enolase, a marker for neuroendocrine cells. the numbers, morphology and distribution were related to species and not to residence at high altitude. pulmonary endocrine cells were common an ... | 1988 | 3062054 |
| patterns of livestock predation by carnivores: human-wildlife conflict in northwest yunnan, china. | alleviating human-carnivore conflict is central to large carnivore conservation and is often of economic importance, where people coexist with carnivores. in this article, we report on the patterns of predation and economic losses from wild carnivores preying on livestock in three villages of northern baima xueshan nature reserve, northwest yunnan during a 2-year period between january 2010 and december 2011. we analyzed claims from 149 households that 258 head of livestock were predated. wolves ... | 2013 | 24202281 |
| [the color equidensitmetry of dental radiographs by means of technifax-dzo-diafilm (i)]. | | 1994 | 284433 |
| effects of sub-lethal neurite outgrowth inhibitory concentrations of chlorpyrifos oxon on cytoskeletal proteins and acetylcholinesterase in differentiating n2a cells. | previous work in our laboratory has shown that sub-lethal concentrations (1-10++m) of chlorpyrifos (cpf), diazinon (dz) and diazinon oxon (dzo) inhibit the outgrowth of axon-like neurites in differentiating mouse n2a neuroblastoma cells concomitant with altered levels and/or phosphorylation state of axonal cytoskeleton and growth-associated proteins. the aim of the present work was to determine whether chlorpyrifos oxon (cpo) was capable of inhibiting n2a cell differentiation in a similar manner ... | 2011 | 21704052 |
| the toxicity of mixtures of specific organophosphate compounds is modulated by paraoxonase 1 status. | most chemical exposures involve complex mixtures. the role of paraoxonase 1 (pon1) and the q192r polymorphism in the detoxication of individual organophosphorous (op) compounds has been well-established. the extent to which pon1 protects against a given op is determined by its catalytic efficiency. we used a humanized transgenic mouse model of the q192r polymorphism to demonstrate that pon1 modulates the toxicity of op mixtures by altering the activity of another detoxication enzyme, carboxylest ... | 2010 | 20221870 |
| diazinon oxon interferes with differentiation of rat c6 glioma cells. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of diazinon oxon (dzo), a major in vivo metabolite of the organophosphate insecticide diazinon (dz), on differentiating rat c6 glioma cells. at concentrations shown to be non-cytotoxic by both the mtt and the kenacid blue dye binding assays (1, 5 and 10 microm), dzo caused after 24h a reduction in the number of extensions developed from c6 cells induced to differentiate by serum withdrawal and addition of sodium butyrate. densitometric scann ... | 2009 | 19595759 |
| paraoxonase 1 (pon1) modulates the toxicity of mixed organophosphorus compounds. | a transgenic mouse model of the human hpon1(q192r) polymorphism was used to address the role of paraoxonase (pon1) in modulating toxicity associated with exposure to mixtures of organophosphorus (op) compounds. chlorpyrifos oxon (cpo), diazoxon (dzo), and paraoxon (po) are potent inhibitors of carboxylesterases (cae). we hypothesized that a prior exposure to these ops would increase sensitivity to malaoxon (mo), a cae substrate, and the degree of the effect would vary among pon1 genotypes if the ... | 2009 | 19371602 |
| diazinon oxon affects the differentiation of mouse n2a neuroblastoma cells. | the aim of this study was to assess the neurotoxicity of diazinon oxon (dzo), a major in vivo metabolite of the phosphorothionate insecticide diazinon (dz), on differentiating mouse n2a neuroblastoma cells. when used at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 microm, dzo did not cause cell death but it impaired the outgrowth of axon-like processes after 24 h. densitometric scanning of western blots of lysates of n2a cells revealed that exposure to 5 or 10 microm dzo for 24 h increased the expression of ph ... | 2009 | 18633600 |
| sperm chromatin alteration and dna damage by methyl-parathion, chlorpyrifos and diazinon and their oxon metabolites in human spermatozoa. | extensive use of organophosphorous pesticides (op) by young men represents a public health problem. toxicity of op mainly results in neurotoxicity due to their oxygen analogues (oxons), formed during the op oxidative activation. op alter semen quality and sperm chromatin and dna at different stages of spermatogenesis. oxons are more toxic than the parent compounds; however, their toxicity to spermatogenic cells has not been reported. we evaluated sperm dna damage by several op compounds and thei ... | 2008 | 18595656 |
| organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon and oxidative stress in neuronal cells in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency. | over the past several years evidence has been accumulating from in vivo animal studies, observations in humans, and in vitro studies, that organophosphorus (op) insecticides may induce oxidative stress. such effects may contribute to some of the toxic manifestations of ops, particularly upon chronic or developmental exposures. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the neurotoxicity of two commonly used ops, chlorpyrifos (cpf) and diazinon (dz), their oxygen ana ... | 2007 | 17084875 |
| age-related brain cholinesterase inhibition kinetics following in vitro incubation with chlorpyrifos-oxon and diazinon-oxon. | chlorpyrifos and diazinon are two commonly used organophosphorus insecticides (ops), and their primary mechanism of action involves the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by their metabolites chlorpyrifos-oxon (cpo) and diazinon-oxon (dzo), respectively. the study objectives were to assess the in vitro age-related inhibition kinetics of neonatal rat brain cholinesterase (che) for cpo and dzo by estimating the bimolecular inhibitory rate constant (k(i)) values. brain che inhibition and k(i) value ... | 2007 | 17018647 |
| effect of organophosphorus insecticides and their metabolites on astroglial cell proliferation. | though little attention has been given to the possibility that glial cells may represent a target for the developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphorus (op) insecticides, recent evidence, obtained in particular with chlorpyrifos (cp), suggests that developmental exposure to this compound may indeed target astrocytes. to substantiate and expand these observations, we carried out a series of in vitro studies utilizing fetal rat astrocytes and a human astrocytoma cell line, 1321n1 cells, to inves ... | 2005 | 16102884 |
| genetic and temporal determinants of pesticide sensitivity: role of paraoxonase (pon1). | susceptibility to organophosphorus (op) insecticides and nerve agents is strongly influenced by genetic and developmental factors. a number of organophosphorothioate insecticides are detoxified in part via a two-step pathway involving bioactivation of the parent compound by the cytochrome p450 systems, then hydrolysis of the resulting oxygenated metabolite (oxon) by serum and liver paraoxonases (pon1). serum pon1 has been shown to be polymorphic in human populations. the arg192 isoform (pon1r192 ... | 2000 | 10794389 |
| molecular characteristics of the mhc-dra genes from yak (bos grunniens) and chinese yakow (bos grunniens × bos taurus). | two full-length cdnas (762 bp) of the dra gene from yak and chinese yakow were isolated and analysed to identify structural and functional variations. the sequences for dra in yak (bogr-dra) and chinese yakow (bogr × bola-dra) were essentially identical to those for cattle (99%) and buffalo (97%). except for two substitutions in the amino acids comprising the domain for signal peptide (sp) in yak, the additional residues were highly conserved across the species investigated. peptide-binding site ... | 2014 | 23815277 |
| nucleotide sequence and polymorphism of mhc class ii dqb exon 2 alleles in chinese yakow (bos grunniens × bos taurus). | the objective of this study is to describe the gene characteristics of the bovine lymphocyte antigen (bola)-dqb exon 2 locus in chinese yakow (bos grunniens × bos taurus) and to compare it with previously reported patterns in other bovidae species to investigate genetic factors for disease resistance. the exon 2 of the mhc class ii dqb gene was cloned and sequenced. it was revealed by sequence analyses that there are 36 dqb exon 2 alleles among 44 chinese yakow. these alleles exhibited a high de ... | 2014 | 24618027 |
| paraoxonase 1 (pon1) status and substrate hydrolysis. | paraoxonase 1 (pon1) hydrolyzes a number of organophosphorus (op) compounds including insecticides and nerve agents. the in vivo efficacy of pon1 to protect against a specific op exposure depends on the catalytic efficiency of hydrolysis. the q192r polymorphism affects the catalytic efficiency of hydrolysis of some substrates and not others. while pon1(r192) hydrolyzes paraoxon approximately 9-times as efficiently as pon1(q192), the efficiency is insufficient to provide in vivo protection agains ... | 2009 | 19071155 |
| engineered recombinant human paraoxonase 1 (rhupon1) purified from escherichia coli protects against organophosphate poisoning. | the high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme paraoxonase 1 (pon1) hydrolyzes lactones, aromatic esters, and neurotoxic organophosphorus (op) compounds, including insecticide metabolites and nerve agents. experiments with mice lacking pon1 (pon1(-/-) mice) have established that plasma pon1 protects against chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos-oxon and diazinon/diazoxon (dzo) exposure but does not protect against parathion/paraoxon or nerve agents. the catalytic efficiency of pon1 determines whether or not ... | 2008 | 18711144 |
| pon1 status of farmworker mothers and children as a predictor of organophosphate sensitivity. | the objective was to determine pon1 status as a predictor for organophosphorus insecticide sensitivity in a cohort of latina mothers and newborns from the salinas valley, california, an area with high levels of organophosphorus insecticide use. pon1 status was established for 130 pregnant latina women and their newborns using a high-throughput two substrate activity/analysis method which plots rates of diazoxon (dzo) hydrolysis against rates of paraoxon (po) hydrolysis. arylesterase activity (ar ... | 2006 | 16495777 |