| [new types of virus infections of domestic animals in the german democratic republic. 1. serologic survey studies of the distribution of equine torovirus infections in the gdr]. | sera collected from 124 horses were checked by means of the serum neutralisation test against equine bern virus. torovirusspecific antibodies were recordable from 35 percent of all horses tested. these results are likely to suggest that toroviruses are widespread in the gdr and occur not only in horses but in other domestic animals and in man, as well. | 1990 | 2386426 |
| hemagglutinin-esterase, a novel structural protein of torovirus. | we have characterized the 3'-most 3 kb of the genome of bovine torovirus (botv) strain breda. a novel 1.2-kb gene, located between the genes for the membrane and nucleocapsid proteins, was identified. this gene, the 3'-most 0.5 kb of which is also present in the genome of the equine torovirus isolate berne virus (bev), codes for a class i membrane protein displaying 30% sequence identity with the hemagglutinin-esterases (hes) of coronaviruses and influenza c viruses. heterologous expression of t ... | 1997 | 9188596 |
| identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus. | a porcine torovirus (potv) was identified and characterized; it is a novel member of the genus torovirus (family coronaviridae, order nidovirales), closely related to but clearly distinct from the already recognized equine torovirus (etv) and bovine torovirus (botv) representatives. immunoelectron microscopy of feces from piglets revealed elongated, 120- by 55-nm particles which were recognized by a torovirus-specific antiserum. amplification by reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr with primers design ... | 1998 | 9557628 |
| phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among torovirus field variants: evidence for multiple intertypic recombination events. | toroviruses (family coronaviridae, order nidovirales) are enveloped, positive-stranded rna viruses that have been implicated in enteric disease in cattle and possibly in humans. despite their potential veterinary and clinical relevance, little is known about torovirus epidemiology and molecular genetics. here, we present the first study into the diversity among toroviruses currently present in european swine and cattle herds. comparative sequence analysis was performed focusing on the genes for ... | 2003 | 12915570 |
| torovirus non-discontinuous transcription: mutational analysis of a subgenomic mrna promoter. | toroviruses (order nidovirales) are enveloped positive-strand rna viruses of mammals. the prototype torovirus, equine torovirus strain berne (berne virus [bev]), uses two different transcription strategies to produce a 3'-coterminal nested set of subgenomic (sg) mrnas. its mrna 2 carries a leader sequence derived from the 5' end of the genome and is produced via discontinuous transcription. the remaining three sg mrnas, 3 to 5, are colinear with the 3' end of the genome and are made via non-disc ... | 2005 | 15956573 |
| characterization of a torovirus main proteinase. | viruses of the order nidovirales encode huge replicase polyproteins. these are processed primarily by the chymotrypsin-like main proteinases (m(pro)s). so far, m(pro)s have been studied only for corona-, arteri-, and roniviruses. here, we report the characterization of the m(pro) of toroviruses, the fourth main nidovirus branch. comparative sequence analysis of polyprotein 1a of equine torovirus (etov) strain berne, identified a serine proteinase domain, flanked by hydrophobic regions. heterolog ... | 2006 | 16571831 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of newly isolated bovine toroviruses from japanese cattle. | torovirus, a member of the coronaviridae family, is a gastrointestinal infectious agent that has been identified in humans, cattle, pigs, and equines. toroviruses, except equine torovirus, are difficult to propagate in cell culture; indeed, to date, only the aichi/2004 strain of bovine torovirus (btov) has been isolated among the human, bovine, and porcine toroviruses. in the present study, four cytopathogenic btovs were isolated from diarrheal feces of the cattle using the hrt-18 cell line, and ... | 2010 | 20220164 |
| lineage a betacoronavirus ns2 proteins and the homologous torovirus berne pp1a carboxy-terminal domain are phosphodiesterases that antagonize activation of rnase l. | viruses in the family coronaviridae, within the order nidovirales, are etiologic agents of a range of human and animal diseases, including both mild and severe respiratory diseases in humans. these viruses encode conserved replicase and structural proteins as well as more diverse accessory proteins, encoded in the 3' ends of their genomes, that often act as host cell antagonists. we previously showed that 2',5'-phosphodiesterases (2',5'-pdes) encoded by the prototypical betacoronavirus, mouse he ... | 2017 | 28003490 |
| ultrastructural characterization of membranous torovirus replication factories. | plus-stranded rna viruses replicate in the cytosol of infected cells, in membrane-bound replication complexes containing the replicase proteins, the viral rna and host proteins. the formation of the replication and transcription complexes (rtcs) through the rearrangement of cellular membranes is currently being actively studied for viruses belonging to different viral families. in this work, we identified double-membrane vesicles (dmvs) in the cytoplasm of cells infected with the equine toroviru ... | 2016 | 27218226 |
| identification and characterization of a ribose 2'-o-methyltransferase encoded by the ronivirus branch of nidovirales. | the order nidovirales currently comprises four virus families: arteriviridae, coronaviridae (divided into the subfamilies coronavirinae and torovirinae), roniviridae, and the recently recognized mesoniviridae rna cap formation and methylation have been best studied for coronaviruses, with emphasis on the identification and characterization of two virus-encoded methyltransferases (mtases) involved in rna capping, a guanine-n7-mtase and a ribose-2'-o-mtase. although bioinformatics analyses suggest ... | 2016 | 27170751 |
| equine torovirus (bev) induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in infected cells. | toroviruses are gastroenteritis causing agents that infect different animal species and humans. to date, very little is known about how toroviruses cause disease. here, we describe for the first time that the prototype member of this genus, the equine torovirus berne virus (bev), induces apoptosis in infected cells at late times postinfection. observation of bev infected cells by electron microscopy revealed that by 24 hours postinfection some cells exhibited morphological characteristics of apo ... | 2011 | 21698249 |