| endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955-1974. | research and surveillance programs relating to the circulation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in florida between 1955 and 1974 are summarized. all available data suggest that eee virus is 1) endemic in many florida fresh water swamps and waterways, 2) active in a continuous cycle throughout the year with a peak between may and august, and 3) circulating in culiseta melanura. it has been isolated also from eight other mosquito species. | 1976 | 12669 |
| host feeding patterns of connecticut mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | blood-engorged coquillettidia perturbans, psorophora ferox, culex, culiseta, and aedes mosquitoes were collected principally by sweep net from salt marsh and woodland habitats in connecticut. of the 570 mosquitoes tested, precipitin tests identified the origins of 517 blood meals and revealed distinct host feeding patterns. aedes mosquitoes fed chiefly on mammals; a. abserratus, a. cantator, and a. vexans showed selectivity for cattle and (or) horses. a. cantator also obtained blood from avian h ... | 1977 | 17310 |
| occurrence and distribution of western equine encephalomyelitis in florida. | research and surveillance programs relating to the occurrence and distribution of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in florida, conducted between 1955 and 1976, suggest that the virus is (1) an endemic arbordae, (2) transmitted in a continuous cycle throughout the year by culiseta melanura mosquitoes, and (3) restricted to fresh water swamps and waterways in central, north, and northwest florida. | 1978 | 23372 |
| variations in biological properties of geographic strains of western equine encephalomyelitis virus before and after passage in culex tarsalis and culiseta melanura. | western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus strains from the eastern and western united states were compared using two biological markers: antigenic properties measured by cross complement fixation (cf) tests and the size of plaques produced in vero cell cultures. slight antigenic differences were discernible on a geographic basis, and all of the virus strains from the west produced significantly larger plaques than the eastern isolates. one virus strain from each region was serially passaged i ... | 1978 | 30265 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate new york: studies of a 1976 epizootic by a modified serologic technique, hemagglutination reduction, for rapid detection of virus infections. | an extensive outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) occurred in upstate new york during the summer of 1976, with 37 cases confirmed in horses by isolation of virus and/or by serologic examination. other specimens collected in the affected area yielded 16 further isolates: 9 from 818 pools of 33,365 mosquitoes, 5 from tissues of 64 birds and 2 from 4 sentinel pheasants with serologic conversions. eee antibodies were also detected in 81 of 499 wild birds tested. our data implicate spar ... | 1978 | 31803 |
| an evaluation of the hypothesis of transovarial transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by culiseta melanura. | evidence for and against the hypothesis of transovarial transmission by culiseta melanura was obtained during an ongoing eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) surveillance and control program. evidence inconsistent with transovarial transmission included failure to isolated virus from 1,047 larvae, from 2,140 first-brood adults, or from 8,919 males collected at the same time as 3,977 nonblooded females which yielded 12 eee isolates. evidence supporting the hypothesis was the isolation of virus ... | 1978 | 31804 |
| vector competence of colonized culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) for western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | | 1979 | 35613 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected bats. | colonial bats (myotis supp. and eptesicus sp.) were infected with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by subcutaneous inoculation or by the bite of infected mosquitoes. bats were maintained in an environment simulating conditions encountered in hibernacula or in summer maternal colonies. virus was detected in the blood of hibernating bats at irregular intervals over a 42-day observation period; viremia perhaps was influenced by the amount of disturbance (arousal) involved in the blood samplin ... | 1979 | 41109 |
| ecological studies of culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) in relation to eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses on the eastern shore of maryland. | | 1975 | 235650 |
| pheasant susceptibility at different ages to eastern encephalitis virus from various sources in massachusetts. | thirteen isolates of eastern encephalitis (ee) virus recovered from various hosts in massachusetts differed significantly in pathogenicity for pheasants, 21 days old or older, inoculated subcutaneously with graded doses of virus. among the least pathogenic were two isolates from culiseta melanura mosquitoes, and among the most pathogenic isolates was one of pheasant origin. nine-day-old pheasant chicks were highly susceptible to ee virus. mortality did not appear to be totally dose-related, for ... | 1978 | 697655 |
| evaluation of the epidemic potential of western equine encephalitis virus in the northeastern united states. | | 1976 | 1035448 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and culiseta melanura activity at the patuxent wildlife research center, 1985-90. | mosquito population densities, virus isolations and seroconversion in sentinel quail were used to monitor eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee) activity at the patuxent wildlife research center, laurel, maryland, from 1985 through 1990. a dramatic increase in the number of culiseta melanura collected in 1989, as compared with the 3 previous years, was associated with virus isolations from this species (5/75 pools; n = 542 mosquitoes) and with seroconversion in sentinel quail (4/22 birds p ... | 1992 | 1357091 |
| pathologic changes in the midgut of culex tarsalis following infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. | midguts of two strains of the mosquito vector culex tarsalis were examined by light and electron microscopy following infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus. infection of the highly susceptible knight's landing strain with high-titered blood meals resulted in pathologic changes in the midgut epithelium after 2-4 days of incubation; lesions included sloughing of epithelial cells into the lumen and necrosis of cells in situ. infection of knight's landing strain mosquitoes with low-t ... | 1992 | 1449210 |
| detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus deposition in culiseta melanura following ingestion of radiolabeled virus in blood meals. | we examined deposition of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev) in the alimentary tract of its enzootic mosquito vector, culiseta melanura, to detect potential sites of initial infection. artificial viremias were created by injecting purified [3h]uridine-labeled eeev intravenously into one-day-old chicks. mosquitoes were allowed to engorge, incubated 1-2 hr, fixed, and whole abdomens and thoraces of 25 specimens embedded. tagmata were sectioned, mounted on slides and coated with autoradi ... | 1991 | 1674647 |
| trajectory analysis of winds and eastern equine encephalitis in usa, 1980-5. | backward trajectories of winds were determined to identify possible sources of eastern equine encephalitis virus associated with isolation of virus from mosquitoes or birds or outbreaks in horses between 1980 and 1985 in maryland, new jersey, new york and michigan, usa. the results of the trajectory analyses suggested that eastern equine encephalitis virus could have been carried by infected mosquitoes on surface winds at temperatures 13 degrees c or higher from north carolina north-eastwards al ... | 1990 | 1969804 |
| the relationship between size and parity status of field collected culiseta melanura. | the relationship between body size and parity status of adult female culiseta melanura collected from 3 locations in northeastern united states was studied by measuring wing lengths and examining ovaries of individual mosquitoes. virus isolation was attempted from cs. melanura collected in maryland and in new jersey. at all 3 locations, the size of cs. melanura collected varied from large in the spring, to small in the summer. in new jersey and maryland mosquitoes collected in the fall were agai ... | 1990 | 1977877 |
| patterns of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae). | infection of the mosquito culiseta melanura (coquillett) by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was examined using transmission electron microscopy (tem) of whole tagmata and fluorescent antibody assay (fa) and infectious assay (ia) of dissected tissues. following infectious blood meals from chicks circulating different virus titers, mosquitoes were examined after extrinsic incubation intervals of 1-22 d. virus was first detected by fa and ia in midguts and nonalimentary tissues 24 h after in ... | 1990 | 1977915 |
| apparent influence of the stage of blood meal digestion on the efficacy of ground applied ulv aerosols for the control of urban culex mosquitoes. ii. laboratory evidence. | the susceptibility of adult culex pipiens s.l., culiseta melanura and aedes aegypti to insecticide aerosols in wind tunnel exposures varied with time, depending on the stage of blood meal digestion. greater than 2-fold differences were observed in the concentrations of malathion and synergized resmethrin required to kill test mosquitoes, depending on whether they had been given a blood meal and, if they had, the length of time following the blood meal. the period of lowest susceptibility varied ... | 1990 | 2230763 |
| rubidium and cesium as host blood-markers to study multiple blood feeding by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | we have developed an experimental technique to quantify multiple blood feeding by mosquitoes during a single gonotrophic cycle on conspecific or closely related vertebrate hosts. rubidium and cesium were detected in mosquitoes that fed on chickens injected with these elements 3 d earlier. experimentally induced double blood meals were confirmed by the presence of both rubidium and cesium in individual mosquitoes. multiple blood feeding by culiseta melanura also was demonstrated in nature using t ... | 1990 | 2280399 |
| eastern equine encephalitis in quebec and connecticut, 1972: introduction by infected mosquitoes on the wind? | in 1972 there were outbreaks of eastern equine encephalitis in the eastern townships, quebec, canada and in connecticut, usa. climatic data including northern hemisphere synoptic charts were examined. the findings indicate that the virus could have been brought to lac brome by infected mosquitoes carried on surface winds from meriden, connecticut, on the night of august 22-23, 1972. the distance of 400 km would have been covered in 14-16 h at a speed of 25-30 km h-1 and at a temperature of 15 de ... | 1989 | 2563337 |
| mark-recapture studies on the culiseta (diptera: culicidae) vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus. | natural populations of culiseta melanura (coquillett) and cs. morsitans (theobald) were marked and released at three sites associated with the toad harbor-big bay swamp eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus focus in central new york. collections of culiseta from surveillance sites within 12.8 km of the release sites were screened for marked specimens. a total of 172 marked specimens were recaptured. the majority of recaptured mosquitoes were collected at sites associated with the swamp complex ... | 1989 | 2566686 |
| effects of triturated culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) on recovery of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. | experiments were done to determine the effect, if any, of larval and adult culiseta melanura (coquillett) suspensions on the recovery of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in baby hamster kidney (bhk) and vero cell cultures. although triturated pools of this mosquito reduced the titer of eee virus added to suspensions, suspensions prepared from as many as 100 cs. melanura larvae or adults did not reduce titers of virus to undetectable levels. similarly, the titer of eee virus in orally ... | 1989 | 2570154 |
| duration of alphavirus neutralizing antibody in naturally infected birds. | native birds, mostly passerine species, ecologically associated with culiseta melanura, the enzootic vector of eastern equine encephalomyelitis and highlands j viruses in the eastern united states, were examined over a 12-year period in southeastern massachusetts. these studies concentrated on those individual birds known, by banding returns, to be residents of large wooded swamps where both eastern equine encephalomyelitis and highlands j viruses were known to be enzootic. of 8,417 birds sample ... | 1988 | 2829638 |
| isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from aedes sollicitans during an epizootic in southern new jersey. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eee) was isolated from the salt marsh mosquito, aedes sollicitans, collected from coastal areas of new jersey on 3 occasions during the late summer and fall of 1982. the isolations were made at a time when local culiseta melanura were either undergoing a population increase or exhibiting high levels of eee virus. although no human cases were reported during the epizootic period, the data lend support to the hypothesis that ae. sollicitans is capable of function ... | 1986 | 2853203 |
| togavirus-associated pathologic changes in the midgut of a natural mosquito vector. | arthropod-borne viruses were not previously believed to cause discernible pathologic changes in their natural mosquito vectors. we report cytopathologic lesions in the midgut of the mosquito, culiseta melanura, 2 to 5 days after oral infection with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. sloughing of densely staining, heavily infected epithelial cells into the midgut lumen was observed by light and transmission electron microscopy, along with degeneration of cells within the epithelium. patholog ... | 1988 | 2896802 |
| a prospective field evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay: detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus antigen in pools of culiseta melanura. | a prospective field study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme immunoassay (eia) compared to virus isolation in cell culture for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in naturally infected mosquitoes. a total of 10,811 adult female culiseta melanura were collected in light traps during 1985 from four locations in maryland. eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was isolated from 5 of 495 mosquito pools in african green monkey kidney and ... | 1987 | 2904960 |
| a survey of mosquitoes breeding in used tire stockpiles in connecticut. | a larval survey of nine used tire disposal sites in connecticut, was conducted from june through october 1987. no larvae of aedes albopictus were uncovered indicating that this mosquito is not yet established in the state. however, eight other mosquito species in four genera were found. the most abundant and widely distributed species found breeding in permanent tire dumps were ae. atropalpus, ae. triseriatus and culex restuans. culex pipiens was the second most common culex species followed by ... | 1988 | 3199116 |
| mortality of captive whooping cranes caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus. | of 39 captive whooping cranes (grus americana), 7 died during a 7-week period (sept 17 through nov 4, 1984) at the patuxent wildlife research center, laurel, md. before their deaths, 4 cranes did not develop clinical signs, whereas the other 3 cranes were lethargic and ataxic, with high aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and lactic acid dehydrogenase activities, and high uric acid concentrations. necropsies indicated that the birds had ascites, intestinal mucosal discoloration, ... | 1986 | 3505915 |
| infection and transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus with colonized culiseta melanura (coquillett). | | 1974 | 4150912 |
| relationship of density of culiseta melanura mosquitoes to infection of wild birds with eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses. | | 1974 | 4153042 |
| epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate new york, usa. ii. population dynamics and vector potential of adult culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) in relation to distance from breeding site. | | 1980 | 6106718 |
| phenology of trophic amd gonobiologic states in culiseta morsitans and culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae). | | 1984 | 6141295 |
| the distribution and development of eastern equine encephalitis virus in its enzootic mosquito vector, culiseta melanura. | the timing and sequence of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus replication was studied in the organs from a colony strain of orally infected culiseta melanura. three methods of virus assay were used: fluorescent antibody (fa) staining of dissected organs; virus titration in cell culture of whole mosquitoes, dissected organs, hemolymph, and egg rafts; and transmission electron microscopy (tem) of infected hindguts. eee virus replicated rapidly in cs. melanura, first in the posterior midgut, a ... | 1984 | 6143511 |
| rapid infection of salivary glands in culiseta melanura with eastern equine encephalitis virus: an electron microscopic study. | transmission electron microscopy was used to determine if eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus infects and replicates in the salivary glands of culiseta melanura after 3 days of extrinsic incubation (ei). the cs. melanura studied were from a colony strain, were orally infected, and had ei periods of 55-69 hours. both naked nucleocapsids and enveloped virions were present in aggregates, suggestive of viral replication, within salivary gland acinar cells. nucleocapsids were present in the cytop ... | 1984 | 6148898 |
| mosquito and arbovirus surveillance in connecticut, 1991-1992. | a surveillance program for mosquito-borne arboviruses was conducted in connecticut following an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) in horses and domestic birds during 1990. mosquito trapping was done weekly using co2-baited miniature light traps at 12 freshwater swamp sites that were located mostly in the southeastern portion of the state. trapping was conducted from june 27 to october 11, 1991 and from june 2 to september 30, 1992. totals of 7,435 (1991) and 13,912 (1992) adult fema ... | 1994 | 7707064 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. | eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev) is perpetuated in eastern north america in a mosquito-wild bird maintenance cycle that involves culiseta melanura (coquillett) as the principal enzootic vector and passerine birds as the primary amplifying hosts. we examined the role of birds in the eeev cycle at a site in southern new jersey where eeev cycles annually at high levels. birds and mosquitoes were sampled during three epiornitics and one season of limited virus activity. we examined anti ... | 1994 | 7966175 |
| experimental transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by strains of aedes albopictus and a. taeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae). | the vector competence of aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) and four strains of aedes albopictus (skuse) was assessed for eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus isolated from ae. albopictus collected in polk county, florida. both species became infected with and transmitted eee virus by bite after feeding on 1-d-old chicks that had been inoculated with eee virus (viremia = 10(10.1) plaque-forming units [pfu] per ml of blood). however, when fed on an older chick with a lower viremia (viremia = 10( ... | 1994 | 8189419 |
| evidence for multiple foci of eastern equine encephalitis virus (togaviridae:alphavirus) in central new york state. | a regional surveillance system for eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus was established in central new york in 1984 after the 2nd human eee fatality occurred in 1983. extensive mosquito surveillance activities were coordinated with the rapid laboratory processing of mosquito specimens for eee virus. active surveillance for eee infections in humans and equines also was initiated. results of long-term surveillance detected the presence of multiple culiseta breeding swamps. a 6-yr interepizootic ... | 1996 | 8667390 |
| evaluation of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus during vector surveillance. | a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was evaluated for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev). eeev was detected by amplification of a 416-bp pcr product from within the e2 gene. internal restriction endonuclease digestion and hybridizations to eeev rna demonstrated that the pcr product was amplified from eeev. pcr amplifications from serial dilutions of an eeev isolate identified by a neutralization test and titered by an infectious assay in c ... | 1996 | 8667394 |
| detection of multiple bloodfeeding in culiseta melanura using a histologic technique. | we used a histologic technique to detect multiple bloodfeeding in a single gonotrophic cycle by culiseta melanura. in a laboratory study with colonized mosquitoes, 77% (10/13) of known multiple meals were detected when the interval between meals was 24-30 h. outside that range, known multiple meals were undetectable with this method. no multiple blood meals were detected in 653 wild engorged mosquitoes collected during 3 consecutive years from the pocomoke swamp in maryland. although previous st ... | 1996 | 8723271 |
| field trials with methoprene, temephos, and bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis for the control of larval culiseta melanura. | in 1992, altosid (methoprene) pellets, abate (temephos) 5 cg, and bactimos (bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis) granules were applied aerially to small field plots within a culiseta breeding swamp. aspects measured included the deposition and diffusion of larvicides into larval crypts and effects on larval culiseta melanura and nontarget aquatic organisms. formulations were deposited at approximately 50% of application rates. the presence of methoprene in 8 crypt water samples indicated ... | 1995 | 8825501 |
| vector competence of mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) from massachusetts for a sympatric isolate of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. | we tested susceptibility to per os infection and potential salivary transmission for eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in aedes canadensis (theobald), aedes vexans (meigen), anopheles quadrimaculatus (say), anopheles punctipennis (say), coquillettidia perturbans (walker), and culex salinarius (coquillett). culiseta melanura (coquillett), the documented enzootic vector of eee virus, was our control. based on these estimates of laboratory vector competence and other behavioral and ecolo ... | 1997 | 9151501 |
| intraspecific variation in key morphological characters of culiseta melanura (diptera:culicidae). | culiseta melanura (coq.), the enzootic vector of eastern equine encephalitis in north america, is polymorphic for a trait used as a key diagnostic character. the absence of white abdominal bands distinguishes this species in several prominent keys to north american mosquitoes. however, this is an environmentally induced, nongenetic trait that cannot be used as a key character for diagnosing cs. melanura. in light trap collections, banded specimens occur in early spring and summer, and nonbanded ... | 1997 | 9249648 |
| observations on multiple bloodfeeding in field-collected culiseta melanura. | this study examined field populations of culiseta melanura for evidence of partial blood meals and multiple feeding behavior. engorged specimens that had 1/3 or less abdominal distention together with eggs in stage i-ii of ovarian development were recorded as mosquitoes that had taken partial blood meals. multiple blood meals were credited to engorged specimens with fresh blood as well as partially digested blood surrounded with separate peritrophic membranes and eggs in stage iii or iv of ovari ... | 1997 | 9249654 |
| impact of naled (dibrom 14) on the mosquito vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus. | in central new york, aerial mosquito adulticide applications have been used in response to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) outbreaks and have targeted the swamp habitats of the primary enzootic vector of eee virus, culiseta melanura (coquillett). the organophosphate insecticide naled (1, 2, dibromo-2, 2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate) has been the insecticide of choice in this region. this study reports on analyses of 11 years (1984-94) of mosquito collection data from cicero and toad harbor ... | 1997 | 9474556 |
| african swine fever virus infection in the argasid host, ornithodoros porcinus porcinus. | the pathogenesis of african swine fever virus (asfv) infection in ornithodoros porcinus porcinus was examined in nymphal ticks infected with the asfv isolate chiredzi/83/1. at times postinfection (p.i.) ranging from 6 h to 290 days, ticks or dissected tick tissues were titrated for virus and examined ultrastructurally for evidence of virus replication. the asfv infection rate in ticks was 100% in these experiments, and virus infection was not associated with a significant increase in tick mortal ... | 1998 | 9499019 |
| multiple isolations of eastern equine encephalitis and highlands j viruses from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) during a 1996 epizootic in southeastern connecticut. | thirty-six isolations of eastern equine encephalitis virus were obtained from 8 species of mosquitoes collected from 5 september through 18 october 1996 during an epizootic in southeastern connecticut. these included culiseta melanura (coquillett) (19 isolates), culex pipiens l. (8), culiseta morsitans (theobald) (3), aedes sollicitans (walker) (2), aedes cantator (coquillett) (1), aedes trivittatus (coquillett) (1), aedes vexans (meigen) (1), and coquillettidia perturbans (walker) (1). isolatio ... | 1998 | 9615549 |
| reduction of culiseta melanura fitness by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. | the traditional view of interactions between arboviruses and their arthropod vectors is that vector hosts become increasingly resistant to parasites; parasite attenuation occurs; or through the process of coevolution, resistance and attenuation occur in concert. detrimental effects from arboviruses are only seen when vector and virus are not yet well adapted. results from this study indicate that eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus reduces survival and reproduction (fitness) of the mosq ... | 1998 | 9715958 |
| evaluation of butanone, carbon dioxide, and 1-octen-3-ol as attractants for mosquitoes associated with north central florida bay and cypress swamps. | field studies were conducted to determine the responses of mosquitoes found in north central florida bay and cypress swamps to carbon dioxide (co2), light, butanone, and 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), alone and co2 in combination with each of the others. the response of these mosquito species to 5 co2 release rates (2, 20, 100, 200, and 2,000 ml/min) of co2 was also determined. the use of co2 resulted in a response in all the species studied; the pattern of response to increasing co2 levels varied from ... | 1998 | 9813827 |
| effect of temperature on the development of culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) and its impact on the amplification of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in birds. | eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee) is perpetuated in a maintenance cycle that involves culiseta melanura (coquillett) as the enzootic vector and passerine birds as the amplifying hosts. amplification of virus in any given year requires an influx of nulliparous cs. melanura in the presence of susceptible avian hosts. we conducted laboratory experiments at constant temperatures from 10 to 34 degrees c to develop thermal heat summation models to predict emergence in nature. embryonic deve ... | 1998 | 9835694 |
| lethal effect of rickettsia rickettsii on its tick vector (dermacentor andersoni). | rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever, was lethal for the majority of experimentally and transovarially infected rocky mountain wood ticks (dermacentor andersoni). overall, 94.1% of nymphs infected as larvae by feeding on rickettsemic guinea pigs died during the molt into adults and 88. 3% of adult female ticks infected as nymphs died prior to feeding. in contrast, only 2.8% of uninfected larvae failed to develop into adults over two generations. infected fem ... | 1999 | 9925615 |
| genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. | the alternating host cycle and persistent vector infection may constrain the evolution of arboviruses. to test this hypothesis, eastern equine encephalitis virus was passaged in bhk or mosquito cells, as well as in alternating (both) host cell passages. high and low multiplicities were used to examine the effect of defective interfering particles. clonal bhk and persistent mosquito cell infections were also evaluated. fitness was measured with one-step growth curves and competition assays, and m ... | 1999 | 10196330 |
| eastern equine encephalitis virus in birds: relative competence of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). | to determine whether eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus infection in starlings may be more fulminant than in various native candidate reservoir birds, we compared their respective intensities and durations of viremia. viremias are more intense and longer lasting in starlings than in robins and other birds. starlings frequently die as their viremia begins to wane; other birds generally survive. various aedes as well as culiseta melanura mosquitoes can acquire eee viral infection from infecte ... | 1999 | 10466964 |
| african swine fever virus replication in the midgut epithelium is required for infection of ornithodoros ticks. | although the malawi lil20/1 (mal) strain of african swine fever virus (asfv) was isolated from ornithodoros sp. ticks, our attempts to experimentally infect ticks by feeding them this strain failed. ten different collections of ornithodorus porcinus porcinus ticks and one collection of o. porcinus domesticus ticks were orally exposed to a high titer of mal. at 3 weeks postinoculation (p.i.), <25% of the ticks contained detectable virus, with viral titers of <4 log(10) 50% hemadsorbing doses/ml. ... | 1999 | 10482612 |
| development of reverse transcription-pcr assays specific for detection of equine encephalitis viruses. | specific and sensitive reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays were developed for the detection of eastern, western, and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (eee, wee, and vee, respectively). tests for specificity included all known alphavirus species. the eee-specific rt-pcr amplified a 464-bp region of the e2 gene exclusively from 10 different eee strains from south and north america with a sensitivity of about 3,000 rna molecules. in a subsequent nested pcr, the specificity was confirmed ... | 2000 | 10747138 |
| application of geographic information technology in determining risk of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission. | geographic information system (gis) technology and remote sensing were used to identify landscape features determining risk of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee) transmission as defined by the abundance of culiseta melanura (the enzootic vector) and 6 putative epidemic-epizootic vectors in massachusetts. landsat thematic mapper data combined with aerial videography data were used to generate a map of landscape elements at epidemic-epizootic foci in southeastern massachusetts. geographi ... | 2000 | 10757488 |
| molecular strategies for interrupting arthropod-borne virus transmission by mosquitoes. | arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections cause a number of emerging and resurgent human and veterinary infectious diseases. traditional means of controlling arbovirus diseases include vaccination of susceptible vertebrates and mosquito control, but in many cases these have been unavailable or ineffective, and so novel strategies for disease control are needed. one possibility is genetic manipulation of mosquito vectors to render them unable to transmit arboviruses. this review describes rece ... | 2000 | 11023962 |
| effects of initial dose on eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus dependent mortality in intrathoracically inoculated culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae). | viral growth characteristics that favor rapid and prodigious virion production may increase virus transmission but be detrimental to infected hosts. several arboviruses, including eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus, negatively affect the survival of their infected mosquito vectors. to test the hypothesis that the mosquito virulent properties of eee virus are caused by the presence of intrinsic viral growth properties, we investigated the effects of infecting dose on the survival of int ... | 2000 | 11126535 |
| interrupted blood-feeding by culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) on european starlings. | to determine whether culiseta melanura (coquillett) mosquitoes tend to take multiple blood meals when birds of certain species serve as hosts, we compared the frequencies with which such mosquitoes fed upon caged starlings and robins and determined whether similar volumes of blood were imbibed from each. the blood of robins (turdus migratorius) and european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) was marked contrastingly by injecting birds with rubidium or cesium salts. caged birds were placed together in ... | 2001 | 11268693 |
| arbovirus surveillance in south carolina, 1996-98. | arboviruses isolated and identified from mosquitoes in south carolina (usa) are described, including new state records for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eee), st. louis encephalitis virus (sle), flanders virus, tensaw virus (ten), and a variant of jamestown canyon virus (jc). mosquitoes were collected at 52 locations in 30 of 46 south carolina counties beginning in june 1996, and ending in october 1998, and tested for arboviruses. of 1,329 mosquito pools tested by virus isolation (85,806 mo ... | 2001 | 11345423 |
| potential sources of the 1995 venezuelan equine encephalitis subtype ic epidemic. | venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (veev) belonging to subtype ic have caused three (1962-1964, 1992-1993 and 1995) major equine epizootics and epidemics. previous sequence analyses of a portion of the envelope glycoprotein gene demonstrated a high degree of conservation among isolates from the 1962-1964 and the 1995 outbreaks, as well as a 1983 interepizootic mosquito isolate from panaquire, venezuela. however, unlike subtype iab veev that were used to prepare inactivated vaccines that prob ... | 2001 | 11390583 |
| mosquito surveillance for west nile virus in connecticut, 2000: isolation from culex pipiens, cx. restuans, cx. salinarius, and culiseta melanura. | fourteen isolations of west nile (wn) virus were obtained from four mosquito species (culex pipiens [5], cx. restuans [4], cx. salinarius [2], and culiseta melanura [3]) in statewide surveillance conducted from june through october 2000. most isolates were obtained from mosquitoes collected in densely populated residential locales in fairfield and new haven counties, where the highest rates of dead crow sightings were reported and where wn virus was detected in 1999. minimum field infection rate ... | 2001 | 11585530 |
| a phylogenetic approach to following west nile virus in connecticut. | the 1999 outbreak of west nile (wn) virus in the northeastern united states was the first known natural occurrence of this flavivirus in the western hemisphere. in 1999 and 2000, 82 independent connecticut wn virus isolates were cultured from nine species of birds, five species of mosquitoes, and one striped skunk. nucleotide sequences obtained from these isolates identified 30 genetic changes, compared with wn-ny99, in a 921-nt region of the viral genome beginning at nucleotide position 205 and ... | 2001 | 11606791 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in a horse from california. | a yearling quarter horse, which was raised in southern california, received routine vaccinations for prevention of infection by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev). one week later, severe neurologic signs developed, and the horse was humanely destroyed. a vaccine-related encephalomyelitis was later suspected. a final diagnosis of eeev infection was established on the basis of acute onset of the neurologic signs, histopathologic and serologic testing, and isolation and molecular charact ... | 2002 | 11927026 |
| experimental transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by ochlerotatus j. japonicus (diptera: culicidae). | we evaluated the potential for ochlerotatus j. japonicus (theobald), a newly recognized invasive mosquito species in the united states, to transmit eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus. aedes albopictus (skuse) and culex pipiens (l.) were similarly tested for comparison. ochlerotatus j. japonicus and ae. albopictus became infected and transmitted eee virus by bite after feeding on young chickens 1 d after they had been inoculated with eee virus (viremias ranging from 10(7.0-8.7) plaque-formin ... | 2002 | 12061444 |
| life cycle, ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny of hyalinocysta chapmani (microsporidia: thelohaniidae), a parasite of culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) and orthocyclops modestus (copepoda: cyclopidae). | the complete life cycle of the microsporidium hyalinocysta chapmani is described from the primary mosquito host culiseta melanura and the intermediate copepod host orthocyclops modestus. infections are initiated in larval c. melanura following the oral ingestion of uninucleate spores from infected copepods. spores germinate within the lumen of the midgut and directly invade fat body tissue where all development occurs. uninucleated schizonts undergo binary division (schizogony) followed by karyo ... | 2002 | 12188227 |
| epizootiology of hyalinocysta chapmani (microsporidia: thelohaniidae) infections in field populations of culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) and orthocyclops modestus (copepoda: cyclopidae): a three-year investigation. | the epizootiology, transmission dynamics and survival strategies employed by the microsporidium hyalinocysta chapmani were examined in field populations of its primary mosquito host, culiseta melanura and its intermediate copepod host, orthocyclops modestus over a three-year period in an aquatic subterranean habitat. h. chapmani was enzootic and was maintained in a continuous cycle of horizontal transmission between each host. there were three distinct periods during the summer and fall when dev ... | 2002 | 12445795 |
| vector competence of california mosquitoes for west nile virus. | to identify the mosquito species competent for west nile virus (wnv) transmission, we evaluated 10 california species that are known vectors of other arboviruses or major pests: culex tarsalis, cx. pipiens pipiens, cx. p. quinquefasciatus, cx. stigmatosoma, cx. erythrothorax, ochlerotatus dorsalis, oc. melanimon, oc. sierrensis, aedes vexans, and culiseta inornata. all 10 became infected and were able to transmit wnv at some level. ochlerotatus, culiseta, and aedes were low to moderately efficie ... | 2002 | 12498652 |
| detection of north american eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses by nucleic acid amplification assays. | we have developed nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba), standard reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr), and taqman nucleic acid amplification assays for the rapid detection of north american eastern equine encephalitis (eee) and western equine encephalitis (wee) viral rnas from samples collected in the field and clinical samples. the sensitivities of these assays have been compared to that of virus isolation. while all three types of nucleic acid amplification assays provide rapid dete ... | 2003 | 12517876 |
| isolation of eee virus from ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and culiseta melanura in coastal south carolina. | a 1-year arbovirus study was conducted at the wedge plantation located in coastal south carolina to determine the occurrence and level of arbovirus activity in mosquito species inhabiting the site. mosquito species composition and temporal abundance were also determined. a total of 45,051 mosquitoes representing 27 species in 9 genera was collected and identified during 130 trap-nights between august, 1997, and july, 1998. the most abundant species was culex salinarius (n = 20,954) followed by o ... | 2003 | 12674532 |
| transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central alabama. | a site near tuskegee, alabama was examined for vector activity of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in 2001. more than 23,000 mosquitoes representing 8 genera and 34 species were collected during a 21-week period, and five species, culiseta melanura, aedes vexans, coquillettidia perturbans, culex erraticus, and uranotaenia sapphirina, were examined for the presence of virus using a nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for eee virus. each species was infected at vario ... | 2003 | 12875303 |
| isolations of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus from mosquitoes (culiseta melanura) collected in new jersey, 1953. | | 1954 | 13237273 |
| recovery of virus of eastern equine encephalomyelitis from a mosquito, culiseta melanura (coquillett). | | 1951 | 14864601 |
| host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of west nile virus in the eastern united states. | an important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for arthropod-borne infections is the degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate reservoir. this parameter can be estimated by examining the host-feeding habits of vectors. serological and polymerase chain reaction based methods have been used to study the host-feedings patterns of 21 mosquito species from new york, new jersey, and tennessee, 19 of which previously have been found infected with west nile viru ... | 2004 | 15018775 |
| mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997-2002 in a wetland in northeastern mississippi. | the species composition and population dynamics of adult mosquitoes in a wetland near iuka, ms, were analyzed over a 6-yr period (1997-2002) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection rates of arboviruses determined during five of those years. blood meals of three likely vector species were identified using a pcr-based method that allows identification of the host to species. culex erraticus (dyar & knab) composed 51.9% of the population during the 6-yr period with 295 f ... | 2004 | 15185956 |
| seroprevalence of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in birds and larval survey of culiseta melanura coquillett during an interepizootic period in central ohio. | from june through august in 1999 and 2000, we conducted an avian serosurvey for eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus at killbuck marsh wildlife area (kmwa), a focus of infection in central ohio. we also monitored abundance of the suspected enzootic vector, culiseta melanura coquillett, in brown's lake bog, an adjacent wetland. of the 363 birds of 30 species sampled in 1999, three gray catbirds (dumetella carolinensis) were positive for antibodies to eee virus, representing 1.2% of the av ... | 2004 | 15266743 |
| identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central alabama. | uranotaenia sapphirina, culex erraticus, and cx. peccator were collected in an enzootic eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus focus in central alabama (tuskegee national forest) from 2001 to 2003 and analyzed for virus as well as host selection. eee virus was detected in each species every year except 2003, when pools of cx. peccator were negative. most (97%) of the 130 cx. peccator blood meals identified were from ectothermic hosts; 3% were from birds. among blood meals from reptiles (ap ... | 2004 | 15381805 |
| early events in the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice. | to elucidate the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus infections, we used histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization to track the spread and early cellular targets of viral infection in mice. young mice were inoculated with virulent eee virus in their right rear footpad and were followed in a time-course study for 4 days. virulent eee virus produced a biphasic illness characterized by an early self-limiting replication phase in peripheral tissues followed ... | 2005 | 15632009 |
| epidemiology of west nile virus in connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999-2003. | two hundred and ten isolations of west nile virus (wnv) were obtained from 17 mosquito species in six genera in statewide surveillance conducted in connecticut from june through october, 1999-2003. culex pipiens (86), culex salinarius (32), culex restuans (26), culiseta melanura (32), and aedes vexans (12) were implicated as the most likely vectors of wnv in the region based on virus isolation data. culex pipiens was abundant from july through september and is likely involved in early season enz ... | 2004 | 15682518 |
| west nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. | in the northeast united states, control of west nile virus (wnv) vectors has been unfocused because of a lack of accurate knowledge about the roles different mosquitoes play in wnv transmission. we analyzed the risk posed by 10 species of mosquitoes for transmitting wnv to humans by using a novel risk-assessment measure that combines information on the abundance, infection prevalence, vector competence, and biting behavior of vectors. this analysis suggests that 2 species (culex pipiens l. and c ... | 2005 | 15757558 |
| west nile virus epizootiology in the southeastern united states, 2001. | we investigated mosquito and bird involvement in west nile virus (wnv) transmission in july 2001 in jefferson county, fl, and lowndes county, ga. we detected 16 wnv-infected pools from culex quinquefasciatus, cx. salinarius, cx. nigripalpus, and culiseta melanura. in florida, 11% of 353 bird sera neutralized wnv. antibody prevalence was greatest in northern cardinal (cardinalis cardinalis, 75%), northern mockingbird (mimus polyglottus, 50%), common ground-dove (columbina passerina, 25%), common ... | 2005 | 15815153 |
| evolutionary strategies and adaptations for survival between mosquito-parasitic microsporidia and their intermediate copepod hosts: a comparative examination of amblyospora connecticus and hyalinocysta chapmani (microsporidia: amblyosporidae). | the epizootiology, transmission dynamics, and survival strategies employed by two mosquito-parasitic microsporidia that utilize copepods as intermediate hosts are examined in relation to the biological attributes of their hosts and the environments in which they inhabit. amblyospora connecticus andreadis, 1988, a parasite of ochlerotatus cantator (coquillett) and acanthocyclops vernalis (fischer) is found in an unstable salt marsh environment that is subject to periodic flooding and drying. both ... | 2005 | 16004361 |
| epidemiology and transmission dynamics of west nile virus disease. | from 1937 until 1999, west nile virus (wnv) garnered scant medical attention as the cause of febrile illness and sporadic encephalitis in parts of africa, asia, and europe. after the surprising detection of wnv in new york city in 1999, the virus has spread dramatically westward across the united states, southward into central america and the caribbean, and northward into canada, resulting in the largest epidemics of neuroinvasive wnv disease ever reported. from 1999 to 2004, >7,000 neuroinvasiv ... | 2005 | 16102302 |
| variation in interferon sensitivity and induction among strains of eastern equine encephalitis virus. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) causes human encephalitis in north america (na), but in south america (sa) it has rarely been associated with human disease, suggesting that sa strains are less virulent. to evaluate the hypothesis that this virulence difference is due to a greater ability of na strains to evade innate immunity, we compared replication of na and sa strains in vero cells pretreated with interferon (ifn). human ifn-alpha, -beta, and -gamma generally exhibited less effect on ... | 2005 | 16103182 |
| a dynamic transmission model of eastern equine encephalitis virus. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) is one of several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) endemic to the united states. interactions between arthropod (mosquito) vectors and avian amplification host populations play a significant role in the dynamics of arboviral transmission. recent data have suggested the hypothesis that an increased rate of successful feeding on young-of-the-year (yoy) birds might play a role in the dynamics of eeev transmission. to test this hypothesis, we developed a ... | 2006 | 16501661 |
| avian diversity and west nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk. | the emergence of several high profile infectious diseases in recent years has focused attention on our need to understand the ecological factors contributing to the spread of infectious diseases. west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that was first detected in the united states in 1999. the factors accounting for variation in the prevalence of wnv are poorly understood, but recentideas suggesting links between high biodiversity and reduced vector-borne disease risk may help ... | 2006 | 16519242 |
| eastern equine encephalitis--new hampshire and massachusetts, august-september 2005. | during august-september 2005, the new hampshire department of health and human services reported seven cases of human eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) disease, the first laboratory-confirmed, locally acquired cases of human eeev disease reported from new hampshire in 41 years of national surveillance. also during august--september 2005, the massachusetts department of public health reported four cases of human eeev disease, five times the annual average of 0.8 cases reported from massach ... | 2006 | 16810146 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis virus transmission and effect on pathogenesis. | quantifying the dose of an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes is essential for designing pathogenesis studies simulating natural infection of vertebrates. titration of saliva collected in vitro from infected mosquitoes may not accurately estimate titers transmitted during blood feeding, and infection by needle injection may affect vertebrate pathogenesis. we compared the amount of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus collected from the saliva of aedes taeniorhynchus to the amount injected into ... | 2006 | 16965696 |
| modeling the spatial distribution of mosquito vectors for west nile virus in connecticut, usa. | the risk of transmission of west nile virus (wnv) to humans is associated with the density of infected vector mosquitoes in a given area. current technology for estimating vector distribution and abundance is primarily based on centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) light trap collections, which provide only point data. in order to estimate mosquito abundance in areas not sampled by traps, we developed logistic regression models for five mosquito species implicated as the most likely v ... | 2006 | 16989568 |
| identification of avian- and mammalian-derived bloodmeals in aedes vexans and culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) and its implication for west nile virus transmission in connecticut, u.s.a. | to evaluate the host-feeding patterns of aedes vexans (meigen) and culiseta melanura (coquillett) as secondary vectors of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) in northeastern united states, we identified the source of vertebrate bloodmeals by sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna. analysis of polymerase chain reaction products from a total of 119 ae. vexans revealed that 92.4% of individuals acquired blood solely from mammalian and 2.5% from av ... | 2006 | 17017250 |
| molecular identification of blood-meal sources in culiseta melanura and culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in new york. | eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus perpetuates in an enzootic cycle involving ornithophilic mosquito vectors, principally culiseta melanura (coquillett) and avian amplification hosts. to better understand the role of cs. melanura and culiseta morsitans (theobald) in the epizootiology of eee virus, we collected blood-fed mosquitoes between 31 may and 15 october 2004 at two sites associated with an eee virus focus in central new york and identified the source of vertebrate blood by nucleotide ... | 2006 | 17172382 |
| west nile virus infection in mosquitoes in the mid-south usa, 2002-2005. | west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) was first detected in the tennessee valley and in alabama in august 2001. in summer 2002, intensive viral activity was seen, but in subsequent years, viral activity settled into an enzootic pattern. here, we report an analysis of viral activity in the mosquito fauna in the mid-south from 2002 (the first year viral activity was detected in mosquitoes) through 2005. eight mosquito species were infected with wnv during 2002. however, vira ... | 2007 | 17294929 |
| human eastern equine encephalitis in massachusetts: predictive indicators from mosquitoes collected at 10 long-term trap sites, 1979-2004. | human eastern equine encephalitis (eee) is a life-threatening mosquito-borne disease. to determine whether mosquito abundance and eee virus infection rates are associated with human eee disease, we evaluated retrospectively a total of 592,637 mosquitoes and onset dates for 20 confirmed human cases over 26 years in massachusetts. annual culiseta melanura populations at 10 defined sites decreased over the study period (p = 0.002). weekly infection rates and number of infected culiseta melanura cap ... | 2007 | 17297037 |
| does reservoir host mortality enhance transmission of west nile virus? | since its 1999 emergence in new york city, west nile virus (wnv) has become the most important and widespread cause of mosquito-transmitted disease in north america. its sweeping spread from the atlantic to the pacific coast was accompanied by widespread mortality among wild birds, especially corvids. only sporadic avian mortality had previously been associated with this infection in the old world. here, we examine the possibility that reservoir host mortality may intensify transmission, both by ... | 2007 | 17498307 |
| host choice and west nile virus infection rates in blood-fed mosquitoes, including members of the culex pipiens complex, from memphis and shelby county, tennessee, 2002-2003. | the source of bloodmeals in 2,082 blood-fed mosquitoes collected from february 2002 through december 2003 in memphis and surrounding areas of shelby county, tennessee were determined. members of the genus culex and anopheles quadrimaculatus predominated in the collections. members of the cx. pipiens complex and cx. restuans were found to feed predominately upon avian hosts, though mammalian hosts made up a substantial proportion of the bloodmeals in these species. no significant difference was s ... | 2007 | 17767413 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the mosquito vector aedes taeniorhynchus: infection initiated by a small number of susceptible epithelial cells and a population bottleneck. | we evaluated infection of aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes, vectors of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), using radiolabeled virus and replicon particles expressing green (gfp) or cherry fluorescent protein (cfp). more epidemic veev bound to and infected mosquito midguts compared to an enzootic strain, and a small number of midgut cells was preferentially infected. chimeric replicons infected midgut cells at rates comparable to those of the structural gene donor. the numbers of midgut c ... | 2008 | 18023837 |
| larval competition alters susceptibility of adult aedes mosquitoes to dengue infection. | dengue, the most important human arboviral disease, is transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, by aedes albopictus. the current distributions of these invasive species overlap and are affected by interspecific larval competition in their container habitats. here we report that competition also enhances dengue infection and dissemination rates in one of these two vector species. we determined the effects of competition on adult a. aegypti and a. albopictus, comparing their ... | 2008 | 18077250 |
| experimental infection of aedes sollicitans and aedes taeniorhynchus with two chimeric sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. | two chimeric vaccine candidates for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of either a north american (na) or south american (sa) eeev into a sindbis virus (sinv) backbone. to assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential north american bridge vectors of eeev, aedes sollicitans and ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses af ... | 2008 | 18187790 |
| annotation and expression profiling of apoptosis-related genes in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | apoptosis has been extensively studied in drosophila by both biochemical and genetic approaches, but there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in other insects. in mosquitoes, apoptosis occurs during plasmodium and arbovirus infection in the midgut, suggesting that apoptosis plays a role in mosquito innate immunity. we searched the aedes aegypti genome for apoptosis-related genes using drosophila and anopheles gambiae protein sequences as queries. in this study we ... | 2008 | 18252247 |
| molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, new york. | perpetuation, overwintering, and extinction of eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) in northern foci are poorly understood. we therefore sought to describe the molecular epidemiology of eeev in new york state during current and past epizootics. to determine whether eeev overwinters, is periodically reintroduced, or both, we sequenced the e2 and partial nsp3 coding regions of 42 eeev isolates from new york state and the eastern seaboard of the united states. our phylogenetic analyses indicate ... | 2008 | 18325261 |