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possible contributing factors to the paucity of yellow fever epidemics in the ashanti region of ghana, west africa.yellow fever virus vectors identified in the ashanti region of ghana included aedes aegypti, aedes africanus, aedes luteocephalus and aedes vittatus. other mosquito species, unrelated to yellow fever transmission, identified in this study included culex tigripes, culex thalassius, culex decens, culex tarsalis, anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephansi and toxorynchites brevipalpis. factors generally known to influence yellow fever transmission were also studied in the ashanti region. these included ...19968625858
[epidemiology of arbovirus diseases: use and value of physiologic age determination of female mosquito vectors].the physiological age of yellow fever aedes females in africa was studied during four years, from 1988 to 1992. we used a method, according to polovodova's method, which looks for the "yellow body" under natural light. those yellow bodies exist in the old females, the "parous" ones, and not in the young females, the "nulliparous" ones. we present some results to illustrate the interest of studying the physiological age of mosquitoes in the epidemiology of the arboviral diseases. the transmission ...19968924776
[present status of an arbovirus infection: yellow fever, its natural history of hemorrhagic fever, rift valley fever].in the early 20th century, when it was discovered that the yellow fever virus was transmitted in its urban cycle by aedes aegypti, measures of control were introduced leading to its disappearance. progressive neglect of the disease, however, led to a new outbreak in 1927 during which the etiological agent was isolated; some years later a vaccine was discovered and yellow fever disappeared again. in the 1960s, rare cases of encephalitis were observed in young children after vaccination and the ad ...199910690474
larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of aedes albopictus skuse (diptera: culicidae) to chikungunya virus.a key feature in the recent widespread epidemic of the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (chikv) was the important role of aedes albopictus, formerly regarded as a secondary vector, compared to the presumed primary vector aedes aegypti. ae. albopictus, a container-inhabiting mosquito, is an invasive species that occurs over a wide geographic range spanning tropical and temperate latitudes. in this study we examine the effects of a broad range of larval rearing temperatures on chikv inf ...201019725768
diagnosis of chikungunya fever in an indian population by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocol based on an antigen detection assay: a prospective cohort study.a chikungunya virus (chikv) outbreak continues in india. monitoring of the clinical features of chikv infection is an important component of assessing the disease process. diagnosis is usually made by an immunoglobulin m (igm)/igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). however, these assays have extremely low sensitivities for the detection of infection in the majority of chikv patients during the acute stage of infection (during the 1 to 4 days after infection). in our laboratory, a sensiti ...201020007365
the chikungunya epidemic in italy and its repercussion on the blood system.the chikungunya virus (chikv) is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes and recently caused a massive epidemic on la réunion island, in the indian ocean. between july and september 2007 it caused the first autochthonous epidemic outbreak in europe, in the region of emilia-romagna in the north-east of italy.200819112735
aedes albopictus mosquito: the main vector of the 2007 chikungunya outbreak in gabon.the primary vector at the origin of the 2007 outbreak in libreville, gabon is identified as aedes albopictus, trapped around the nearby french military camp. the chikungunya virus was isolated from mosquitoes and found to be identical to the a226v circulating human strain. this is the first field study showing the role of the recently arrived species aedes albopictus in chikungunya virus transmission in central africa, and it demonstrates this species' role in modifying the epidemiological prese ...200919259263
[entomological investigations conducted around ten cases of yellow fever in 2009 in the denguélé sanitary region, côte-d'ivoire.]in november 2009, ten suspicious cases of yellow fever, including six deaths, were notified in the region of denguélé, in the northwest of côte-d'ivoire. in order to evaluate the extent of yellow fever virus circulation and the risk for local people, a mission of entomological investigation was carried out by the ministry of health and public hygiene of côte-d'ivoire. entomological investigations were conducted in the villages of confirmed cases (banakoro and tron-touba) and the centers of consu ...201121293956
fever from the forest: prospects for the continued emergence of sylvatic dengue virus and its impact on public health.the four dengue virus (denv) serotypes that circulate among humans emerged independently from ancestral sylvatic progenitors that were present in non-human primates, following the establishment of human populations that were large and dense enough to support continuous inter-human transmission by mosquitoes. this ancestral sylvatic-denv transmission cycle still exists and is maintained in non-human primates and aedes mosquitoes in the forests of southeast asia and west africa. here, we provide a ...201121666708
culicidae diversity, malaria transmission and insecticide resistance alleles in malaria vectors in ouidah-kpomasse-tori district from benin (west africa): a pre-intervention study.abstract:201020819214
emerging and re-emerging viruses: a global challenge illustrated by chikungunya virus outbreaks.in recent decades, the issue of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially those related to viruses, has become an increasingly important area of concern in public health. it is of significance to anticipate future epidemics by accumulating knowledge through appropriate research and by monitoring their emergence using indicators from different sources. the objective is to alert and respond effectively in order to reduce the adverse impact on the general populations. most of the eme ...024175207
evolutionary processes among sylvatic dengue type 2 viruses.sylvatic dengue viruses (denv) are transmitted in an enzootic cycle between nonhuman primates and arboreal aedes mosquitoes in southeast asia and west africa. although previous analyses have revealed the evolutionary processes among endemic (human) denv, little is known about viral evolution in the sylvatic cycle. through an analysis of 14 complete coding regions of sylvatic dengue type 2 virus sampled over a 33-year period, we show that both the rate of evolutionary change and the pattern of na ...200717553878
orally co-infected aedes albopictus from la reunion island, indian ocean, can deliver both dengue and chikungunya infectious viral particles in their saliva.first described in humans in 1964, reports of co-infections with dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) viruses are increasing, particularly after the emergence of chikungunya (chik) in the indian ocean in 2005-2006 due to a new variant highly transmitted by aedes albopictus. in this geographic area, a dengue (den) outbreak transmitted by ae. albopictus took place shortly before the emergence of chik and co-infections were reported in patients. a co-infection in humans can occur following the bit ...201020544013
biological and phylogenetic characteristics of yellow fever virus lineages from west africa.the yellow fever virus (yfv), the first proven human-pathogenic virus, although isolated in 1927, is still a major public health problem, especially in west africa where it causes outbreaks every year. nevertheless, little is known about its genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics, mainly due to a limited number of genomic sequences from wild virus isolates. in this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of 24 full-length genomes from yfv strains isolated between 1973 and 2005 in ...201223269797
zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern senegal, 2011.zika virus (zikv; genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae) is maintained in a zoonotic cycle between arboreal aedes spp. mosquitoes and nonhuman primates in african and asian forests. spillover into humans has been documented in both regions and the virus is currently responsible for a large outbreak in french polynesia. zikv amplifications are frequent in southeastern senegal but little is known about their seasonal and spatial dynamics. the aim of this paper is to describe the spatio-temporal pa ...201425310102
detection of dengue group viruses by fluorescence in situ hybridization.dengue fever (df) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) represent a global challenge in public health. it is estimated that 50 to 100 million infections occur each year causing approximately 20,000 deaths that are usually linked to severe cases like dhf and dengue shock syndrome. the causative agent of df is dengue virus (genus flavivirus) that comprises four distinct serotypes (denv-1 to denv-4). fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) has been used successfully to detect pathogenic agents, but ...201223110979
comparative genomic analysis of pre-epidemic and epidemic zika virus strains for virological factors potentially associated with the rapidly expanding epidemic.less than 20 sporadic cases of human zika virus (zikv) infection were reported in africa and asia before 2007, but large outbreaks involving up to 73% of the populations on the pacific islands have started since 2007, and spread to the americas in 2014. moreover, the clinical manifestation of zikv infection has apparently changed, as evident by increasing reports of neurological complications, such as guillain-barré syndrome in adults and congenital anomalies in neonates. we comprehensively comp ...201626980239
chikungunya virus and prospects for a vaccine.in 2004, chikungunya virus (chikv) re-emerged from east africa to cause devastating epidemics of debilitating and often chronic arthralgia that have affected millions of people in the indian ocean basin and asia. more limited epidemics initiated by travelers subsequently occurred in italy and france, as well as human cases exported to most regions of the world, including the americas where chikv could become endemic. because chikv circulates during epidemics in an urban mosquito-human cycle, con ...023151166
scoping review of the zika virus literature.the global primary literature on zika virus (zikv) (n = 233 studies and reports, up to march 1, 2016) has been compiled using a scoping review methodology to systematically identify and characterise the literature underpinning this broad topic using methods that are documented, updateable and reproducible. our results indicate that more than half the primary literature on zikv has been published since 2011. the articles mainly covered three topic categories: epidemiology of zikv (surveillance an ...201627244249
photochemical inactivation of chikungunya virus in human apheresis platelet components by amotosalen and uva light.chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that recently re-emerged in africa and rapidly spread into countries of the indian ocean basin and south-east asia. the mean viremic blood donation risk for chikv on la réunion reached 1.5% at the height of the 2005-2006 outbreaks, highlighting the need for development of safety measures to prevent transfusion-transmitted infections. we describe successful inactivation of chikv in human platelets and plasma using photochemical treatment wi ...201323530077
history, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of zika: a systematic review.to describe salient epidemiological characteristics of zika virus outbreaks across the world and to examine the clinical presentations, complications, and atypical manifestations related to their occurrence in recent history.026959260
zika virus: the latest newcomer.since the beginning of this century, humanity has been facing a new emerging, or re-emerging, virus threat almost every year: west nile, influenza a, avian flu, dengue, chikungunya, sars, mers, ebola, and now zika, the latest newcomer. zika virus (zikv), a flavivirus transmitted by aedes mosquitoes, was identified in 1947 in a sentinel monkey in uganda, and later on in humans in nigeria. the virus was mainly confined to the african continent until it was detected in south-east asia the 1980's, t ...201627148186
the mysterious zika virus: adding to the tropical flavivirus mayhem.until now, known as the demure cousin of dengue virus (denv) inhabiting africa, zika virus (zikv) has reinvented itself to cause explosive epidemics captivating the western hemisphere. the outbreak causing potential for zikv was realized when it made its way from africa to yap island micronesia in 2007, and in french polynesia in 2013. from there, it moved on to brazil in 2015. now zikv has infected people in more than 33 countries in central and south america and the caribbean. moreover the epi ...027763483
potential of selected senegalese aedes spp. mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to transmit zika virus.zika virus (zikv; genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae) is an emerging virus of medical importance maintained in a zoonotic cycle between arboreal aedes spp. mosquitoes and nonhuman primates in african and asian forests. serological evidence and virus isolations have demonstrated widespread distribution of the virus in senegal. several mosquito species have been found naturally infected by zikv but little is known about their vector competence.201526527535
landscape ecology of sylvatic chikungunya virus and mosquito vectors in southeastern senegal.the risk of human infection with sylvatic chikungunya (chikv) virus was assessed in a focus of sylvatic arbovirus circulation in senegal by investigating distribution and abundance of anthropophilic aedes mosquitoes, as well as the abundance and distribution of chikv in these mosquitoes. a 1650 km(2) area was classified into five land cover classes: forest, barren, savanna, agriculture and village. a total of 39,799 mosquitoes was sampled from all classes using human landing collections between ...201222720097
a comprehensive systems biology approach to studying zika virus.zika virus (zikv) is responsible for an ongoing and intensifying epidemic in the western hemisphere. we examined the complete predicted proteomes, glycomes, and selectomes of 33 zikv strains representing temporally diverse members of the african lineage, the asian lineage, and the current outbreak in the americas. derivation of the complete selectome is an 'omics' approach to identify distinct evolutionary pressures acting on different features of an organism. employment of the m8 model did not ...201627584813
quantitative real-time pcr detection of zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes.zika virus (zikv), a mosquito borne flavivirus is a pathogen affecting humans in asia and africa. zikv infection diagnosis relies on serology-which is challenging due to cross-reactions with other flaviviruses and/or absence or low titer of igm and igg antibodies at early phase of infection- virus isolation, which is labor intensive, time consuming and requires appropriate containment. therefore, real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) is an appealing option as a rapid, sensitive and specific method for dete ...201324148652
clinical features and neuroimaging (ct and mri) findings in presumed zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: retrospective case series study.to report radiological findings observed in computed tomography (ct) and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) scans of the first cases of congenital infection and microcephaly presumably associated with the zika virus in the current brazilian epidemic.201627075009
oviposition ecology and species composition of aedes spp. and aedes aegypti dynamics in variously urbanized settings in arbovirus foci in southeastern côte d'ivoire.aedes mosquito-transmitted outbreaks of dengue and yellow fever have been reported from rural and urban parts of côte d'ivoire. the present study aimed at assessing aedes spp. oviposition ecology in variously urbanized settings within arbovirus foci in southeastern côte d'ivoire.201627682270
transmission patterns of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles gambiae in benin.to better control malaria, the clear and urgent need is for improved data to inform decision makers, but in several african countries, there is a lack of baseline data on vectors and variation in the intensity of malaria transmission. this has resulted in the implementation of vector control efforts that ignore variation in vector behaviour and intensity of transmission, an approach that is most often not cost-effective. this study presents a detailed entomological description of mosquito distri ...201425412948
yellow fever virus exhibits slower evolutionary dynamics than dengue virus.although yellow fever has historically been one of the most important viral infections of humans, relatively little is known about the evolutionary processes that shape its genetic diversity. similarly, there is limited information on the molecular epidemiology of yellow fever virus (yfv) in africa even though it most likely first emerged on this continent. through an analysis of complete e gene sequences, including a newly acquired viral collection from central and west africa (senegal, cameroo ...201019889759
two chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of la reunion (indian ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito, aedes albopictus.a chikungunya (chik) outbreak hit la réunion island in 2005-2006. the implicated vector was aedes albopictus. here, we present the first study on the susceptibility of ae. albopictus populations to sympatric chikv isolates from la réunion island and compare it to other virus/vector combinations.200718000540
aedes hensilli as a potential vector of chikungunya and zika viruses.an epidemic of zika virus (zikv) illness that occurred in july 2007 on yap island in the federated states of micronesia prompted entomological studies to identify both the primary vector(s) involved in transmission and the ecological parameters contributing to the outbreak. larval and pupal surveys were performed to identify the major containers serving as oviposition habitat for the likely vector(s). adult mosquitoes were also collected by backpack aspiration, light trap, and gravid traps at se ...201425299181
phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among yellow fever virus isolates in africa.previous studies with a limited number of strains have indicated that there are two genotypes of yellow fever (yf) virus in africa, one in west africa and the other in east and central africa. we have examined the prm/m and a portion of the e protein for a panel of 38 wild strains of yf virus from africa representing different countries and times of isolation. examination of the strains revealed a more complex genetic relationship than previously reported. overall, nucleotide substitutions varie ...200111435580
vector competence in west african aedes aegypti is flavivirus species and genotype dependent.vector competence of aedes aegypti mosquitoes is a quantitative genetic trait that varies among geographic locations and among different flavivirus species and genotypes within species. the subspecies ae. aegypti formosus, found mostly in sub-saharan africa, is considered to be refractory to both dengue (denv) and yellow fever viruses (yfv) compared to the more globally distributed ae. aegypti aegypti. within senegal, vector competence varies with collection site and denv-2 viral isolate, but kn ...201425275366
[an epidemic risk of yellow fever in burkina faso despite a rapid immunisation riposte: role of a multidisciplinary investigation team].on october 8, 1999, one yellow fever (yf) case is confirmed in the south west of burkina faso by the centre muraz' virology unit. epidemic extension is suspected as large movements of population are occurring due to troubles in côte d'ivoire nearby and as the aedes vector is endemic in the region. on october 23, the gaoua's health regional head immunizes 1,000 people around the detected yf case, i.e. 70% of the estimated population and requests an epidemiological investigation. a multidisciplina ...200612473528
common epidemiology of rickettsia felis infection and malaria, africa.this study aimed to compare the epidemiology of rickettsia felis infection and malaria in france, north africa, and sub-saharan africa and to identify a common vector. blood specimens from 3,122 febrile patients and from 500 nonfebrile persons were analyzed for r. felis and plasmodium spp. we observed a significant linear trend (p<0.0001) of increasing risk for r. felis infection. the risks were lowest in france, tunisia, and algeria (1%), and highest in rural senegal (15%). co-infections with r ...024188709
rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-borne rickettsiosis.rickettsia felis is an emerging insect-borne rickettsial pathogen and the causative agent of flea-borne spotted fever. first described as a human pathogen from the usa in 1991, r. felis is now identified throughout the world and considered a common cause of fever in africa. the cosmopolitan distribution of this pathogen is credited to the equally widespread occurrence of cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis), the primary vector and reservoir of r. felis. although r. felis is a relatively new member ...201627340613
larval ecology of mosquitoes in sylvatic arbovirus foci in southeastern senegal.although adult mosquito vectors of sylvatic arbovirus [yellow fever (yfv), dengue-2 (denv-2) and chikungunya (chikv)] have been studied for the past 40 years in southeastern senegal, data are still lacking on the ecology of larval mosquitoes in this area. in this study, we investigated the larval habitats of mosquitoes and characterized their seasonal and spatial dynamics in arbovirus foci.201223216815
homogeneity of yellow fever virus strains isolated during an epidemic and a post-epidemic period in west africa.three strains of yellow fever virus (yfv) were isolated in 1982 in the ivory coast, one from a human case and two from aedes luteocephalus, during and subsequent to an epidemic. the complete genomic sequence of the human strain was determined and compared to that of the 1927 asibi strain of yfv. the divergence observed was on average of 8.3%, ranging from 5.5 to 11.7% in the coding region. the transitions to transversions ratio was 5.9. most mutations (84.3%) occurred on the third position of th ...19979311567
genome microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the indian ocean outbreak.a chikungunya virus outbreak of unprecedented magnitude is currently ongoing in indian ocean territories. in réunion island, this alphavirus has already infected about one-third of the human population. the main clinical symptom of the disease is a painful and invalidating poly-arthralgia. besides the arthralgic form, 123 patients with a confirmed chikungunya infection have developed severe clinical signs, i.e., neurological signs or fulminant hepatitis.200616700631
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