| significance of nonparametric light effects in entrainment of circadian rhythms in owl monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) by light-dark cycles. | in a total of 12 adult colombian owl monkeys, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, the significance of nonparametric light effects for the entrainment of the circadian system by light-dark (ld) cycles was studied by carrying out (a) phase-response experiments testing the phase-shifting effect of 30-min light pulses (lps) of 250 lx applied at various phases of the free-running circadian activity rhythm (ll 0.2 lx) and (b) synchronization experiments testing the entraining effect of 24-h single lp photop ... | 1991 | 1797415 |
| the uganda i/cdc strain of plasmodium malariae in aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys. | two lines of the uganda i/cdc strain of plasmodium malariae were studied in splenectomized aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys. a line initially adapted to these monkeys from an infected chimpanzee failed to produce high-level parasite counts or mosquito infection in 13 of this type of monkey during 16 linear passages. another line, originally adapted from the chimpanzee to aotus azarae boliviensis, after 7 linear passages in 3 different types of aotus was then passaged to 14 splenectomized a. ... | 1989 | 2645394 |
| in vitro cultivation of exoerythrocytic stages of the human malaria parasite plasmodium malariae. | exoerythrocytic stage parasites of plasmodium malariae were obtained in vitro by inoculating primary cultures of hepatocytes from a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and a monkey (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) with sporozoites. schizonts were observed in chimpanzee hepatocytes 8, 11, and 13 days after inoculation. only 1 schizont was seen in aotus hepatocytes at day 13. the morphology and development rates of p. malariae exoerythrocytic stages obtained in vitro were similar to those previously descri ... | 1988 | 3079312 |
| erythrocytes and erythrocyte morphologies of healthy and colony-born owl monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra). | inadequate availability of hematological reference data seriously restricts optimal utilization of the owl monkey (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) as an experimental model. the current study investigated erythrocytic morphology in peripheral blood of healthy, colony-born owl monkeys. the blood of the subjects contained discoid erythrocytes, poikilocytes, and showed considerable anisocytosis. also observed were nucleated erythrocytes, erythrocytes with howell-jolly bodies, and reticulocyte types i, ... | 1987 | 3585972 |
| direct modulation of activity and body temperature of owl monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) by low light intensities. | the activity pattern of aotus lemurinus griseimembra can be predictably altered by varying the illuminance during the dark phase of a 12:12-hour light:dark rhythm. intensities well below full-moon brightness (0.1-0.5 lx) severely inhibit activity. this modulation is not the result of a light-induced phase shift of the circadian rhythm, but it is primarily caused by masking due to direct effects of light on the motor system. both proportional and differential effects of light are involved. miniat ... | 1986 | 3609970 |
| studies on the north korean strain of plasmodium vivax in aotus monkeys and different anophelines. | twenty-two aotus monkeys of different karyotypes were infected with the north korean strain of plasmodium vivax. aotus lemurinus griseimembra animals from colombia produced higher maximum parasitemias and more readily infected mosquitoes than did aotus monkeys from bolivia (k-vi) or peru (k-v and k-x). comparative feedings indicated that the most susceptible mosquito species was anopheles stephensi, followed by an. gambiae, an. dirus, an. freeborni, an. quadrimaculatus, an. culicifacies, and an. ... | 1985 | 3884764 |
| establishment of a colony of nonhuman primates (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) in colombia. | | 1984 | 6509245 |
| plasmodium falciparum: passive immunization of aotus lemurinus griseimembra with immune serum. | owl monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) were immunized against plasmodium falciparum by infection and drug cure. after challenge, 3 of 4 monkeys developed extended prepatent periods and low grade parasitemias followed by self cure. the fourth monkey did not develop a patent infection. immune monkey serum passively transferred at the time of challenge conferred immunity to 20 naive monkeys. immunity was characterized by extended prepatent periods in 19 monkeys, low levels of parasitemia (< or ... | 1995 | 7895839 |
| a recombinant baculovirus 42-kilodalton c-terminal fragment of plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 protects aotus monkeys against malaria. | the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of baculovirus recombinant polypeptide based on the plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (msp-1) has been evaluated in aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys. the msp-1-based polypeptide, bvp42, corresponds to the 42-kda c-terminal processing fragment of the precursor molecule. immunization of aotus monkeys with bvp42 in complete freund's adjuvant resulted in high antibody titers against the immunogen as well as parasite msp-1. fine specifici ... | 1996 | 8557348 |
| the santa lucia strain of plasmodium falciparum as a model for vaccine studies. i. development in aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys. | the santa lucia strain of plasmodium falciparum and the aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkey are proposed as models for the testing of sporozoite vaccines and transmission-blocking vaccines. approximately 85% of splenectomized monkeys were infected when fed upon by 10 or more heavily infected anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. sporozoite-induced infections in monkeys with or without previous infection with p. vivax readily infected mosquitoes, thus making them candidates for testing transmission-blo ... | 1996 | 8615450 |
| the santa lucia strain of plasmodium falciparum as a model for vaccine studies. ii. development of aotus vociferans as a model for testing transmission-blocking vaccines. | the santa lucia strain of plasmodium falciparum and the aotus vociferans monkey were studied as models for the testing of transmission-blocking vaccines. virulence developed early in the passage history. despite the use of only small quantities of chlorguanide and/or quinine to control infection coupled with the use of small inocula and delays in splenectomy, mosquito infection was markedly reduced from that seen during primary passage to this species of aotus. it appears that the model may be m ... | 1996 | 8615451 |
| infradian alteration of circadian rhythms in owl monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra): an effect of estrous? | long-term recordings of locomotor activity, feeding activity and core temperature carried out in 7 male and 7 female adult owl monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) revealed sex-specific infradian alterations in the level of these circadian functions when the monkeys were housed under lighting conditions which neither inhibited nor enhanced (i.e., "masked,") their circadian activity rhythms. such nonmasking lighting conditions were: constant dim light (ll) at 0.1-0.5 lx, photoperiods consisting ... | 1996 | 8848469 |
| attempts to transmit the n-3 strain of plasmodium fieldi to aotus monkeys. | aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys inoculated with parasitized erythrocytes of the n-3 strain of plasmodiumfieldi had transient low-density parasitemia. exoerythrocytic stages of this strain of parasite were demonstrated in sections of liver from aotus vociferans monkeys taken 8 days after the intravenous inoculation of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles dirus mosquitoes; no blood-stage infections were observed. | 1998 | 9488369 |
| adaptation of a strain of plasmodium vivax from mauritania to new world monkeys and anopheline mosquitoes. | a strain of plasmodium vivax from mauritania was adapted to develop in aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus nancymai, saimiri boliviensis, and hybrid aotus monkeys. infections were induced via the inoculation of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles gambiae, anopheles freeborni, and anopheles stephensi mosquitoes or the intravenous passage of infected erythrocytes. infections in 3 a. lemurinus griseimembra monkeys readily infected mosquitoes. four lines of the mauritania par ... | 1998 | 9645868 |
| studies on infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi in monkeys and mosquitoes. | infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, macaca nemestrina, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus azarae boliviensis, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. transmission was obtained with sporozoites developing in anopheles peditaeniatus, anopheles maculatus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles culicifacies, and anopheles dirus mosquitoes. this strain of p. cynomolgi offers significant potential for a number of experimental studies. t ... | 1999 | 10219307 |
| adaptation of the amru-1 strain of plasmodium vivax to aotus and saimiri monkeys and to four species of anopheline mosquitoes. | a chloroquine-resistant strain of plasmodium vivax (amru-1) from papua new guinea has been adapted to grow in 4 species of aotus monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus vaciferans, aotus nancymai, and aotus azarae boliviensis), hybrid aotus monkeys, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. whereas it was possible to infect saimiri monkeys with this parasite by inoculation of parasitized erythrocytes, only 42% of saimiri monkeys became infected, compared to 92% of aotus monkeys attempted. comparativ ... | 1999 | 10461947 |
| internal desynchronization of the circadian activity and feeding rhythm in an owl monkey (aotus lemurinus griseimembra): a case study. | in the free-running circadian locomotor activity rhythm of a 7-year-old male owl monkey (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) kept under constant light and climatic conditions (ll 0.2 lux, 25 degrees c +/- 1 degrees c, 60 +/- 5% relative humidity [rh]), a second rhythm component developed that showed strong relative coordination with the free-running activity rhythm of 24.4h and a 24h rhythm. the simultaneously recorded feeding activity rhythm strongly resembled this rhythm component. therefore, it see ... | 2000 | 10757460 |
| adaptation of a chloroquine-resistant strain of plasmodium vivax from indonesia to new world monkeys. | the spread of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium vivax from papua new guinea and indonesia poses a serious health threat to areas of southeast asia where this species of malaria parasite is endemic. a strain of p. vivax from indonesia was adapted to develop in splenectomized aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus vociferans, aotus nancymai, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. transmission to splenectomized saimiri monkeys was obtained via sporozoites. chemotherapeutic studies indicated that the strain w ... | 2000 | 11220765 |
| adaptation of a strain of plasmodium vivax from india to new world monkeys, chimpanzees, and anopheline mosquitoes. | a strain of plasmodium vivax from india was adapted to develop in splenectomized saimiri boliviensis, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, a vociferans, a. nancymai, a. azarae boliviensis, hybrid aotus monkeys, and splenectomized chimpanzees. infections were induced via the inoculation of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles stephensi and an. dirus mosquitoes to 12 aotus and 8 saimiri monkeys; transmission via the bites of infected an. stephensi was made to 1 aotus monkey and 1 c ... | 2001 | 11780828 |
| reproducible infection of intact aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys by plasmodium falciparum sporozoite inoculation. | aotus lemurinus griseimembra is considered one of the best nonhuman primate species for malarial studies because of its susceptibility to infection by plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages. however, reproducible transmission of infective p. falciparum sporozoites by mosquito inoculation has been difficult to achieve even in splenectomized monkeys. characterization of an aotus-p. falciparum cyclical transmission model has become a top priority as a result of the significant progress toward t ... | 2002 | 12197121 |
| aotus monkeys: their great value for anti-malaria vaccines and drug testing. | non-human primates represent a valuable resource for testing potential vaccines candidates and drugs for human use. malaria remains one of the greatest burdens for the humanity represented by approximately 500 million new clinical cases per year worldwide and at least two million deaths caused annually. additional control measures such as vaccines and new anti-malarial compounds are therefore urgently needed. safety and protective efficacy studies in animal models are critical steps for vaccines ... | 2002 | 12435447 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of plasmodium falciparum liver-stage ag-3 in aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys. | three recombinant proteins spanning the plasmodium falciparum liver-stage ag-3 (lsa-3) were used to immunize aotus monkeys. the proteins were delivered subcutaneously without adjuvant, adsorbed onto polystyrene 0.5 microm particles at a concentration of 2 microg per immunization. control animals received glutathione-s-transferase formulated similarly. animals were challenged as late as 5 months after the last immunization, by intravenous inoculation of 100,000 p. falciparum sporozoites of a stra ... | 2003 | 12731057 |
| cytogenetic identification of a hybrid owl monkey, aotus nancymaae x aotus lemurinus griseimembra. | a neonate male owl monkey (aotus sp.) was identified cytogenetically as a hybrid after it failed to nurse and died. phenotypically, the male parent possessed characteristics of the "gray-neck group," and g-banded karyotypes identified him as aotus lemurinus griseimembra (2n = 53), heterozygous for the centric fusion of chromosomes 13 and 14. the female parent belonged to the "red-neck group" and was identified cytogenetically as aotus nancymaae (2n = 54). the neonate hybrid had 2n = 54 chromosom ... | 2001 | 12790410 |
| adaptation of a strain of plasmodium falciparum from ghana to aotus lemurinus griseimembra, a. nancymai, and a. vociferans monkeys. | a strain of plasmodium falciparum from ghana was adapted to aotus lemurinus griseimembra, a. nancymai, and a. vociferans monkeys. gametocytes in splenectomized a. nancymai were infective to anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. sporozoite transmission was accomplished in two splenectomized a. nancymai with prepatent periods of 22 and 25 days. the ghana iii/cdc strain of p. falciparum is susceptible to treatment with chloroquine and mefloquine. | 2003 | 14740874 |
| rio meta strain of plasmodium vivax in new world monkeys and anopheline mosquitoes. | an archived strain of plasmodium vivax, isolated from rio meta, northern colombia, in 1972 was adapted to grow in splenectomized aotus lemurinus griseimembra and a. nancymai monkeys. anopheles freeborni, an. maculatus, an. dirus, an. culicifacies, and an. albimanus were shown to be susceptible to infection by feeding on infected monkeys. infections were more readily obtained by feeding on a. l. griseimembra than on a. nancymai. transmission through sporozoites was obtained in an a. l. griseimemb ... | 2004 | 15357053 |
| coupling and decoupling of evolutionary mode between x- and y-chromosomal red-green opsin genes in owl monkeys. | we previously discovered y-chromosomal red-green opsin genes in two types of owl monkeys with different chromosomal characteristics. in one type, the y-linked opsin gene is a single-copy intact gene and in the other, the genes exist as multiple pseudogenes on a y/autosome fusion chromosome. in the present study, we first distinguished the two types of monkeys as distinct allopatric species on the basis of karyotypic characteristics: aotus lemurinus griseimembra (karyotype iii, diploid chromosome ... | 2005 | 15922519 |
| studies on two strains of plasmodium cynomolgi in new world and old world monkeys and mosquitoes. | infections that cause the gombak and smithsonian strains of plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in macaca mulatta, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus nancymai, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. transmission of the gombak strain to aotus spp. monkeys was obtained by the injection of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of experimentally infected anopheles dirus and by the bites of infected an. dirus and anopheles farauti mosquitoes. two s. boliviensis monkeys were infected via the injecti ... | 2005 | 15986601 |
| observations on the vietnam palo alto strain of plasmodium vivax in two species of aotus monkeys. | thirty-three splenectomized aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys with no previous experience with malaria were infected with the vietnam palo alto strain of plasmodium vivax. the median maximum parasite count was 280,000/microl. nine splenectomized monkeys with previous infection with plasmodium falciparum had median maximum parasite counts of 120,000/microl. splenectomized aotus nancymai monkeys supported infections at a lower level. transmission via the bites of anopheles dirus mosquitoes was ... | 2005 | 15986626 |
| aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys: a suitable model for plasmodium vivax sporozoite infection. | this study describes a successful plasmodium vivax sporozoite infection in aotus lemurinus griseimembra. twenty-eight naive or previously infected monkeys, either splenectomized or spleen intact, were inoculated intravenously or subcutaneously with plasmodium vivax sporozoites of the salvador i strain or with two wild isolates (vcc-4 and vcc-5; vivax-cali-colombia). the monkeys were successfully infected regardless of the parasite strain, spleen presence, or inoculation route and showed prepaten ... | 2005 | 16291761 |
| adaptation of plasmodium vivax to growth in owl monkeys (aotus nancymai). | the purpose of this study was reactivation and adaptation of a strain of plasmodium vivax to aotus nancymai monkeys. a need arose for malarial parasites for use in serologic and molecular studies and for teaching slides. this particular strain of parasite had been characterized previously as producing high-density parasitemia in splenectomized new world monkeys and therefore represented a good candidate for reactivation. p. vivax (vietnam ii), isolated in 1970, was reactivated after adaptation i ... | 2005 | 16422149 |
| aotus nancymaae as a potential model for the testing of anti-sporozoite and liver stage vaccines against plasmodium falciparum. | the santa lucia strain of plasmodium falciparum was transmitted to aotus lemurinus griseimembra, a. azarae boliviensis, a. vociferans, and a. nancymaae monkeys by bite and by intravenous inoculation of sporozoites dissected from anopheles freeborni, an. stephensi, an. gambiae, an. albimanus, and an. maculatus mosquitoes. the data obtained from these infections indicate that a. nancymaae can be considered a suitable host model when combined with the santa lucia strain of p. falciparum for the tes ... | 2006 | 16525100 |
| surgical bone marrow aspiration in aotus lemurinus griseimembra. | aotus lemurinus griseimembra are highly susceptible to infection by human malaria parasites and reproduce some of its clinical manifestations, including anemia. we developed a new surgical technique to obtain bone marrow samples from aotus by surgical aspiration of the femur. first, we determined that the femur offered advantages over other bones, primarily due to lower fracture vulnerability. we tested a surgical technique using 20 g iv catheters in formaldehyde-preserved animals, then conducte ... | 2006 | 16764670 |
| studies on sporozoite-induced and chronic infections with plasmodium fragile in macaca mulatta and new world monkeys. | plasmodium fragile continues to be investigated because of its biologic similarities to the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. two strains of p. fragile are available for study; one strain is able to infect mosquitoes, whereas the other strain is transmissible only by blood inoculation. the sri lanka strain of p. fragile was transmitted to macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus nancymaae, aotus vociferans, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys via sporozoi ... | 2006 | 17152944 |
| adaptation of a multi-drug resistant strain of plasmodium falciparum from peru to aotus lemurinus griseimembra, a. nancymaae, and a. vociferans monkeys. | a strain of plasmodium falciparum from peru was adapted to splenectomized aotus nancymaae and aotus vociferans monkeys. the peru 134/cdc strain of p. falciparum was shown to be resistant to treatment with chloroquine in monkeys and partially resistant to mefloquine and malarone. genetic mutations in crt, dhfr, dhps, and cytochrome b genes conferring drug resistance were also determined for this peruvian strain of p. falciparum. | 2007 | 17690397 |
| the chesson strain of plasmodium vivax in humans and different species of aotus monkeys. | comparison was made between the parasitemia of chesson strain plasmodium vivax in humans and in splenectomized aotus lemurinus griseimembra, a. nancymaae, a. vociferans, and a. azarae boliviensis monkeys. in the monkeys, 56.3% of the animals had maximum counts > 25,000/mul and in humans 59.6% were above this peak parasitemia. in humans, it took an average of 9.3 days to reach the maximum parasite count. in monkeys with no previous infections, it took an average of 18.9 days to reach the maximum ... | 2009 | 19141854 |
| plasmodium inui shortii: studies in old world and new world monkeys. | plasmodium inui shortti was studied in monkeys (66 macaca mulatta, 2 m. fascicularis, 12 saimiri boliviensis, 4 aotus lemurinus griseimembra, and 1 a. nancymaae). prepatent periods for 30 sporozoite transmissions by anopheles stephensi, an. dirus, and an. maculatus mosquitoes ranged from 10 to 48 days with a median of 15.5 days. in rhesus monkeys, mean maximum parasite counts for intact animals were 181,970/mul; for splenectomized animals, the mean maximum parasite count was 1,167,890/mul. | 2009 | 19141855 |
| studies on the salvador i strain of plasmodium vivax in non-human primates and anopheline mosquitoes. | a review is presented on studies conducted in new world monkeys and chimpanzees with the salvador i strain of plasmodium vivax. this isolate has been adapted to aotus and saimiri (squirrel) monkeys and developed as a model for the testing of antimalarial vaccines. after the injection of 10,000 sporozoites, the median prepatent period in s. boliviensis monkeys was 21.5 days. in 103 sporozoite-induced infections in splenectomized monkeys, the median maximum parasite count ranged from 2,139 to 202, ... | 2009 | 19190218 |
| the santa lucia strain of plasmodium falciparum in aotus monkeys. | the santa lucia strain of plasmodium falciparum was studied in 150 aotus lemurinus griseimembra, 30 a. azarae boliviensis, 103 a. nancymaae, and 121 a. vociferans monkeys. all four of these splenectomized hosts supported the production of gametocytes infective to anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. transmission through sporozoites from an. freeborni, an. stephensi, an. maculatus, and an. albimanus mosquitoes was successful to all four species of aotus on a total of 100 occasions with a median pre-pa ... | 2009 | 19346371 |
| a new world primate deficient in tetherin-mediated restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) does not replicate in primary cells of new world primates. to better understand this restriction, we expressed owl monkey (aotus nancymaae) cd4 and cxcr4 in the owl monkey kidney cell line, omk. an hiv-1 variant modified to evade the owl monkey restriction factor trim-cyp replicated efficiently in these cells but could not replicate in primary a. nancymaae cd4-positive t cells. to understand this difference, we examined apobec3g and tetherin orthologs ... | 2009 | 19553332 |
| a novel approach for documentation and evaluation of activity patterns in owl monkeys during development of environmental enrichment programs. | documenting and evaluating the appropriateness of environmental enrichment programs has posed a challenge to many institutions. this paper describes a method for documenting and evaluating activity patterns for developing an environmental enrichment program. a colony of owl (or night) monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra) at the university of hawaii were videotaped using infrared sensitive cameras and the duration and frequency of numerous activities were scored using an ethological analysis so ... | 2003 | 19760829 |
| observations on the uganda i strain of plasmodium malariae and plasmodium brasilianum in aotus and saimiri monkeys and anopheles mosquitoes. | splenectomized aotus lemurinus griseimembra, a. azarae boliviensis, a. nancymaae, a. vociferans, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys were infected with the uganda i/cdc strain of plasmodium malariae. the maximum parasite counts were lower if the animals had been previously infected with plasmodium vivax. mosquito infection was concentrated in the 12 days following the rise in count above 1,000/microl. mosquito infection and parasite counts were highest with a. l. griseimembra. anopheles freeborni wa ... | 2010 | 19891516 |
| antibody responses to a novel plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein vaccine correlate with protection against experimental malaria infection in aotus monkeys. | the block 2 region of the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1) of plasmodium falciparum has been identified as a target of protective immunity by a combination of seroepidemiology and parasite population genetics. immunogenicity studies in small animals and aotus monkeys were used to determine the efficacy of recombinant antigens derived from this region of msp-1 as a potential vaccine antigen. aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys were immunized three times with a recombinant antigen derived from ... | 2014 | 24421900 |
| night monkey hybrids exhibit de novo genomic and karyotypic alterations: the first such case in primates. | using molecular chromosomal analyses, we discovered night monkey hybrids produced in captivity from matings between a female aotus azarae boliviensis (2n = 50) and a male a. lemurinus griseimembra (2n = 53). the parents produced seven offspring in total, including one male and six females - a pattern consistent with haldane's rule. chromosomal studies were conducted on four of the hybrid offspring. two of them showed relatively 'simple' mixture karyotypes, including different chromosome numbers ... | 2017 | 28369492 |
| prevalence of plasmodium parasites in non-human primates and mosquitoes in areas with different degrees of fragmentation in colombia. | parasites from the genus plasmodium, the aetiological agent of malaria in humans, can also infect non-human primates (nhp), increasing the potential risk of zoonotic transmission with its associated global public health concerns. in colombia, there are no recent studies on plasmodium spp. infecting free-ranging nhp. thus, this study aimed to determine the diversity of plasmodium species circulating in fragmented forests in central colombia, both in anopheles mosquitoes and in the four sympatric ... | 2019 | 31426810 |