| altitudinal distribution and blood values in the toad, bufo spinulosus wiegmann. | 1. red blood cell (rbc) count, rbc size, hematocrit, cell and blood hemoglobin concentrations and plasma total solid concentration were measured in 16 lowland (from near sea level up to 2700 m) and 18 highland (3200 up to close to 4500 m) adult toads (bufo spinulosus). 2. lowland toads showed higher hematocrit values than highland toads, but their blood hemoglobin concentration and plasma solid concentration were not significantly different. 3. highland toads had smaller rbc size, higher corpusc ... | 1989 | 2575951 |
| [helminthological fauna of chilean anura]. | in this paper a list of the endoparasites described for the chilean frogs and toads is presented. also it is indicated the locality of the hosts, prevalence and intensity of the infection. nine species of parasites have been described; three trematodes: gorgoderina chilensis in rhinoderma darwinii, gorgoderina valdiviensis in caudiverbera caudiverbera, and rudolphitrema chilensis in eusophus roseus; two cestodes: ophiotaenia noei in c. caudiverbera, and baerietta chilensis in batrachyla taeniata ... | 1994 | 7654293 |
| hemoglobin affinity for oxygen in three subspecies of toads (bufo sp.) living at different altitudes. | blood oxygen affinity and red blood cell properties were measured in three subspecies of genus bufo: bufo spinulosus limensis, collected at sea level and at an average day temperature of 20 degrees c; bufo spinulosus trifolium, from 3100 m, average day temperature of 15 degrees c; and bufo spinulosus flavolineatus, from 4100 m, average day temperature of 10 degrees c. electrophoresis of the hemoglobin showed the same component in each of the three subspecies. at 20 degrees c the blood oxygen aff ... | 2000 | 11021305 |
| electron microscope observations on the fine structure of parietal cells. | an electron microscope study has been made of the structure of parietal cells in cats, dogs, and rats and of the cells lining the gastric glands of bufo spinulosus. it is characteristic of all these cells to contain numerous vesicles about 0.05 to 0.3 micro in size. in the mammalian parietal cells an intracellular system of canaliculi is also observed, which is much more complex in the rat than in the cat or dog. stimulation with histamine causes in the cat a very marked hypertrophy of the canal ... | 1960 | 13842039 |
| the in vivo effect of low body temperatures on the degree of polymerization of tubulin in brain and testes: a comparison among some species of vertebrates. | the tubulin of both brain and testes of the amphibian bufo spinulosus, leptodactylus ocellatus and odontophrynus occidentalis and of the fish salvelinus fontinalis were partially depolymerized when the animals were maintained on ice for 90 min. recovery of the animals at room temperature restored the normal degree of polymerization in both organs. the cerebral tubulin of the saurian phymatura palluma and of the mammalian myotis chiloensis instead, were not depolymerized in these conditions. the ... | 2002 | 2869871 |
| long-term monitoring of tropical alpine habitat change, andean anurans, and chytrid fungus in the cordillera vilcanota, peru: results from a decade of study. | the cordillera vilcanota in southern peru is the second largest glacierized range in the tropics and home to one of the largest high-alpine lakes, sibinacocha (4,860 m). here, telmatobius marmoratus (marbled water frog), rhinella spinulosa (andean toad), and pleurodema marmoratum (marbled four-eyed frog) have expanded their range vertically within the past century to inhabit newly formed ponds created by ongoing deglaciation. these anuran populations, geographically among the highest (5,200-5,40 ... | 2017 | 28261462 |
| body distribution of hannemania sp. (acari: leeuwenhoekiidae) in rhinella spinulosa, pleurodema bufonina, and pleurodema thaul from chile. | hannemania larvae are parasites of amphibians in north and south america. in chile, only one species of hannemania has been reported from batrachyla taeniata (banded wood frog). the objective of the study was to determine the abundance and body distribution of hannemania among three amphibians from antuco (biobío region, chile): pleurodema thaul (13 adults; chile four-eyed frog), pleurodema bufonina (5 adults; large four-eyed frog), and rhinella spinulosa (15 adults and 16 juveniles; warty toad) ... | 2016 | 27468033 |
| adaptation of the andean toad rhinella spinulosa (anura: bufonidae) at low temperatures: the role of glucose as cryoprotectant. | we studied the role of plasma glucose concentration on individuals of rhinella spinulosa in response to annual temperature variation and freezing temperatures. measurements and collection of toads were made every 2 mo for a period of 1 yr. to determine whether toads were exposed to low temperatures in their habitat, we proceeded with the study of operating temperatures (te). the measures of operating temperature were determined by using plaster models placed in the field, simulating the situatio ... | 2020 | 31390287 |
| effect of salinity on locomotor performance and thermal extremes of metamorphic andean toads (rhinella spinulosa) from monte desert, argentina. | rhinella spinulosa is distributed from peru to argentina (from 1200 to 5000 m elevation), inhabiting arid mountain valleys of the andes, characterized by salty soils. the variations in soil salinity, caused by high evapotranspiration of water, can create an osmotic constraint and high thermal oscillations for metamorphsed andean toad (r. spinulosa), affecting their thermoregulation and extreme thermal tolerances. we investigated the changes in thermal tolerance parameters (critical thermal maxim ... | 2018 | 29801627 |
| global gene expression analysis provides insight into local adaptation to geothermal streams in tadpoles of the andean toad rhinella spinulosa. | the anuran rhinella spinulosa is distributed along the andes range at altitudes that undergo wide daily and seasonal variation in temperature. one of the populations inhabits geothermal streams, a stable environment that influences life history traits such as the timing of metamorphosis. to investigate whether this population has undergone local adaptation to this unique habitat, we carried out transcriptome analyses in animals from two localities in two developmental stages (prometamorphic and ... | 2017 | 28512324 |
| thermal tolerance in the andean toad rhinella spinulosa (anura: bufonidae) at three sites located along a latitudinal gradient in chile. | rhinella spinulosa is one of the anuran species with the greatest presence in chile. this species mainly inhabits mountain habitats and is distributed latitudinally along the western slope of the andes range. these habitats undergo great temperature fluctuations, exerting pressure on the amphibian. to identify the physiological strategies and thermal behavior of this species, we analyzed the temperature variables ctmin, ctmax, ttr, τheat, and τcool in individuals of three sites from a latitudina ... | 2016 | 27503738 |
| thermal ecology of the post-metamorphic andean toad (rhinella spinulosa) at elevation in the monte desert, argentina. | rhinella spinulosa is an anuran toad species distributed latitudinal and altitudinal (1200-5000m) from peru to argentina, inhabiting mountain valleys in the andes. considering the broad range of habitats where they live, it is important to understand the thermal physiological mechanisms, thermal tolerances and physiological adaptations for surviving in rigorous environments. we investigated the thermal parameters (field body temperature, selected body temperature, locomotor performance in field ... | 2015 | 26267498 |
| validation of a cheap and simple nondestructive method for obtaining aflps and dna sequences (mitochondrial and nuclear) in amphibians. | the use of nondestructive methods for obtaining dna from amphibians (e.g. buccal swabs) allows genetic studies to be performed without affecting the survival of the studied individuals. in this study, we compared two methods of nondestructive dna sampling, buccal swabs and interdigital membrane or toe-clipping, in several amphibian species of different size: rhinella spinulosa, r. atacamensis, six species of the genus telmatobius and pleurodema thaul. we evaluated the integrity of the dna extrac ... | 2012 | 22978706 |
| the effect of short- and long-term fasting on digestive and metabolic flexibility in the andean toad, bufo spinulosus. | hibernation in ectothermic animals was historically considered as a simple cold-induced torpor state resulting from the inability to maintain a high body temperature at low ambient temperatures. during the last decades this vision changed and nowadays there is a myriad of studies showing that hibernation implies different adjustments at the genetic, molecular, biochemical and cellular levels. however, studies oriented to evaluate changes of whole organism structure and physiology still are scarc ... | 2009 | 19561206 |
| effect of uv-b exposure on eggs and embryos of patagonian anurans and evidence of photoprotection. | in patagonia, enhanced levels of ultraviolet radiation (uvr) are affecting not only the southernmost territories but the northern as well, and there is a growing body of evidence indicating effects on terrestrial and aquatic communities. anurans occur along a wide geographical gradient in patagonia and are common in shallow waters, usually breeding during spring when seasonal uv-b radiation is at its highest level. in this paper we analyse the effective irradiances (i) experienced in nature by e ... | 2006 | 16890978 |
| digestive morphology and enzyme activity in the andean toad bufo spinulosus: hard-wired or flexible physiology? | gut plasticity is a trait with implications on animal performance. however, and despite their importance as study models in physiology, research on gut flexibility in amphibians is scarce. in the present work, we analyse digestive adjustments of bufo spinulosus adult individuals to cope with changes in diet quality and quantity at two organizational levels (i.e., digestive morphology and enzymes). we found that changes in gut size are related to the amount of food ingested, but not to diet compo ... | 2005 | 15748855 |
| behavioural thermoregulation of the andean toad (bufo spinulosus) at high altitudes. | the body temperature of free-ranging andean toadsbufo spinulosus was measured either directly or radiotelemetrically during two 15-day periods at 3200 m elevation in the mantaro valley, central perú. all toads attempted to maintain their diurnal sum of body temperature within a narrow range. consequently thermoregulatory behaviour differed according to cloud cover and precipitation. if the sky was clear, toads emerged from their hiding place and exposed themselves to solar radiation during 3-5 h ... | 1989 | 23494342 |
| class i retinal ganglion cells in the toad, bufo spinulosus. | | 1980 | 7434590 |
| a histochemical study of adenosine triphosphatase in the toad (bufo spinulosus) gastric mucosa. | | 1970 | 4246362 |