| the vh8 locus of a new gene-for-gene interaction between venturia inaequalis and the wild apple malus sieversii is closely linked to the vh2 locus in malus pumila r12740-7a. | the wild apple (malus sieversii) is a large-fruited species from central asia, which is used as a source of scab resistance in cultivar breeding. phytopathological tests with races of venturia inaequalis were performed to differentiate scab-resistance genes in malus as well as an avirulence gene in the pathogen. a novel gene-for-gene interaction between v. inaequalis and malus was identified. the locus of the scab-resistance gene vh8 is linked with, or possibly allelic to, that of the vh2 gene i ... | 2005 | 15869661 |
| rootstock effects on gene expression patterns in apple tree scions. | like many fruit trees, apple trees (malus pumila) do not reproduce true-to-type from seed. desirable cultivars are clonally propagated by grafting onto rootstocks that can alter the characteristics of the scion. for example, the m.7 emla rootstock is semi-dwarfing and reduces the susceptibility of the scion to erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease. in contrast, the m.9 t337 rootstock is dwarfing and does not alter fire blight susceptibility of the scion. this study represent ... | 2003 | 15010615 |
| influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphate fertilization on shoot apical growth of micropropagated apple and plum rootstocks. | we studied the effects of phosphate fertilization and inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi glomus mosseae (nicol. and gerd.) gerdmann and trappe, glomus intraradices schenck and smith or glomus viscosum nicolson on shoot apical growth of plantlets that had been micropropagated from mm 106 apple (malus pumila l.) and mr.s. 2/5 plum (prunus cerasifera ehrh.) rootstocks. unfertilized and non-mycorrhizal plantlets showed no apical growth during the post in vitro acclimation phase, where ... | 1996 | 14871682 |
| transgene expression in the vegetative tissues of apple driven by the vascular-specific rolc and coymv promoters. | the ability of the heterologous promoters, rolcp and coymvp, to drive expression of the gusa reporter gene in the vegetative tissues of apple (malus pumila mill.) has been studied using transgenic plants produced by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. replicate plants of each transgenic clone were propagated in soil to a uniform size and samples of leaf, petiole, stem, and root were taken for the measurement of beta-glucuronidase (gus) activity by fluorometric assay. the levels of expression ... | 2003 | 12885161 |
| evidence for inversion polymorphism related to sympatric host race formation in the apple maggot fly, rhagoletis pomonella. | evidence suggests that the apple maggot, rhagoletis pomonella (diptera: tephritidae) is undergoing sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence without geographic isolation) in the process of shifting and adapting to a new host plant. prior to the introduction of cultivated apples (malus pumila) in north america, r. pomonella infested the fruit of native hawthorns (crataegus spp.). however, sometime in the mid-1800s the fly formed a sympatric race on apple. the recently derived apple-infesting race sh ... | 2003 | 12663534 |
| species association among predaceous and phytophagous apple mites (acari: eriophyidae, phytoseiidae, stigmaeidae, tetranychidae). | predator-predator, predator-prey, and prey-prey associations among nine species of mites were studied in a plot of 100 'red delicious' apple (malus pumila miller) trees from 1990 to 1997. in 1990, seven-year-old trees were inoculated with panonychus ulmi (koch), tetranychus urticae koch (acari: tetranychidae) or both, and sprayed with azinphosmethyl (alone or plus endosulfan), or nothing. the species zetzellia mali (ewing) (acari: stigmaeidae), amblyseius andersoni chant (acari: phytoseiidae), e ... | 2001 | 11513362 |
| experimental studies on antirheumatic crude drugs used in saudi traditional medicine. | a large number of herbal drugs are used in the traditional medicine of saudi arabia for the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, gout and other forms of inflammation. in the present study seven of these crude drugs, namely francoeuria crispa, hammada elegans, malus pumila, ruta chalepensis, smilax sarsaparilla, achillea fragrantissima and alpinia officinarum were tested against carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats. the plant materials were extracted with 96% ethanol. the dried extract w ... | 1989 | 2598777 |
| biological relevance of volatile organic compounds emitted during the pathogenic interactions between apple plants and erwinia amylovora. | volatile organic compounds emitted during the infection of apple (malus pumila var. domestica) plants by erwinia amylovora or pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry, and used to treat uninfected plants. infected plants showed a disease-specific emission of volatile organic compounds, including several bio-active compounds, such as hexenal isomers and 2,3-butanediol. leaf growth promotion and a higher r ... | 2016 | 27862864 |
| eradication of propionibacterium acnes biofilms by plant extracts and putative identification of icariin, resveratrol and salidroside as active compounds. | propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive bacterium that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. this organism is capable of biofilm formation and the decreased antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilm-associated cells may hamper efficient treatment. in addition, the prolonged use of systemic antibiotic therapy is likely to lead to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. in the present study we investigated whether p. acnes biofilms could be eradicated by pl ... | 2012 | 22305279 |
| malus pumila 'spy 227' and apple stem pitting virus: graft incompatibility and epinasty. | apple stem pitting foveavirus (aspv) is one of the most important and widespread virus infecting apples in the world. of late, the virus has been found to be invariably associated with most of the apple plantations of shimla district of himachal pradesh based on das-elisa results. bioassay of viruses in vegetatively propagated crops including apple is considered to be an essential component in indexing programmes for the production of virus free propagating material. woody indicator malus pumila ... | 2015 | 26436128 |
| genetic transformation of apple (malus pumila mill.) using a disarmed ti-binary vector. | the disamed ti-binary vector pbin 6 in agrobacterium tumefaciens has been used in leaf disc transfomations to produce transgenic apple (malus pumila mill.) plants with a nomal phenotype except for a somewhat reduced capacity to root. the presence of the genes for nopaline synthase and neomycin phosphotrans ferase (conferring kanamycin resistance), inserted into the host genome by the vector, was confirmed by southern blot analysis, the detection of nopaline synthase activity and rooting in the p ... | 1989 | 24240455 |
| loss of autumn colors under domestication: a byproduct of selection for fruit flavor? | according to the coevolution hypothesis the red autumn leaves of certain tree species are a warning signal towards insects that lay their eggs on the trees. a recent study has shown that red leaves are common in wild varieties of apple (malus pumila) but not in cultivated varieties. this suggests that autumn colors have been lost during domestication due to relaxed selection against insects. the few varieties with red leaves have small fruits, similar to their wild ancestors, which shows that th ... | 2009 | 19847099 |
| susceptibility of oriental fruit moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) to two pyrethroids and a proposed diagnostic dose of esfenvalerate for field detection of resistance. | laboratory colonies of oriental fruit moth, grapholita molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), were reared on 'gala' apples (malus pumila mill.) and lima bean (phaseolus lunatus l.) diet. neonates were placed on wheat germ diet containing a range of concentrations of esfenvalerate or lambda-cyhalothrin; mortality was assessed after 96 h. for a long-term laboratory colony, lc50 values of esfenvalerate and lambda-cyhalothrin were 0.35 and 0.12 ppm, respectively, for progeny of insects reared o ... | 2011 | 21735926 |
| freshwater toxic cyanobacteria induced dna damage in apple (malus pumila), rape (brassica napus) and rice (oryza sativa). | cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems can present a harmful effect on growth and development of plants through irrigation with contaminated water. in this study, the effects of microcystins (mcs)-containing cyanobacteria extract (ce) on dna damage of apple, rape and rice were investigated to explore the phytotoxic mechanism of mcs through dna fragmentation and rapd analysis. determination of dna fragmentation by fluorescent dye dapi showed that significant dna damage was observed in rice seedli ... | 2011 | 21497440 |
| estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of phloridzin. | phloridzin, a phloretin 2'-beta-d-glucoside, belongs to dihydrochalcones and mainly exists in the fruits of malus pumila mill., lithocarpus polystachyus rehd and the root skins, stems, tender leaves and fruits of malus hupehensis. it has many pharmacological activities, such as regulating blood sugar level and blood pressure, protecting heart, scavenging of oxygen free radicals and antioxidant injuries. thus, market demand of products containing phloridzin is increasing year by year. our researc ... | 2010 | 20410591 |
| bioaccumulation of microcystin and its oxidative stress in the apple (malus pumila). | the bioaccumulation and harmful effects of microcystins (mcs) and the activity of peroxidase (pod) and superoxide dismutase (sod) were examined in the apple (malus pumila) exposed in vitro with the crude extract of toxic cyanobacterial blooms from dianchi lake in southwestern china. the results showed that the growth and proliferation of m. pumila shoots in vitro decreased markedly after exposure to microcystins above 0.3 microg/ml. recovered microcystins determined by enzyme-linked immunosorben ... | 2010 | 20052542 |
| apple procyanidins induced vascular relaxation in isolated rat aorta through no/cgmp pathway in combination with hyperpolarization by multiple k+ channel activations. | apple (malus pumila) procyanidins led to a potent vasorelaxation effect in 1.0 microm phenylephrine-contractive rat thoracic aorta. relaxation was greatly reduced by 70 mm kcl as well as by removal of the endothelium, suggesting that it was associated with endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. neither camp synthesis inhibition nor nad(p)h oxidase inhibition abolished the effect. in contrast, complete abolition by a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor revealed that apple procyanidins were mainl ... | 2009 | 19809179 |
| acaricidal properties of spinosad against tetranychus urticae and panonychus ulmi (acari: tetranychidae). | laboratory bioassays were conducted to characterize the activity of the insecticide spinosad against the twospotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae koch, and european red mite, panonychus ulmi (koch) (acari: tetranychidae). t. urticae females and larvae were individually placed on bean, phaseolus vulgaris l. (fabaceae), leaf disks treated with four rates of spinosad (25, 55, 121, and 266 ppm) and a water control. significantly fewer t. urticae completed development on any spinosad rates (<15%) ... | 2006 | 16813320 |
| units of freezing of deep supercooled water in woody xylem. | the low temperature exotherms (lte) of 1-year-old twigs of haralson apple (malus pumila mill.), shagbark hickory (carya ovata [mill.] k. koch), green ash (fraxinus pennsylvanica marsh), honey locust (gleditsia triacanthos l.), american chestnut (castanea dentata [marsh] borkh.), and red oak (quercus rubra l.) were determined by differential thermal analysis (dta). in one type of experiment freezing during a dta experiment was halted for up to 2.5 hours after part of the supercooled water had fro ... | 1980 | 16661390 |
| nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination: comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the north china plain. | the annual nitrogen (n) budget and groundwater nitrate-n concentrations were studied in the field in three major intensive cropping systems in shandong province, north china. in the greenhouse vegetable systems the annual n inputs from fertilizers, manures and irrigation water were 1358, 1881 and 402 kg n ha(-1) on average, representing 2.5, 37.5 and 83.8 times the corresponding values in wheat (triticum aestivum l.)-maize (zea mays l.) rotations and 2.1, 10.4 and 68.2 times the values in apple ... | 2006 | 16364521 |
| an alcohol acyl transferase from apple (cv. royal gala), mpaat1, produces esters involved in apple fruit flavor. | apple flavor is characterized by combinations of ester compounds, which increase markedly during fruit ripening. the final step in ester biosynthesis is catalyzed by alcohol acyl transferases (aats) that use coenzyme a (coa) donors together with alcohol acceptors as substrates. the gene mpaat1, which produces a predicted protein containing features of other plant acyl transferases, was isolated from malus pumila (cv. royal gala). the mpaat1 gene is expressed in leaves, flowers and fruit of apple ... | 2005 | 15955071 |
| dissipation behavior of propargite--an acaricide residues in soil, apple (malus pumila) and tea (camellia sinensis). | propargite, recently introduced in india, is an effective acaricide on a large number of crops most of which are consumed by human beings directly or after processing. therefore, it has become important to check the dissipation behavior of propargite in edible raw commodities, processed products and in the environment. in the present study, dissipation of residue of this acaricide in soil, apple fruit and tea (green tea leaves, manufactured tea, infusion and spent leaves) was studied. analysis w ... | 2005 | 15621197 |
| induction of apoptosis by three types of procyanidin isolated from apple (rosaceae malus pumila) in human stomach cancer kato iii cells. | we have investigated the effects of three types of procyanidin isolated from apple (rosaceae malus pumila) on dna of human stomach cancer kato iii cells. induction of apoptosis by these procyanidins was observed in human stomach cancer kato iii cells. morphological changes showing apoptotic bodies were observed in the kato iii cells treated with procyanidins. the fragmentation of dna by procyanidins to oligonucleosomal-sized fragments, a characteristic of apoptosis, was observed to be concentrat ... | 2004 | 15138614 |
| integrated assessment of climate change impact on surface runoff contamination by pesticides. | pesticide transport by surface runoff depends on climate, agricultural practices, topography, soil characteristics, crop type, and pest phenology. to accurately assess the impact of climate change, these factors must be accounted for in a single framework by integrating their interaction and uncertainty. this article presents the development and application of a framework to assess the impact of climate change on pesticide transport by surface runoff in southern québec (canada) for the 1981-2040 ... | 2016 | 26331624 |
| asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones to chiral alcohols catalyzed by plants tissue. | as an important organic compound, chiral alcohols are the key chiral building blocks to many single enantiomer pharmaceuticals. asymmetric reduction of the corresponding prochiral ketones to produce the chiral alcohols by biocatalysis is one of the most promising routes. asymmetric reduction of different kinds of non-natural prochiral ketones catalyzed by various plants tissue was studied in this work. acetophenone, 4'-chloroacetophenone and ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate were chosen as the model su ... | 2008 | 18548304 |
| [optimum soil water supply range of malus pumila]. | by means of the determination of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of the leaves of seven-year field and two-year spotted malus pumila (goldspur) under different soil water contents and illumination and calculation of water use efficiency (wue), the optimum soil water supply range of malus pumila was determined. the results showed that because photosynthetic advantageous radiation (par) and soil water content (swc) decided the value of photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of g ... | 2003 | 14733015 |
| in situ identification of labile precursor compounds and their short-lived intermediates in plants using in vivo nanospray high-resolution mass spectrometry. | many secondary metabolites in plants are labile compounds which under environmental stress, are difficult to detect and track due to the lack of rapid in situ identification techniques, making plant metabolomics research difficult. therefore, developing a reliable analytical method for rapid in situ identification of labile compounds and their short-lived intermediates in plants is of great importance. | 2016 | 27313155 |
| cloning, expression, and characterization of sorbitol transporters from developing sour cherry fruit and leaf sink tissues. | the acyclic polyol sorbitol is a primary photosynthetic product and the principal photosynthetic transport substance in many economically important members of the family rosaceace (e.g. almond [prunus dulcis (p. mill.) d.a. webber], apple [malus pumila p. mill.], cherry [prunus spp.], peach [prunus persica l. batsch], and pear [pyrus communis]). to understand key steps in long-distance transport and particularly partitioning and accumulation of sorbitol in sink tissues, we have cloned two sorbit ... | 2003 | 12692316 |
| transgene expression driven by heterologous ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small-subunit gene promoters in the vegetative tissues of apple (malus pumila mill.). | it is desirable that the expression of transgenes in genetically modified crops is restricted to the tissues requiring the encoded activity. to this end, we have studied the ability of the heterologous ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) small-subunit (ssu) gene promoters, rbcs3cp (0.8 kbp) from tomato (hycopersion esculentum mill.) and srs1p (1.5 kbp) from soybean (glycine max [h.] mers.), to drive expression of the beta-glucuronidase (gusa) marker gene in apple (malus pum ... | 2000 | 10664129 |
| intra- and interspecific competition and host race formation in the apple maggot fly, rhagoletis pomonella (diptera: tephritidae). | intra- and interspecific resource competition are potentially important factors affecting host plant use by phytophagous insects. in particular, escape from competitors could mediate a successful host shift by compensating for decreased feeding performance on a new plant. here, we examine the question of host plant-dependent competition for apple (malus pumila)- and hawthorn (crataegus mollis)-infesting larvae of the apple maggot fly, rhagoletis pomonella (diptera: tephritidae) at a field site n ... | 1995 | 28306956 |
| visualization of plant cell walls by atomic force microscopy. | atomic force microscopy has been used to visualize the ultrastructure of hydrated plant cell wall material from prepared apple (malus pumila mill; cox orange pippin), water chestnut (eleocharis dulcis l.), potato (solanum tuberosum l.; bintje), and carrot (daucus carota l.; amsterdamse bak) parenchyma. samples of cell wall material in aqueous suspension were deposited onto freshly cleaved mica. excess water was blotted away and the moist samples were imaged in air at ambient temperature and humi ... | 1996 | 8785273 |
| validation of a radioimmunoassay for (+)-abscisic acid in extracts of apple and sweet-pepper tissue using high-pressure liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | a radioimmunoassay for (+)-abscisic acid (aba) was developed and applied to the analysis of free aba in extracts of apple (malus pumila mill.) and sweet pepper (capsicum annuum l.) leaves at various stages during extract purification. conjugates of aba, were quantified after alkaline hydrolysis. the validity of the radioimmunoassay was tested by comparison of immunoassay estimates of aba at different levels of extract purity with high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) and combined gas chroma ... | 1985 | 24240962 |
| oral administration of apple condensed tannins delays rheumatoid arthritis development in mice via downregulation of t helper 17 (th17) cell responses. | apples are known to contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds such as condensed tannins. consumption of condensed tannins has been reported to reduce the risk of many types of chronic diseases including allergies. however, their therapeutic effectiveness and potential in treating autoimmune disease remain controversial. here, the effect of oral administration of apple condensed tannins (act) prepared from apples (malus pumila cv. fuji) on bovine type ii collagen (cii)-induced arthritis i ... | 2015 | 25917233 |
| isolation and structure elucidation of tetrameric procyanidins from unripe apples (malus pumila cv. fuji) by nmr spectroscopy. | procyanidins are plant secondary metabolites widely consumed and known to have various physiological functions, but their bioavailability and mechanism of action are still unclear especially for larger oligomers. one of the reasons is scarce information about the detailed structure of oligomeric procyanidins. as for apple, structures of procyanidin components larger than trimers are scarcely known. in this study, 11 tetrameric procyanidins including two known compounds were isolated from unripe ... | 2012 | 22889530 |
| low temperature, but not photoperiod, controls growth cessation and dormancy induction and release in apple and pear. | in contrast to most temperate woody species, apple and pear and some other woody species of the rosaceae family are insensitive to photoperiod, and no alternative environmental seasonal signal is known to control their dormancy. we studied growth and dormancy induction in micropropagated plants of four apple (malus pumila mill.) and one pear (pyrus communis l.) commercial rootstock cultivars in controlled environments. the results confirm that growth cessation and dormancy induction in apple and ... | 2005 | 15519992 |
| programmed cell death features in apple suspension cells under low oxygen culture. | suspension-cultured apple fruit cells (malus pumila mill. cv. braeburn) were exposed to a low oxygen atmosphere to test whether programmed cell death (pcd) has a role in cell dysfunction and death under hypoxic conditions. protoplasts were prepared at various times after low oxygen conditions were established, and viability tested by triple staining with fluorescein diacetate (fda), propidium iodide (pi) and hoechst33342 (ho342). dna breakdown and phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membra ... | 2004 | 14674023 |
| [the measurement of iaa oxidase in "ping guo li" leaves]. | iaa oxidase activity during the fruit bud differentiation of "ping guo li" in leaves measured by uv-vis method was studied. the method is less sample, simple operation and high sensitivity. the test of recovery and repetition shows that both the precision and accuracy accord with the demands. | 2001 | 12958909 |
| sonication inhibited browning but decreased polyphenols contents and antioxidant activity of fresh apple (malus pumila mill, cv. red fuji) juice. | enzyme browning is the main challenge in the preparation of fresh apple juice. the influence of sonication on browning, as well as polyphenols and antioxidant activity of fresh apple juice was investigated. it was found that ultrasound can inhibit the browning of fresh apple (malus pumila mill, cv. red fuji) juice, but decreased the contents of total phenolic content (tpc), total flavonoid content (tfc) and chlorogenic acid and reduced the antioxidant activity. on the whole, ultrasound technolog ... | 2015 | 26604412 |
| annurca peel extract: from the chemical composition, through the functional activity, to the formulation and characterisation of a topical oil-in-water emulsion. | the aim of this study was to produce a hydro-alcoholic safe antioxidant malus pumila miller cv annurca peel extract (ape) useful as functional ingredient in an oil-in-water emulsion. results showed that ape contains a hydroxycinnamic acid (chlorogenic acid), flavonol glycosides (quercetin derivatives) and a dihydrochalcone, phloridzin (phloretin-2-o-glucoside). the isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-o-glucoside) content was quantified in 0.3% w/w of extract. ape showed a significant and concentration-de ... | 2016 | 26211432 |
| ethnomedicinal uses of edible wild fruits (ewfs) in swat valley, northern pakistan. | this study documents the ethno-pharmacological importance of edible wild fruits (ewfs) resource in the wild floral emporium of swat, khyber pakhtunkhwa northern pakistan. this is imitated in the great diversity of plants used for medicinal purposes as well as in their wide range of therapeutic applications. | 2015 | 26209297 |
| intercropping competition between apple trees and crops in agroforestry systems on the loess plateau of china. | agroforestry has been widely practiced in the loess plateau region of china because of its prominent effects in reducing soil and water losses, improving land-use efficiency and increasing economic returns. however, the agroforestry practices may lead to competition between crops and trees for underground soil moisture and nutrients, and the trees on the canopy layer may also lead to shortage of light for crops. in order to minimize interspecific competition and maximize the benefits of tree-bas ... | 2013 | 23936246 |
| cytokinin-like activity of n,n'-diphenylureas. n,n'-bis-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea and n,n'-bis-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea enhance adventitious root formation in apple rootstock m26 (malus pumila mill.). | vegetative propagation of cuttings is a widespread method to multiplicate plants. adventitious root formation is a key step in vegetative propagation and considerable progress has recently been made in understanding root formation. but, in spite of the efforts made, no new rooting treatments have been developed. here, we report for the first time, that n,n'-bis-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea and n,n'-bis-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea enhance adventitious root formation in microcuttings of malus ... | 2001 | 11297803 |
| assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated apple rootstock plants, emla 111, using rapd markers. | emla 111(east malling long ashton), a clonal rootstock of apple (malus pumila mill.) was micropropagated using axillary bud and shoot apices. the present work was carried out to assess the genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd). ten arbitrary decamer primers have been used to amplify genomic dna from in vitro raised field material and mother plant. a total of 57 amplified products were obtained, out of which 53 were monomorphic across the mother ... | 2009 | 20099468 |
| photosynthesis of young apple trees in response to low sink demand under different air temperatures. | gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic end products and related enzymes in source leaves in response to low sink demand after girdling to remove the root sink were assessed in young apple trees (malus pumila) grown in two greenhouses with different air temperatures for 5 days. compared with the non-girdled control in the low-temperature greenhouse (diurnal maximum air temperature <32 degrees c), low sink demand resulted in lower net photosynthetic rate (p(n)), stomatal conductanc ... | 2010 | 20071359 |
| determination of pesticide residues in integrated pest management and nonintegrated pest management samples of apple (malus pumila mill.). | studies were undertaken to analyze the residues of commonly used pesticides viz. chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, dicofol, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, propargite, malathion, phorate, carbendazim, carbosulfan, thiamethoxam, and mancozeb in apple of integrated pest management (ipm) and non-ipm samples collected from the ipm and non-ipm fields of shimla. we also present a method for the determination of these pesticides in apple samples. residues of chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, dicofol, cypermethrin, fenvaler ... | 2009 | 19904932 |
| physiological dissection of blue and red light regulation of apical dominance and branching in m9 apple rootstock growing in vitro. | this paper presents the results of the interaction of red light (r) with blue light (b), applied to shoots of m9 apple (malus pumila paradisiaca schmid) rootstock, on the regulation of stem growth, apical dominance and branching. these results are compared with the active form of phytochromes (phys) under monochromatic and dichromatic light treatments. the inhibition of internode elongation was determined by phy photoequilibrium, with the additional effect of b, by means of a separate photorecep ... | 2008 | 18423933 |
| cultivars of apple fruits that are not marketed with potential for anthocyanin production. | the red coloration of apple skin is mainly due to anthocyanins that are reported to possess health benefits. the aim of the present study was to determine the anthocyanin content in three underutilized malus pumila mill cultivars, cranberry, kerr, and niedzwetzkyana, and confirm their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. our analysis revealed that the three cultivars studied contained primarily cyanidin-3-o-glucosyl rutinoside (1) at >99%. the anthocyanin was purified by c-18 medium pre ... | 2007 | 17822290 |
| analysis of genomic dnas from nine rosaceae species using surface-enhanced raman scattering. | surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) of genomic dna was used to determine genetic relationships and species identification of nine plants from three subfamilies of rosaceae. genomic dna was extracted, and the sers spectra were obtained by using a nanosilver collosol at an excitation wavelength of 785 nm. adenine and ribodesose were the active sites of genomic dnas in the silver surface-enhanced raman spectra. the strong peak at 714 cm(-1) was assigned to the stretching vibration of adenine, ... | 2015 | 26555541 |
| apple (malus pumila) procyanidins fractionated according to the degree of polymerization using normal-phase chromatography and characterized by hplc-esi/ms and maldi-tof/ms. | our previously reported method for the fractionation of apple procyanidins was modified successfully to achieve the separation of (epi)catechins and procyanidins (ranging from dimers to octamers) according to the degree of polymerization. normal-phase chromatography was employed, using a hexane-methanol-ethyl acetate mixture as the mobile phase. each fraction was characterized using high-performance liquid-chromatography electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (hplc-esi/ms) and matrix-assisted ... | 2006 | 16313915 |
| [analysis of leave ftir of nine kinds of plants from rosaceae with genetic relationship]. | leaves of nine kinds of plants from three subfamily of rosaceae were used as materials. genetic relationship was analyzed and species were identified through studying ftir of nine kinds of plants. leaves mainly contain large amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other substances. the peaks of carbohydrates are mainly between 1440 and 775 cm(-1). the vibration peaks of the cellulose and lignin are between 1440 and 1337 cm(-1). the peaks between 1000 and 775 cm(-1) are stre ... | 2014 | 24822398 |
| surfactant mediated extraction of total phenolic contents (tpc) and antioxidants from fruits juices. | the aim of this study was to enhance the extraction of total phenolic contents (tpc) and antioxidants from fruit juices by the application of surfactants formulations instead of conventional solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone). a variety of fruit infusions: apple red delicious (apple (rd)) (malus domestica), mcintosh apple (apple (i)) (malus pumila), sweet lemon (citrus limetta) and mango (magnifera indica) were studied. effect of water, organic solvents and five different aqueous surfactan ... | 2015 | 25952870 |
| the effect of prior adult experience on components of habitat preference in the apple maggot fly (rhagoletis pomonella). | numerous authors have suggested that genetic subdivision within a population in a heterogeneous environment is more likely if individuals tend, through prior experience, to breed in the same habitat in which they developed. under semi-field conditions we demonstrate that prior adult experience alters habitat preference in the apple maggot fly, rhagoletis pomonella (tephritidae), a frugivorous parasitic insect thought to have undergone sympatric divergence in host use in historical times. females ... | 1988 | 28312404 |
| morphological variation in xiphinema spp. from new york orchards. | xiphinema specimens were collected from orchards in southeastern, northeastern, and western new york. total length, distance of vulva from anterior end, spear length (odontostyle plus odontophore), body diameter at vulva, tail length, anal body diameter, and length and diameter of hyaline tail tip were measured on fixed, glycerol-infiltrated adult females. most specimens were identified as x. americanum or x. rivesi, but one western new york population was identified as x. californicum (a new re ... | 1988 | 19290184 |
| annurca (malus pumila miller cv. annurca) apple as a functional food for the contribution to a healthy balance of plasma cholesterol levels: results of a randomized clinical trial. | recent human studies have evaluated the effect of daily apple consumption on plasma cholesterol level, which is recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (cvd). nevertheless, slightly significant effects have been generally registered although consuming more than two apples a day for several weeks. | 2017 | 27571713 |
| characterization of nine polyphenols in fruits of malus pumila mill by high-performance liquid chromatography. | polyphenols are important bioactive substances in apple. to explore the profiles of the nine representative polyphenols in this fruit, a high-performance liquid chromatography method has been established and validated. the validated method was successfully applied for the simultaneous characterization and quantification of these nine apple polyphenols in 11 apple extracts, which were obtained from six cultivars from shaanxi province, china. the results showed that only abscission of the fuji app ... | 2016 | 28911581 |
| root and stem hydraulic conductivity as determinants of growth potential in grafted trees of apple (malus pumila mill.). | the anatomy of the graft tissue between a rootstock and its shoot (scion) can provide a mechanistic explanation of the way dwarfing malus rootstocks reduce shoot growth. considerable xylem tissue disorganization may result in graft tissue having a low hydraulic conductivity (k(h)), relative to the scion stem. the graft may influence the movement of substances in the xylem such as ions, water and plant-growth-regulating hormones. measurements were made on 3-year-old apple trees with a low-pressur ... | 2003 | 12654873 |
| effects of pichia guilliermondii and hot air treatment on the postharvest preservation of red fuji apple quality attributes. | the effects of individual and combined pichia guilliermondii (at 1 × 108 cfu ml-1) and hot air (at 38°c for 96 h) treatments on the three major postharvest diseases botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum, and colletotrichum gloeosporioides, as well as the quality and antioxidant content of red fuji ( malus pumila var. domestica) apple fruit, were investigated in this work. results suggested that the combined hot air and antagonistic yeast ( p. guilliermondii) treatment effectively and completely ... | 2018 | 29315028 |
| penetration of chemicals into the malus leaf cuticle : an ultrastructural analysis. | the adaxial leaf cuticle of malus pumila was examined by electron microscopy to determine possible avenues for transcuticular movement of foliarly applied chemicals. cutin-embedded polysaccharide microfibrils originated at the outer epidermal cell wall and occasionally extended to the cuticle surface. lamellae, ca. 4 nm wide, usually were oriented parallel to the cuticle surface. when oriented perpendicular to the surface, they extended nearly to the subjacent wall layer from the surface. aqueou ... | 1979 | 24311030 |
| chemical changes in cutin obtained from cuticles isolated by the zinc chloride-hydrochloric acid method. | the composition of malus pumila mill. cutin from cuticles isolated using zncl(2)-hcl reagent has been compared to that isolated by an oxalate-enzymic method. molecular changes were observed and included the loss of unsaturated components and hydroxyl groups. such changes may alter the results of physiochemical investigations of cuticles. | 1978 | 16660616 |
| biosynthesis of hydroxyfatty acid polymers. enzymatic hydration of 18-hydroxy-cis-9,10-epoxystearic acid to threo 9,10,18-trihydroxystearic acid by a particulate preparation from apple (malus pumila). | | 1975 | 240326 |
| effects of carbon dioxide on activity of apple mitochondria. | effects of co(2) on mitochondrial activity of apple (malus pumila mill. var. richared delicious) were studied in two ways. immediate effects were determined by imposing 3 to 18% co(2)-bicarbonate mixtures on isolated apple mitochondria, and long term effects were determined by extracting mitochondria from apples that had been stored for intervals in atmospheres containing 6 or 12% co(2) plus 3% o(2). the co(2)-bicarbonate systems had immediate and broad effects on mitochondrial oxidations: 18% c ... | 1973 | 16658473 |
| an automatic on-line 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-high performance liquid chromatography method for high-throughput screening of antioxidants from natural products. | many natural products are rich in antioxidants which play an important role in preventing or postponing a variety of diseases, such as cardiovascular and inflammatory disease, diabetes as well as breast cancer. in this paper, an automatic on-line 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-high performance liquid chromatography (dpph-hplc) method was established for antioxidants screening with nine standards including organic acids (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and benzoic acid), ... | 2017 | 28939230 |
| sensory specificity and speciation: a potential neuronal pathway for host fruit odour discrimination in rhagoletis pomonella. | behavioural changes in habitat or mate choice can trigger population divergence, leading to speciation. however, little is known about the neurological bases for such changes. rhagoletis pomonella (diptera: tephritidae) is a model for ecological speciation via host plant shifts. within the past 180 years, rhagoletis flies infesting hawthorn (crataegus spp.) shifted to attack domesticated apple (malus pumila). the two populations differ in their olfactory preferences for apple versus hawthorn fru ... | 2016 | 28003447 |
| [stimuli phrases of adductor spasmodic dysphonia phonatory break in mandarin chinese]. | to investigate the characteristics of adductor spasmodic dysphonia phonatory break in mandarin chinese and select the stimuli phrases. | 2015 | 27093810 |
| effects of double encapsulation and coating on synthetic seed conversion in m.26 apple rootstock. | encapsulated vitro-derived apical buds of m.26 apple rootstock (malus pumila mill) can be employed for the formation of the synthetic seed. satisfactory levels of conversion (plantlets from synthetic seed) can be achieved if there are adequate (i) rooting induction treatment, (ii) protocol of encapsulation, and (iii) nutritive and environmental conditions. for capsule manufacturing, sodium alginate is largely used; however, this is excessively permeable with loss of the nutritive substances (art ... | 2009 | 12022500 |
| effect of cryopreservation on apple genetic resources at morphological, chromosomal, and molecular levels. | shoot tips of three apple genotypes, namely, malus pumila cv. m26, gala, and hokkaido no. 9, were successfully cryopreserved using a modified encapsulation-dehydration method. as a result, in addition to a high survival rate and regeneration rate, the capacity of shoots regenerated from cryopreserved samples to root was enhanced. eight m26 single-bud sibling lines were used to assess genetic stability. although cytological examination revealed a ploidy difference in the noncryopreserved control, ... | 2001 | 11812050 |
| abscisic acid-specific binding sites in the flesh of developing apple fruit. | abscisic acid (aba) specific-binding sites localized in the cytosol were identified and characterized in the flesh of developing apple (malus pumila l. cv. starkrimon) fruit. aba binding activity was scarcely detectable in the microsomes but high aba binding activity in the cytosolic fraction was detected. the aba-binding sites possessed a protein nature with both active serine residues and thiol-groups of cysteine residues in their functional binding sites. aba binding was shown to be saturable ... | 2001 | 11604448 |
| investigation of dietary important components in selected red fleshed apples by gc-ms and lc-ms. | three red-fleshed apple cultivars (malus 'geneva': gfv-03, hungarian hybrid: gfv-04, malus pumila niedwetzkyana: gfv-05) were investigated for their chemical composition by shs-spme-gc-ms and hplc-dad-ms/ms analytical techniques. in cultivars gfv-03 and gfv-05 sesquiterpene α-farnesene were dominant while the alphatic esters were present mostly in traces. in gfv-04 - the new disease resistant advanced selection of the hungarian apple breeding program - hexanol and hexyl 2-methylbutanoate were pr ... | 2012 | 22565146 |
| procyanidins from apples (malus pumila mill.) extend the lifespan of caenorhabditis elegans. | apple polyphenols (ap) mainly consist of procyanidins (pc), which are composed of (-)-epicatechins and (+)-catechins. in order to investigate the antiageing effects of pc, we measured the lifespan of caenorhabditis elegans worms treated with pc. treatment with 65 µg/ml pc extended the mean lifespan of wild-type n2 and fem-1 worms by 12.1 % and 8.4 %, respectively, i.e., to a similar extent as resveratrol. in addition, treatment with 100 µg/ml ap also significantly prolonged the mean lifespan of ... | 2011 | 20717869 |
| osmyb4 expression improves adaptive responses to drought and cold stress in transgenic apples. | constitutive expression of the rice cold-inducible osmyb4 gene in transgenic arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants improves adaptive responses to cold and drought stress, most likely due to the constitutive activation of several stress-inducible pathways and to the accumulation of several compatible solutes (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose, proline, glycine betaine and some aromatic compounds). although the osmyb4 gene seems able to activate stress responsive pathways in different species, ... | 2008 | 18679687 |
| analyses of expressed sequence tags from apple. | the domestic apple (malus domestica; also known as malus pumila mill.) has become a model fruit crop in which to study commercial traits such as disease and pest resistance, grafting, and flavor and health compound biosynthesis. to speed the discovery of genes involved in these traits, develop markers to map genes, and breed new cultivars, we have produced a substantial expressed sequence tag collection from various tissues of apple, focusing on fruit tissues of the cultivar royal gala. over 150 ... | 2006 | 16531485 |
| retracted: long-term copper toxicity in apple trees (malus pumila mill) and bioaccumulation in fruits. published online on january 15, 2010 in wiley interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com; doi: 10.1002/tox.20565). | | 2010 | 20641129 |
| selective maintenance of allozyme differences among sympatric host races of the apple maggot fly. | whether phytophagous insects can speciate in sympatry when they shift and adapt to new host plants is a controversial question. one essential requirement for sympatric speciation is that disruptive selection outweighs gene flow between insect populations using different host plants. empirical support for host-related selection (i.e., fitness trade-offs) is scant, however. here, we test for host-dependent selection acting on apple (malus pumila)- and hawthorn (crataegus spp.)-infesting races of r ... | 1997 | 11038585 |
| a field test for host-plant dependent selection on larvae of the apple maggot fly, rhagoletis pomonella. | host-plant dependent fitness trade-offs refer to traits that enhance the performance of an insect on one plant species to its detriment on others. such trade-offs are central to models of sympatric speciation via host shifts, but have proven difficult to empirically demonstrate. here, we test for host-plant dependent selection on larvae of apple (malus pumila l.)- and hawthorn (crataegus mollis l. spp.)-infesting races of rhagoletis pomonella (walsh). samples of larvae were reared in the field a ... | 1999 | 28565200 |
| the effects of winter length on the genetics of apple and hawthorn races of rhagoletis pomonella (diptera: tephritidae). | host plant-associated fitness trade-offs are central to models of sympatric speciation proposed for certain phytophagous insects. but empirical evidence for such trade-offs is scant, which has called into question the likelihood of nonallopatric speciation. here, we report on the second in a series of studies testing for host-related selection on pupal life-history characteristics of apple- (malus pumila l.) and hawthorn- (crataegus mollis l. spp.) infesting races of the tephritid fruit fly, rha ... | 1997 | 28565109 |
| identification of catechin oligomers from apple (malus pumila cv. fuji) in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. | molecular size information for polymerized catechin larger than the decamer in unripe apple was obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry provided evidence for the pentadecamer using trans-3-indoleacrylic acid as the matrix in the presence of silver ion. even in the absence of silver ion, the dodecamer and undecamer were obser ... | 1997 | 9050260 |
| rhizogenesis in stem discs of malus pumila rootstock m9 "jork": i. hormonal and environmental effects on root induction and callus formation. | to establish a protocol suited for the molecular characterization of root induction the influences of explant position, etiolation state and orientation as well as temperature and light intensity on root and callus formation were investigated. depending on these factors stem discs of malus incubated on indole-3-butyric acid containing medium and subsequently on hormone-free medium regenerated roots and callus of "filamentous" and "smooth" texture to a varying extent. concentration and incubation ... | 1995 | 24186621 |
| purification and some properties of chlorogenic acid oxidase from apple (malus pumila). | chlorogenic acid oxidase was extensively purified to homogeneity from apple flesh (malus pumila cv. fuji). the enzyme was purified 470-fold, with a total yield close to 70% from the plastid fraction by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. the molecular weight was determined to be 65,000 by both sds-page and gel filtration chromatography. the optimum ph for the enzyme activity was around 4.0, and the enzyme was stable in the range of ph 6-8. the pi obtai ... | 1992 | 1369069 |
| the effect of storage of canned juices on content of the metals fe, cu, zn, pb, sn, al, cd, sb and ni. | the increase in concentration of iron, copper, zinc, lead, antimony, aluminium, cadmium, tin and nickel over a 2 year's time of juices of peach (prunus persica), pear (pyrus communis), apricot (prunus vulgaris) and apple (malus pumila) was determined. the results show a considerable increase in fe, cu, pb, zn and sn with time, while the change in al, cd, ni and sb is negligible. | 1990 | 2366854 |
| relationship between indole-3-acetic acid levels in apple (malus pumila mill) rootstocks cultured in vitro and adventitious root formation in the presence of indole-3-butyric acid. | in vitro rooting response and indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) levels were examined in two genetically related dwarfing apple (malus pumila mill) rootstocks. m.26 and m.9 were cultured in vitro using linsmaier-skoog medium supplemented with benzyladenine (ba), indole-3-butyric acid (iba), and 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (pg). rooting response was tested in lepoivre medium supplemented with iba and pg. iba concentrations of 12.0 and 4.0 micromolar induced the maximum rooting percentages for m.9 and m. ... | 1989 | 16666562 |
| [an epidemiological examination of pollinosis in an apple (malus pumila miller var. domestica schneider) and pear (pyrus serotina var. culta) growing district]. | | 1985 | 4091663 |
| adventitious embryogenesis and the in vitro culture of apple seed parts. | immature apple seeds from four scion cultivars, bramley, cox, greensleeves and spartan, and four rootstocks, m.9, m.25, m.26 and m.27 (malus púmila mill.), were collected at 30 and 50 days post-anthesis, dissected into nucellus, endosperm and zygotic embryo and cultured in vitro. the basal media of linsmaier and skoog (ls) and murashige and tucker (mt) were compared with hormone-containing media for their effects on adventitious embryogenesis, nucellus and endosperm callus formation and zygotic ... | 1984 | 23194578 |
| the hydrodynamic properties and kinetic constants with natural substrates of the esterase from malus pumila fruit. | 1. an esterase (ec 3.1.1.1) from malus pumila fruit was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulphate precipitation, absorption on hydroxyapatite, dye matrex affinity chromatography, s.300 sephacryl chromatography and wide-range isoelectric focusing. 2. kinetic constants of these preparations were established for a series of natural ester substrates. greatest apparent affinity was for acetate esters containing seven or eight-carbon skeletons and least for four-carbon skeletons. 3. the purified ... | 1982 | 7140752 |
| rapid increase in deep supercooling of xylem parenchyma. | malus pumila mill. twigs were collected from september through december and stored at 5 degrees c until the low temperature exotherms of the xylem were determined by differential thermal analysis. during the differential thermal analysis, cooling was interrupted, and temperatures of 5 to -18 degrees c were held for 0.4 to 10 hours before cooling to -50 degrees c was resumed. control twigs were cooled to -50 degrees c without interruption. holding the twigs at 1.3 to -5 degrees c shifted the star ... | 1982 | 16662278 |
| natural selection and sympatric divergence in the apple maggot rhagoletis pomonella. | in on the origin of species, darwin proposed that natural selection had a fundamental role in speciation. but this view receded during the modern synthesis when allopatric (geographic) models of speciation were integrated with genetic studies of hybrid sterility and inviability. the sympatric hypothesis posits that ecological specialization after a host shift can result in speciation in the absence of complete geographic isolation. the apple maggot, rhagoletis pomonella, is a model for sympatric ... | 2000 | 11048719 |
| wnt inhibitory activity of malus pumila miller cv annurca and malus domestica cv limoncella apple extracts on human colon-rectal cells carrying familial adenomatous polyposis mutations. | inhibitors of the wingless-related integration site (wnt)/β-catenin pathway have recently been under consideration as potential chemopreventive agents against familial adenomatous polyposis (fap). this autosomal-dominant syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the gene coding for the protein apc and leads to hyperactivation of the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, uncontrolled intestinal cell proliferation and formation of adenocarcinomas. the aim of the present work was to: (i) test, on in v ... | 2017 | 29156563 |
| retracted: long-term copper toxicity in apple trees (malus pumila mill) and bioaccumulation in fruits. | the following article from environmental toxicology, 'long-term copper toxicity in apple trees (malus pumila mill) and bioaccumulation in fruits' by bai-ye sun, shi- hong kan, yan-zong zhang, jun wu, shi-huai deng, chun-sheng liu and gang yang, published online on january 15, 2010 in wiley interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com; doi: 10.1002/tox.20565), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal editor in chief, dr. paul tchounwou, and wiley periodicals, inc. the retracti ... | 2010 | 20082444 |
| evidence from the domestication of apple for the maintenance of autumn colours by coevolution. | the adaptive value of autumn colours is still a puzzle for evolutionary biology. it has been suggested that autumn colours are a warning signal to insects that use the trees as a host. i show that aphids (dysaphis plantaginea) avoid apple trees (malus pumila) with red leaves in autumn and that their fitness in spring is lower on these trees, which suggests that red leaves are an honest signal of the quality of the tree as a host. autumn colours are common in wild populations but not among cultiv ... | 2009 | 19369261 |