| a census of mammal populations in punta leona private wildlife refuge, costa rica. | population sizes of six mammal species were estimated using the king method during the late dry season (march) of 1996 in the punta leona private wildlife refuge, costa rica. the white-faced monkey (cebus capucinus), coati (nasua narica) and nine-banded armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus) with 148, 46, and 8 sighted individuals, respectively, demonstrated the largest populations in the refuge. the central american spider monkey (ateles geoffroyi), tamandua anteater (tamandua mexicana), and variegat ... | 2002 | 12947599 |
| [feeding habits of the squirrel sciurus variegatoides (rodentia: sciuridae) in the nicoya peninsula, costa rica]. | food items consumed by the squirrel sciurus variegatoides atrirufus were determined in an agricultural setting in the nicoya peninsula (9 degrees 47' n, 84 degrees 56' w), costa rica, where two life zones (premontane moist forest basal belt transition, and tropical dry forest) predominate. by analyzing the gut contents of 120 squirrels, from february 1987 through january 1988, it was determined that coconut (cocos nucifera), indian almond (terminalia catappa) and flamboyant (delonix regia) were ... | 2006 | 18494334 |
| the effect of human development on mammal populations of the punta leona private wildlife refuge, costa rica. | the effect of human development on six diurnal mammal species was studied using transects in the punta leona private wildlife refuge, puntarenas, costa rica during the dry season months of march and april 2006. individuals/km was recorded for each species in more developed (md) (near paved roads, buildings, construction, or deforested trees) and less developed areas (ld) (secondary forest). the white-faced capuchin monkey (cebus capucinus) (n = 233), coatimundi (nasua narica) (n = 46), and centr ... | 2009 | 19637721 |
| beach almond (terminalia catappa, combretaceae) seed production and predation by scarlet macaws (ara macao) and variegated squirrels (sciurus variegatoides). | knowledge of ecological impacts of exotic beach almond (terminalia catappa) in the central pacific of costa rica are little known, but studies have found this species to be a potentially important food source for endangered scarlet macaws (ara macao). in this study, reproductive phenology and seed predation by variegated squirrels (sciurus variegatoides) and scarlet macaws were measured during march and april 2011 on beaches of central pacific coastal costa rica. seed productivity and predation ... | 2014 | 25412525 |
| multiple detection of zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 rna in different squirrel species suggests a possible unknown origin for the virus. | the recently discovered variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) caused the death of three squirrel breeders in germany. subsequent first screening of squirrels with in vivo collected swab samples and a vsbv-1-specific rt-qpcr revealed not only variegated squirrel infections (sciurus variegatoides), but also prevost's squirrels (callosciurus prevostii) as positive for vsbv-1 genome. in this study, 328 squirrels were tested using the established rt-qpcr assays. in 16 individual animals vsbv-1 rn ... | 2017 | 28593419 |
| variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 in squirrels, germany and the netherlands. | we screened squirrels in germany and the netherlands for the novel zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1). the detection of vsbv-1 in 11 squirrels indicates a considerable risk for transmission to humans handling those animals. therefore, squirrels in contact with humans should routinely be tested for vsbv-1. | 2017 | 28221112 |
| a variegated squirrel bornavirus associated with fatal human encephalitis. | between 2011 and 2013, three breeders of variegated squirrels (sciurus variegatoides) had encephalitis with similar clinical signs and died 2 to 4 months after onset of the clinical symptoms. with the use of a metagenomic approach that incorporated next-generation sequencing and real-time reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr), the presence of a previously unknown bornavirus was detected in a contact squirrel and in brain samples from the three patients. phylogene ... | 2015 | 26154788 |
| update on immunopathology of bornavirus infections in humans and animals. | knowledge on bornaviruses has expanded tremendously during the last decade through detection of novel bornaviruses and endogenous bornavirus-like elements in many eukaryote genomes, as well as by confirmation of insectivores as reservoir species for classical borna disease virus 1 (bodv-1). the most intriguing finding was the demonstration of the zoonotic potential of lethal human bornavirus infections caused by a novel bornavirus of different squirrel species (variegated squirrel 1 bornavirus, ... | 2020 | 32711729 |
| bornaviruses in naturally infected psittacus erithacus in portugal: insights of molecular epidemiology and ecology. | background: the genus orthobornavirus comprises non-segmented, negative-stranded rna viruses able to infect humans, mammals, reptiles and various birds. parrot bornavirus 1 to 8 (pabv-1 to 8) causes neurological and/or gastrointestinal syndromes and death on psittacines. we aimed to identify and to produce epidemiologic knowledge about the etiologic agent associated with a death of two female psittacus erithacus (grey parrot). methods and results: both parrots were submitted for a complete stand ... | 2019 | 31741722 |
| distribution of zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 in naturally infected variegated and prevost's squirrels. | recently, the zoonotic capacity of the newly discovered variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) was confirmed in humans with a lethal encephalitis. transmission to humans occurred by variegated and prevost's squirrels as presumed reservoir hosts but possible ways of virus shedding and the route of infection still need to be elucidated. thus, the tissue distribution of vsbv-1 antigen and rna was investigated in detail via immunohistochemistry (ihc) in six variegated and eight prevost's squirrel ... | 2019 | 31388038 |
| immunopathology of fatal human variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 encephalitis, germany, 2011-2013. | variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) is a zoonotic virus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans who are infected after contact with exotic squirrels. we analyzed the brain lesions and the immune responses in all 4 known human cases that showed panencephalitis. inflammatory infiltrates in areas positive for vsbv-1 rna and antigen consisted of cd4+ and cd8+ t cells, with perivascular b-cell accumulation. strong microglial response and bizarre astroglial expansion were present. areas of mala ... | 2019 | 31107210 |
| occupation-associated fatal limbic encephalitis caused by variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, germany, 2013. | limbic encephalitis is commonly regarded as an autoimmune-mediated disease. however, after the recent detection of zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 in a prevost's squirrel (callosciurus prevostii) in a zoo in northern germany, we retrospectively investigated a fatal case in an autoantibody-seronegative animal caretaker who had worked at that zoo. the virus had been discovered in 2015 as the cause of a cluster of cases of fatal encephalitis among breeders of variegated squirrels (sciurus ... | 2018 | 29774846 |
| first isolation, in-vivo and genomic characterization of zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) isolates. | the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1), a member of the family bornaviridae, was discovered in 2015 in a series of lethal human infections. it was detected in four squirrel breeders and one animal caretaker; four died due to a severe encephalitis. screening approaches revealed kept exotic squirrels as the putative source of infection. infectious virus was successfully isolated by co-cultivation of infected primary squirrel cells with permanent cell lines resulting in three different isola ... | 2020 | 33151793 |
| search for polyoma-, herpes-, and bornaviruses in squirrels of the family sciuridae. | squirrels (family sciuridae) are globally distributed members of the order rodentia with wildlife occurrence in indigenous and non-indigenous regions (as invasive species) and frequent presence in zoological gardens and other holdings. multiple species introductions, strong inter-species competition as well as the recent discovery of a novel zoonotic bornavirus resulted in increased research interest on squirrel pathogens. therefore we aimed to test a variety of squirrel species for representati ... | 2020 | 32220234 |
| analysis of exotic squirrel trade and detection of human infections with variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, germany, 2005 to 2018. | following the discovery in 2015 of the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) in fatal encephalitis cases among exotic squirrel breeders and a zoo animal caretaker in germany, a case definition was developed. it was employed during trace-back animal trade investigations and sero-epidemiological studies among breeders and zoo animal caretakers of holdings with vsbv-1 infected squirrels. during the investigation, two possible human cases who had died of encephalitis were identified retrospectiv ... | 2019 | 30808439 |
| genomic and micro-evolutionary features of mammalian 2 orthobornavirus (variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, vsbv-1). | mammalian 2 orthobornavirus (vsbv-1) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen discovered in several exotic squirrel species and associated with fatal human encephalitis. the dynamics of vsbv-1 spread and evolution in its presumed natural hosts are unknown. here, we present the phylogeny, micro-evolution, cross-species transmission and spread of vsbv-1 at a temporal and spatial resolution within the limits of animal husbandry. the results showed that vsbv-1 can be classified into six distinct groups and ... | 2021 | 34070673 |
| introduction and spread of variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) between exotic squirrels and spill-over infections to humans in germany. | the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) is a recently discovered emerging viral pathogen which causes severe and eventually fatal encephalitis in humans after contact to exotic squirrels in private holdings and zoological gardens. understanding the vsbv-1 epidemiology is crucial to develop, implement, and maintain surveillance strategies for the detection and control of animal and human infections. based on a newly detected human encephalitis case in a zoological garden, epidemiological sq ... | 2021 | 33706665 |
| ictv virus taxonomy profile: bornaviridae. | members of the family bornaviridae produce enveloped virions containing a linear negative-sense non-segmented rna genome of about 9 kb. bornaviruses are found in mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. the most-studied viruses with public health and veterinary impact are borna disease virus 1 and variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, both of which cause fatal encephalitis in humans. several orthobornaviruses cause neurological and intestinal disorders in birds, mostly parrots. endogenous bornavirus-like ... | 2021 | 34227935 |
| active case finding of current bornavirus infections in human encephalitis cases of unknown etiology, germany, 2018-2020. | human bornavirus encephalitis is a severe and often fatal infection caused by variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) and borna disease virus 1 (bodv-1). we conducted a prospective study of bornavirus etiology of encephalitis cases in germany during 2018-2020 by using a serologic testing scheme applied along proposed graded case definitions for vsbv-1, bodv-1, and unspecified bornavirus encephalitis. of 103 encephalitis cases of unknown etiology, 4 bornavirus infections were detected serologic ... | 2021 | 33900167 |
| assessing the occurrence of the novel zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 in captive squirrels in germany -a prevalence study. | the newly described zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (vsbv-1) in german squirrel holdings has been associated with the death of three private owners and one zoo animal caretaker (confirmed cases). epidemiological investigations were severely impeded by the general lack of data on holdings of the putative reservoir hosts, the family sciuridae. to fill this lack of data for detailed epidemiological investigations of the captive squirrel population, a register of private and zoological squ ... | 2021 | 33428333 |