| critical tests of suspension, paste, and pellet formulations of cambendazole in the horse. | three formulations of cambendazole were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by critical testing method in 21 horses. cambendazole suspension was administered via stomach tube at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg to 3 horses and at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg to 3 horses. cambendazole paste was given intraorally to 8 horses, and the pellet formulation was fed to 7 horses at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg. anthelmintic activity of cambendazole was similar for all dose rates and formulations. gasterophilus intest ... | 1975 | 123710 |
| prevalence and pathogenicity of anoplocephala perfoliata in a horse population in south auckland. | | 1977 | 275676 |
| prevalence and treatment of tapeworms in horses. | a study was initiated to determine the prevalence of tapeworms in horses in southern ontario and to investigate the efficacy of pyrantel pamoate, niclosamide and mebendazole. fecal samples were taken from 580 horses of various breeds, ages and sexes in 24 locations and anoplocephala perfoliata was found in 13.6%. this was regarded as a minimum, the true rate being probably significantly higher and the reasons for this are discussed. a brief review of the life cycle and effects of tapeworms in ho ... | 1979 | 487360 |
| critical test evaluation of micronized mebendazole against anoplocephala perfoliata in the horse. | | 1975 | 1060958 |
| [parasitic helminths of the cecum and colon of equidae in italy]. | intestinal helminths from coecum and colon were studied in 93 equidae including 40 horses, 36 donkeys and 17 mules. a total of 38 species, 36 nematodes and 2 cestodes, were identified as follows: 1) triodontophorus serratus, 2) triodontophorus brevicauda, 3) strongylus equinus, 4) strongylus edentatus, 5) strongylus vulgaris, 6) cyathostomum tetracanthum, 7) cyathostomum coronatum, 8) cyathostomum labiatum, 9) cyathostomum labratum, 10) cyathostomum alveatum, 11) cyathostomum pateratum, 12) cyat ... | 1992 | 1339978 |
| [morphometric analysis of an anoplocephala perfoliata population]. | an anoplocephala perfoliata population isolated from the caecum of a dead horse was analysed morphometrically. besides the number of segments, length and width of strobila, the width of scolex and the last segment, in adult tapeworms the number of eggs per segment was counted. by the aid of these data the population was divided into 4 categories. the length of fixed tapeworms varied between 5.46 and 41.53 mm. there was an direct relation between length of the strobila and number of segments. onl ... | 1991 | 1888072 |
| caecal intussusceptions in horses and the significance of anoplocephala perfoliata. | a caecocaecal intussusception in a pony and a caecocolic intussusception in a horse, both infected with anoplocephala perfoliata, are described and the relevance of tapeworms in such intestinal disease of horses is reviewed. | 1989 | 2644733 |
| determination of the efficacy of pyrantel pamoate at the therapeutic dose rate against the tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata in equids using a modification of the critical test method. | a total of 59 equids (54 horses and five shetland ponies) were treated with pyrantel pamoate once, at the dose rate of approximately 6.6 mg base kg-1, during the period november 1985-january 1988. the drug was administered as a paste formulation (51 equids) intraorally or as a suspension formulation by stomach tube (eight equids). the purpose of treatment was to evaluate the activity of pyrantel pamoate (at the therapeutic dose rate) for removal of the tapeworm, anoplocephala perfoliata, by a mo ... | 1989 | 2728327 |
| experimental reproduction of cysticercoids from anoplocephala perfoliata blanchard, 1848 in scheloribates sp. berlese, 1908 (acarina-oribatulidae). | for the first time in america, a potential intermediate host for anoplocephala perfoliata has been reported, obtaining cysticercoids in mites of the genus scheloribates. epidemiological aspects of anoplocephalides in horses related to other cestodiasis from domestic herbivores in argentina are discussed. | 1989 | 2800786 |
| prevalence and epidemiology of the major gastrointestinal parasites of horses in perth, western australia. | a survey was conducted on the prevalence of the major gastrointestinal parasites in 140 horses necropsied in perth, western australia, during 1979 to 1982. adult strongylus vulgaris were found in 22.5 per cent of horses and verminous arteritis in 62.9 per cent. the peak worm prevalence was in november to january (summer). s edentatus had a similar prevalence and seasonality but s equinus was not found in this survey. draschia megastoma and habronema muscae were found in 66.2 per cent and 35.3 pe ... | 1985 | 2934246 |
| common internal parasites found in the stomach, large intestine, and cranial mesenteric artery of thoroughbreds in kentucky at necropsy (1985 to 1986). | a total of 278 thoroughbreds (less than 1 to 31 years old) were examined at necropsy (july 9, 1985, to feb 2, 1986) in kentucky for various internal parasites. examination was not made of all the horses for each of the parasites. specific parasites recovered from the stomach of foals (n = 30) and yearlings and older horses (n = 96) and percentage (in parentheses) of each age category infected, respectively, were as follows: gasterophilus intestinalis 2nd instar (53% and 32%) and 3rd instar (37% ... | 1987 | 2950814 |
| prevalence of anoplocephala perfoliata in horses and ponies in clwyd, powys and adjacent english marches. | the prevalence of anoplocephala perfoliata in 103 horses and ponies from clwyd, powys and the adjacent english marches, slaughtered during january 1987, was 69 per cent. | 1988 | 3212902 |
| prevalence of internal parasites in horses in critical tests of activity of parasiticides over a 28-year period (1956-1983) in kentucky. | the prevalence and number of naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasites were compiled for horses used in critical tests of activity of parasiticides over a 28-year period (1956-1983). data are presented as follows: n = number of horses examined; % = mean prevalence; number in parentheses after % = aggregate mean number of parasites in infected horses. parasites found were: bots (n = 513) - gasterophilus intestinalis, 2nd instar, 61%(58); 3rd instar, 94%(168); g. nasalis, 2nd instar, 36%(28); ... | 1987 | 3564356 |
| surgical management of intussusception in the horse. | during a 14 year period, 27 of 310 horses undergoing laparotomy because of abdominal pain were found to have an intussusception involving the small intestine (16 cases) or caecum (11 cases). the clinical signs, operative findings and techniques adopted to overcome the obstruction are described. an evaluation of possible predisposing factors provided further evidence of the important role of the tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata in initiating intussusception involving the ileum and caecum. | 1986 | 3758012 |
| a survey in louisiana of intestinal helminths of ponies with little exposure to anthelmintics. | ponies reared with minimal or no exposure to anthelmintics were surveyed for intestinal helminths in order to estimate prevalence and intensity of parasite populations unaltered by frequent exposure to anthelmintics. thirty-seven mixed breed ponies of varying ages were examined. thirty-four species of nematodes and 2 species of cestodes were found. twenty-four of the nematode species (including 1 new species) were in the subfamily cyathostominae (small strongyles). eighty-seven percent of the to ... | 1986 | 3819969 |
| occurrence and biochemical characteristics of cestode lymphocyte mitogens. | the cestodes echinococcus granulosus, taenia multiceps, t. pisiformis, t. hydatigena, hymenolepis diminuta, moniezia expansa and anoplocephala perfoliata all produced substances that stimulated thymidine incorporation by whole blood lymphocyte cultures. this mitogenic activity was demonstrated in metacestode cyst fluids, live protoscoleces and scoleces, parasite culture supernatants, and extracts of adult parasites. t. multiceps metacestode cyst fluid mitogen adhered to, but would not pass throu ... | 1987 | 3822512 |
| prevalence of some internal parasites recovered at necropsy of thoroughbreds born in 1982 in kentucky. | a total of 89 thoroughbreds, 14 to 333 days old (born in 1982), were examined at necropsy for certain internal parasites during a 1-year-period, mar 1, 1982, to feb 28, 1983. the eyes of 73 of the horses and the cranial mesenteric arteries of 71 were examined. specific interest was on prevalence of parasites according to month of the year and age of the horses at necropsy. parasites recovered (first month-last month infected horse found) were as follows: thelazia lacrymalis (eyes) immature and m ... | 1985 | 3994134 |
| anthelmintic activity of paste and drench formulations of oxfendazole in horses. | oxfendazole was administered in paste or drench formulations to groups of five horses carrying naturally acquired worm burdens. at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg the efficacy of either formulation appeared similar. one hundred per cent of the adult populations of the following genera was removed: parascaris, oxyuris, strongylus (s edentatus, s vulgaris), triodontophorus and trichostrongylus axei. efficacy against adult small strongyles, adult habronema microstoma and immature oxyuris equi was in the re ... | 1981 | 6461963 |
| critical tests of morantel-trichlorfon paste formulation against internal parasites of the horse. | critical tests were completed on six horses to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of a paste formulation mixture of morantel citrate and trichlorfon, administered intraorally at the dose rate of 6 mg morantel base kg-1 and trichlorfon at 30 mg kg-1. aggregate average removals were: 78% for two horses infected with 2nd instar gasterophilus intestinalis; 100% for one infected with 2nd instar g. nasalis; 96% for six infected with 3rd instar g. intestinalis; 100% for four infected with 3rd instar g ... | 1984 | 6538366 |
| the activity of closantel as an equine antiparasitic agent. | eighteen pony foals were experimentally infected with 500 third stage larvae of strongylus vulgaris at 2 weeks, and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 months after birth. for the duration of the study, all foals were kept in the same pasture with their mothers to allow natural infection with other parasites by exposure to a contaminated environment. twelve of the foals were utilized in groups of 3 and treated orally five times at two month intervals starting at one month of age with closantel at doses of 5, 10, 2 ... | 1983 | 6683040 |
| cecal perforation and peritonitis associated with anoplocephala perfoliata infection in three horses. | | 1983 | 6685119 |
| prevalence of anoplocephala perfoliata and lesions of draschia megastoma in thoroughbreds in kentucky at necropsy. | a total of 396 thoroughbreds (86 males, 293 females, and 17 geldings) in kentucky, 1 to 30 years of age, were examined at necropsy for presence of anoplocephala perfoliata (2 female horses were not examined) in the cecum for lesions of draschia megastoma in the stomach, during the 1-year period of mar 1, 1982 through feb 28, 1983. prevalence of a perfoliata was 53% and of lesions of d megastoma was 63%. all lesions of d megastoma were partially or entirely in the glandular region of the stomach. ... | 1984 | 6732037 |
| parasites in kentucky thoroughbreds at necropsy: emphasis on stomach worms and tapeworms. | a total of 363 thoroughbreds (62 males, 292 females, and 9 geldings), 1 to 26 years of age, were examined at necropsy for internal parasites for about a 12-month period from february 1981 through february 1982. emphasis was on examining the stomach for nematodes and the small intestine and cecum for tapeworms. parasites recovered from the stomach and infection rates were: habronema spp--immature (24%), h muscae--adult (38%), draschia megastoma--immature (13%), d megastoma--adult (62%), and trich ... | 1983 | 6869991 |
| efficacy of ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin b1) against gastrointestinal parasites in ponies. | the controlled test method was used to evaluate the antiparasitic efficacy of im inoculated 22,23-dihydroavermectin b1 (ivermectin) against gastrointestinal parasites of horses (ponies). parasite infections were naturally acquired in southern louisiana. dose levels of the drug tested were 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 0.5 mg/kg. ivermectin at all dose levels tested had an efficacy greater than 97% (p less than 0.05) against gasterophilus intestinalis larvae, trichostrongylus axei, oxyuris equi larva ... | 1980 | 6894221 |
| efficacy of injectable and oral paste formulations of ivermectin against gastrointestinal parasites in ponies. | a controlled test was used in ponies to compare the antiparasitic efficacy of ivermectin (22,23-dihydro-avermectin b1) in an injectable micelle solution administered im with the efficacy of the same drug in an oral paste formulation. parasite infections were naturally acquired in southern louisiana. the drug was tested in both formulations at a dosage level of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight. ivermectin in both formulations tested had an efficacy greater than 98% against gasterophilus intestinalis and ... | 1982 | 6896613 |
| a critical efficacy test of cambendazole in equids: the use of the geometric means to assess efficacy. | the anthelmintic efficacy of a 44.5% paste formulation of cambendazole was evaluated in a critical trial performed on 5 horses and a donkey. a dosage of 20 mg/kg showed reduction of mean parasite burdens as follows: strongylinae greater than 99%; cyathostominae 94%; immature and adult oxyuris equi 89 and greater than 99%; probstmayria vivipara greater than 99% and habronema muscae 97%. parascaris equorum and anoplocephala perfoliata were present in small numbers in individual animals only, and w ... | 1980 | 7017145 |
| intussusception associated with anoplocephala perfoliata infection in five horses. | intussusception associated with anoplocephala perfoliata infection was found in 5 horses. the unusual types of intussusception and the presence of tapeworms at the leading edge of the intussuscipiens suggested tapeworms as the cause of the problem. lesions attributable to tapeworm attachment on the mucosa were found to fit a mechanical model of intussusception. treatment of two of the horses and some of their pasturemates with pyrantel pamoate caused elimination of intact tapeworms. | 1982 | 7085455 |
| haloxon: critical tests of antiparasitic activity in equids. | critical tests were conducted in 14 naturally infected equids (13 horses and 1 pony) to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of haloxon. single doses were administered by stomach tube to 3 horses and 1 pony (60 mg/kg of body weight), by addition to the feed of 3 horses (60 mg/kg), and intraorally by powder gun to 7 horses (65 mg/kg). haloxon was efficacious (99% to 100%) against infections of parascaris equorum, oxyuris equi (mature and immature), and strongylus vulgaris at both dosage levels. pr ... | 1981 | 7283234 |
| critical tests of new benzothiazole anthelmintic tioxidazole in the horse. | the basic-dose confirmation tests of tioxidazole for removal of susceptible populations of gastrointestinal parasites of the horse were made in 10 naturally infected horses, using the critical test method (experiment a). a single dose of toxidazole, given at the rate of 11 mg/kg of body weight, was administered to 5 horses by stomach tube and to 5 horses by mixing the drug with the daily grain ration. in the 5 horses given the drug by stomach tube, aggregate average removals were 90% or more for ... | 1980 | 7447131 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies to anoplocephala perfoliata in horse sera. | a scolex antigen of the horse tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata containing at least 14 different proteins was employed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of antibodies to a. perfoliata in equine sera. the assay was applied to sera from 426 slaughtered horses with different numbers of worms and with varying degrees of intestinal lesions. as measured by the elisa, there was a very strong effect on the antibody levels both from the number of tapeworms present and from the ... | 1995 | 7483241 |
| anoplocephala perfoliata in horses in sweden: prevalence, infection levels and intestinal lesions. | distal ileum, caecum and proximal colon of 470 horses were examined for helminths during 1 year at an abattoir in central sweden. the infection levels of the horse tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata, their stage of development, site of attachment and gross pathological lesions caused by the worm were recorded. faecal samples from 395 of the horses were examined specifically for tapeworm segments and eggs in order to correlate these findings with the numbers in the alimentary canal. in total 65% o ... | 1995 | 7502948 |
| the prevalence and epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of horses in victoria, australia. | a quantitative post mortem study of 150 horses from victoria was conducted to determine the prevalence and epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites. a total of 42 species of metazoan parasite was found. the following species of non-cyathostome parasite were found (% prevalence): trichostrongylus axei (51%); habronema muscae (13%); h. majus (2%); draschia megastoma (5%); gastreophilus intestinalis (81%); g. nasalis (29%); parascaris equorum (5%); anoplocephala perfoliata (29%); fasciola hepatic ... | 1995 | 7657457 |
| the prevalence and abundance of internal parasites in working horses autopsied in poland. | the digestive tracts of 50 working horses from private farms in poland were examined. thirty-seven nematode species, two tapeworm species and one species of botfly were recovered. the most prevalent small strongyle species were cyathostomum catinatum, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicostephanus goldi, cylicostephanus longibursatus, cyathostomum coronatum, cylicostephanus calicatus, cylicocyclus leptostomus and cylicostephanus minutus. thirteen cyathostome species showed a site preference in the ventr ... | 1995 | 7676606 |
| activity of praziquantel (0.5 mg kg-1) against anoplocephala perfoliata (cestoda) in equids. | praziquantel injectable formulation was administered at 0.5 mg k-1 per os to 24 equids naturally infected with 1-183 (average 40) anoplocephala perfoliata. drug activity was evaluated by a modified critical test method with necropsy 24 h after treatment. there was variable efficacy of 0-100% (aggregate average 85%); for 18 equids, 93-100%, for three equids, 70-85%, and for three equids, 0-20%. | 1995 | 7732649 |
| survey in central kentucky for prevalence of anoplocephala perfoliata in horses at necropsy in 1992. | a total of 118 horses was examined at necropsy in central kentucky for the tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata. the examination period was between 28 august and 21 december 1992. prevalence was 64% for thoroughbreds (n = 81 examined) and 54% for non-thoroughbreds (n = 37 examined). the number of tapeworms per infected horse varied from one to 853. data on infections are categorized by breed, sex (n = 38 males, 8 geldings, and 72 females), age (1-31 years), and month of necropsy of the horses. | 1994 | 7886922 |
| effects of treatment with ivermectin for five years on the prevalence of anoplocephala perfoliata in three louisiana pony herds. | | 1994 | 7975087 |
| transmission of some species of internal parasites in horses born in 1990, 1991, and 1992 in the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky. | studies were conducted on transmission of natural infections of several species of internal parasites in horses born and kept on the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky. data for the first year (1989) of a 4 year study on this farm have been published recently. the present research represents the second (1990), third (1991), and fourth (1992) years of the investigation. the number of animals (n = 28) examined varied from eight born in 1990 to ten each born in 1991 and 1992. for each year, ... | 1994 | 8073609 |
| incidence of anoplocephala perfoliata in horses examined at an irish abattoir. | the intestinal tracts of 363 horses were examined after slaughter at a horse abattoir. the presence or absence of anoplocephala perfoliata and the sites of attachment were recorded. a total of 51 per cent of the horses had a perfoliata attached to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction and/or to the caecal mucosa; 5 per cent of the horses had a perfoliata attached only to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction, 24 per cent had a perfoliata attached only to the caecal mucosa and 22 per cent of the ... | 1994 | 8085308 |
| pathological lesions associated with anoplocephala perfoliata at the ileo-caecal junction of horses. | the intestinal tracts of 20 horses, killed at a local abattoir and of unknown age, sex and previous clinical history were examined for the presence of anoplocephala perfoliata attached to the ileo-caecal junction. four horses had no tape-worms, nine had one to 20 tapeworms attached to the mucosa and seven had more than 100 attached to the mucosa. the histological changes of thickening, ulceration and eosinophil infiltration of the mucosa at the ileo-caecal junction were more severe when more tha ... | 1993 | 8451801 |
| the prevalence and epidemiology of anoplocephala perfoliata infection in norway. | the caecum and the adjacent 30 cm lengths of ileum and large colon of 201 horses from two different regions of norway (ostlandet and trøndelag) were examined for the presence of anoplocephala perfoliata. in all, 20% of the horses were infested with the cestode (27% in ostlandet and 7% in trøndelag). the mean number of worms in infected horses from the two regions was 18 and 6, respectively. information was obtained on the age, sex, breed, type of pasture and anthelmintic treatment after the graz ... | 1995 | 8619287 |
| use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of anoplocephala perfoliata cestodosis. | whole worm extract (wwe) and excretory/secretory (e/s) antigens of anoplocephala perfoliata were characterised by sds-page and their use in the serodiagnosis of equine cestodosis was evaluated. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to compare wwe and e/s antigen as the capture layer in an antibody capture elisa. e/s antigen gave the best differentiation between sera from tapeworm-positive and tapeworm-negative horses. the e/s-elisa was optimised and validated against sera from ho ... | 1996 | 8720562 |
| [spectrum of species and incidence of endoparasites in foals and their mother mares from breeding farms with and without anthelmintic prophylaxis in upper bavaria]. | in this epidemiological study 37 foals and mares were included, which have been coproscopically examined in regular intervals over a period lasting up to 13 months. the animals derived from nine breeding farms. in three of these farms no anthelmintics were used before this investigation, whereas in six farms at least three years before regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics have been carried out. this investigation revealed no differences in the species spectrum of endoparasites as w ... | 1996 | 8720956 |
| data on the prevalence of tapeworm infestations in horses in the netherlands. | the prevalence of tapeworm infestations was investigated in 70 horses slaughtered in the period february 1994-july 1994. most horses were half-breed, young (1.5-3 years), and in good condition. they were bought for slaughter by dealers on local markets, and their treatment history was therefore unknown. tapeworm infestations were seen in 16 horses (23%). fifteen (21%) had an infection with anoplocephala perfoliata. one horse had a single specimen of paranoplocephala mamillana. the average number ... | 1996 | 8903145 |
| comparison of moxidectin oral gel and ivermectin oral paste against a spectrum of internal parasites of ponies with special attention to encysted cyathostome larvae. | two dosages of moxidectin oral gel were evaluated and compared to a therapeutic dose of ivermectin oral paste in the control of a spectrum of gastrointestinal parasites of ponies naturally infected in southern louisiana or mississippi. thirty-two mixed-breed ponies ranging in age from one to 21 years were used in this controlled test. eight weeks prior to the experiment, ponies grazing on contaminated pasture were moved to a paddock and fed a pelleted ration, thus reducing or eliminating the pot ... | 1996 | 8966989 |
| [endoparasites of donkeys and horses kept in communal housing in upper bavaria; species spectrum and incidence]. | in this epidemiological study of endoparasites 37 donkeys and 23 horses were included, which were examined coproscopically in regular intervals over a 15 month period. the animals derived from ten farms, in which regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics had been practiced at least for two years before this investigation. this study revealed the presence of at least twelve parasite species in donkeys, eimeria leuckarti, gasterophilus intestinalis, fasciola hepatica, anoplocephala perfol ... | 1996 | 8999593 |
| immunoepidemiology of the equine tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata: age-intensity profile and age-dependency of antibody subtype responses. | the equine intestinal cestode anoplocephala perfoliata has been the subject of recent epidemiological and immunological studies because of its suspected association with intestinal disease in the horse. we have previously shown that the igg(t) subtype antibody response to the 12/13 kda component of the parasite excretory/secretory (e/s) antigen is positively correlated with parasite intensity. in this study, we utilize that correlation to examine the changes in natural infection intensity with a ... | 1997 | 9011079 |
| study on the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of ponies in northern germany. | quantitative faecal and post-mortem examinations of 16 ponies, 1 to 2 1/2 years of age, originating from 3 farms in northern germany were performed in february 1995 to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in these animals. a total of 33 species of metazoan parasites was recovered: three tapeworm species (anoplocephala perfoliata, a. magna, paranoplocephala mamillana), strongylus vulgaris, s. edentatus, small strongyles (including four triodontophorus spp., cratero ... | 1996 | 9060170 |
| controlled dose confirmation study of a 2% moxidectin equine gel against equine internal parasites in the netherlands. | the efficacy of a 2% moxidectin equine gel at a dosage rate of 0.4 mg kg-1 was evaluated in a controlled trial at utrecht university. twelve yearling castrated male shetland ponies grazed a pasture of 2 ha from may 1994 until housing in november. six ponies were treated with moxidectin, whereas the others served as non-treated controls. necropsy was carried out 35 days after treatment. greater than 99% efficacy of moxidectin was observed on faecal egg output. no effect of moxidectin was observed ... | 1997 | 9195720 |
| transmission of some species of internal parasites in horses born in 1993, 1994, and 1995 on the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky. | data are presented on the last 3 years of a 7-year study (1989-1995) on transmission of natural infections of internal parasites in horse foals (n = 27) born in 1993, 1994, and 1995 on the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky. the foals were in a closed breeding herd of horses. research on the first 4 years (1989-1992) of the study was published earlier (lyons et al., 1991, 1994). thirty-five species of endoparasites were identified, including 24 species of small strongyles. monthly, seaso ... | 1997 | 9211648 |
| correlation of antigen specific igg and igg(t) responses with anoplocephala perfoliata infection intensity in the horse. | there is increasing interest in the application of serological methods to macro-parasite infections to indicate infection intensity, which in turn is related to pathogenicity. colic is the single most important cause of mortality in horses and there is evidence that a proportion of colic cases are associated with infection with the intestinal cestode anoplocephala perfoliata. in order to develop better tools to investigate this association, the correlation between antigen-specific equine igg and ... | 1996 | 9226687 |
| [endoparasitic fauna and incidence of species in yearling and adult horses in upper bavarian breeding farms with regular anthelmintic prophylaxis lasting for many years]. | in this epidemiological study 127 horses from five breeding farms in upper bavaria were included. the horses were coproscopically examined in intervals of four weeks over a 16-month period. since 1992 in all farms regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics have been carried out. in 127 horses at least five species were established, such as parascaris equorum, anoplocephala perfoliata, gasterophilus intestinalis and small strongyles, whose third stage larvae were characterized by eight or ... | 1997 | 9441048 |
| the distribution of anoplocephala perfoliata in the intestine of the horse and associated pathological changes. | the intestinal tracts of 130 horses were examined for infection with anoplocephala perfoliata at necropsy. fifty horses (38.5%) harboured the tapeworm, and the site of attachment of each worm was recorded using predetermined anatomical landmarks. the worms were attached in four regions of the gastrointestinal tract: 17% of the worms were found at the ileocaecal junction, 81% on the caecal wall, 1.7% in the terminal ileum and 0.2% in the ventral colon. the severity of lesions produced at the site ... | 1997 | 9477509 |
| reliability of coprological diagnosis of anoplocephala perfoliata infection. | three coprological methods were tested to establish the reliability of in vivo diagnosis of anoplocephala perfoliata. a total of 107 faecal samples were analyzed, and the presence of tapeworms were confirmed postmortem in 24 animals with burdens that ranged from 1 to 248 worms; most of them (71%) with less than 100 parasites. best results were obtained with a combination of two sedimentation/flotation methods, detecting only half the parasitized animals (54% sensitivity). no relationship could b ... | 1998 | 9493312 |
| epidemiology of anoplocephala perfoliata infection in foals on a stud farm in south-western sweden. | the egg output and humoral antibody response to scolex antigens of the equine tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata were monitored in naturally infected foals by an egg flotation/centrifugation method and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the study was performed on a stud farm in south-western sweden between may 1994 and april 1995. sequential blood and faecal samples were taken from 21 foals during their first summer on pasture and until tapeworm eggs were detected. results wer ... | 1998 | 9566096 |
| tapeworm infection is a significant risk factor for spasmodic colic and ileal impaction colic in the horse. | the association between the equine intestinal tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata and specific types of intestinal disease was investigated by matched case-control study using coprological and serological diagnosis. we have previously shown that the host igg(t) response to 12/13 kda antigens of a. perfoliata correlates well with infection intensity, therefore this antibody response was used to investigate the risk of colic at different levels of parasite infection intensity. one hundred and three ... | 1998 | 9622319 |
| external anomalies of anoplocephala perfoliata from remainder of a collection from equids in kentucky with notes on anoplocephala magna. | | 1998 | 9654001 |
| efficacy of praziquantel (0.25 mg kg(-1)) on the cecal tapeworm (anoplocephala perfoliata) in horses. | | 1998 | 9786629 |
| coprological methods for the diagnosis of anoplocephala perfoliata infection of the horse. | to compare the sensitivities of three coprological techniques for the diagnosis of anoplocephala perfoliata infection in horses and to assess the value of the methods for diagnosis of horses at risk of clinical cestodiasis. | 1998 | 9791714 |
| comparative efficacy evaluation of moxidectin gel and ivermectin paste against internal parasites of equines in brazil. | a total of 24 male and female equines of mixed breed, 10-20 months of age and naturally infected with internal parasites was utilized in a controlled test to evaluate the efficacy of a moxidectin 2% gel formulation at the dosage of 0.4 mg moxidectin per kg of live weight and an ivermectin 1.87% commercial paste formulation at the dosage 0.2 mg ivermectin per kg applied orally. animals were allocated into three groups of eight horses each based on pre-treatment eggs per gram (epg) counts and trea ... | 1998 | 9877068 |
| tapeworms as a cause of intestinal disease in horses. | until recently, the equine tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata was difficult to diagnose and considered to be of questionable pathogenicity. here, chris proudman and sandy trees describe recent advances in the immunodiagnosis of this parasite that have facilitated epidemiological studies. these studies suggest that a. perfoliata may be an important cause of intestinal disease in the horse and demonstrate a dose-response relationship between infection intensity and risk of disease. if tapeworm infe ... | 1999 | 10322338 |
| pathological alterations caused by anoplocephala perfoliata infection in the ileocaecal junction of equids. | the pathological alterations caused by anoplocephala perfoliata in the ileocaecal junction of 28 equids slaughtered in an abattoir in madrid (central spain) are described. the lesions were scored in grades based on the intensity of the damage and were related to the tapeworm number observed. the first grade (grade i) of alterations consisted of a slight enteritis associated with focal erosions observed in 43% of parasitized animals with low parasitic burden (1-26 tapeworms). the second grade (gr ... | 1999 | 10445000 |
| prevalence of selected species of internal parasites in equids at necropsy in central kentucky (1995-1999). | a survey to determine current prevalence of several species of endoparasites in equids (n=350) at necropsy was conducted at the livestock disease diagnostic center in central kentucky (1995-1999). thelazia lacrymalis were found in 42% of the 1- to 4-year olds (n=132), which was the only age group examined for these parasites. five- to 30-year olds (n=157), examined for onchocerca spp. worms/lesions, had a prevalence of 24%. in > or =1-year olds (n=324), the infection rate for gasterophilus intes ... | 2000 | 10936545 |
| investigation of an outbreak of tapeworm-associated colic in a training yard. | a novel serological assay which measures igg(t) specific for a 12/13 kda protein of the equine tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata was used as part of a colic outbreak investigation. a training/rehabilitation yard for thoroughbreds and arabs was found to have an increasing incidence of colic over a 5 year period, culminating in a peak incidence of 1.15 episodes/horse year at risk. four animals suffered from ileal impaction colic which necessitated surgical management. a case-control study design s ... | 2000 | 11202380 |
| caecal impactions managed surgically by typhlotomy in 10 cases (1988-1998). | surgical management of caecal impactions has included several different procedures suggested over the years. complete bypass of the caecum through an ileocolic or jejunocolic anastomosis has become common practice for first time caecal impaction management, especially when dysfunction is suspected. in our practice, however, caecal impactions have been managed surgically by typhlotomy alone and of the 10 cases (july 1988-june 1998), 9 underwent surgery for first time caecal impactions, received a ... | 2000 | 11202388 |
| transmission of endoparasites in horse foals born on the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky (1996-1999). | research carried out during the last 4 years (1996-1999) of an 11-year study of the prevalence of internal parasites naturally transmitted to horse foals born on the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky is presented here. horses in this herd were not treated with any antiparasitic compound for over 20 years except for a replacement stallion in 1994. a total of 22 species, including 12 species of small strongyles, were recovered in the 4-year period. transmission patterns of all species (n= ... | 2001 | 11358626 |
| seasonal transmission of gastrointestinal parasites of equids in southern louisiana. | parasite-naive pony foals were used as sentinels to monitor transmission of gastrointestinal parasites of equids in louisiana during 4 seasons of the year. two annual periods were studied, 1988-1989 and 1992-1993. two or 3 foals each season were turned out to graze a contaminated pasture along with resident parasitized mares and their foals. after a grazing period of 8 wk, sentinel ponies were held in a parasite-free box stall for a period of 6 wk to allow parasites to develop, thus enhancing th ... | 2001 | 11780824 |
| factors associated with development of ileal impaction in horses with surgical colic: 78 cases (1986-2000). | deal impaction is prevalent in the south-eastern usa, where feeding of coastal bermuda hay has been implicated as a risk factor. alternatively, infection with the tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata has been identified as a risk factor for ileal impaction in the uk. we hypothesised that feeding coastal bermuda hay and failure to administer routinely an anthelmintic with efficacy against tapeworms would place horses at risk of developing ileal impaction in the usa. seventy-eight horses, with surgic ... | 2002 | 12358048 |
| cecal rupture by anoplocephala perfoliata infection in a thoroughbred horse in seoul race park, south korea. | a 7-year-old thoroughbred horse was admitted to the equine hospital, korea racing association with signs of colic. based on the size of impactions, the clinical signs, the results of abdominal paracentesis and medical treatment, the prognosis was poor. the horse died 3 hours later following hopeless discharge. at necropsy, the caecum and large colon were fully filled with fecal contents and there was a rupture (10 cm in dia) in the latero- ventral caecum. the mucosa of the ileo-caecal and caeco- ... | 2001 | 12441687 |
| gastrointestinal helminths of ponies in louisiana: a comparison of species currently prevalent with those present 20 years ago. | a survey in louisiana of gastrointestinal helminths recovered at necropsy from 117 ponies with minimal exposure to anthelmintics between 1989 and 2000 is compared with a survey conducted 20 yr earlier in the same region. an objective of this study was to determine whether species diversity has been affected by the advent and use of the macrocyclic lactone (ml) parasiticides and by the increased anthelmintic pressure on the helminth species infecting the general equine population. twenty-six cyat ... | 2002 | 12537106 |
| a non-lethal method for assessment of efficacy of antiparasitics against parasites in horses such as anoplocephala perfoliata and gasterophilus intestinalis. | sourcing of horses naturally infected with parasites such as anoplocephala perfoliata and gasterophilus intestinalis for antiparasitic efficacy slaughter studies is often difficult, expensive, and usually excessive numbers of animals must be slaughtered before significant data can be obtained. to overcome this problem a "modified critical treatment method" was developed. this method does not require the horses to be sacrificed, but relies on the collection and processing of all faecal material c ... | 2003 | 12860069 |
| studies on the tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata (goeze, 1782). | | 1964 | 14204121 |
| parasitological analysis of leonese royalty from collegiate-basilica of st. isidoro, león (spain): helminths, protozoa, and mites. | the royal burial chamber of what is today the collegiate-basilica of st. isidoro in león, spain, built and remodeled between the 10th and 13th centuries and in the 20th century renamed the kings' pantheon, has 13 royal tombs that were opened in the presence of the abbot-prior of the collegiate to enable a group of researchers to obtain all possible information from the royal remains. several samples were sent to the parasitology unit of the animal pathology (animal health) department at the vete ... | 2003 | 14533684 |
| a modified critical test for the efficacy of pyrantel pamoate for anoplocephala perfoliata in equids. | aims of this study with 13 equids naturally infected with anoplocephala perfoliata were to document (i) a critical test with a period of 48 h from treatment to necropsy to assess the efficacy of an anthelmintic against the tapeworm, (ii) the efficacy of pyrantel pamoate oral paste at 13.2 mg pyrantel base/kg body weight, and (iii) the time after treatment when fecal egg counts would best estimate the tapeworm's prevalence in a herd. feces passed in successive 12-h periods after treatment were ex ... | 2004 | 15188955 |
| recent developments in research into the cyathostominae and anoplocephala perfoliata. | intestinal helminths are an important cause of equine disease. of these parasites, the cyathostominae are the commonest group that infect horses. these nematodes consist of a complex tribe of 51 species, although individual horses tend to harbour 10 or so common species, in addition to a few rarer species. the cyathostominae can be extremely pathogenic, and high levels of infection result in clinical symptoms ranging from chronic weight loss to colic, diarrhoea and death. as part of their life c ... | 2004 | 15236671 |
| amplification of ribosomal dna of anoplocephalidae: anoplocephala perfoliata diagnosis by pcr as a possible alternative to coprological methods. | the diagnosis of tapeworm infections in horses relies on copro-diagnostic methods, which are time-consuming and of limited sensitivity for determination of the exact prevalence. the development of serological tests has slightly improved the detection of tapeworm infections, but more sensitive methods are still required. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based approach may constitute a valuable tool to improve tapeworm diagnosis. nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) is a useful target for species and/or ... | 2004 | 15381301 |
| anoplocephala perfoliata coproantigen detection: a preliminary study. | anoplocephala perfoliata has a prevalence as high as 60% in some geographical areas and has been associated with increased risk for serious conditions in the horse including bowel irritation, ileal impaction, and spasmodic colic. identification of infected animals based upon detection of eggs in feces is labor intensive and unreliable. this study involved the development of a test for a.perfoliata coproantigen using an antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and correctly disti ... | 2004 | 15631904 |
| prevalence and diagnosis of parasites of the stomach and small intestine in horses in south-west england. | parasites were extracted from the stomach and small intestine of 118 horses at slaughter. the most abundant species was the tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata. maximum likelihood analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the number of worms and their total weight, and the ability of an antibody-based elisa to diagnose the level of infection. the total weight of tapeworms increased towards a maximum as the number of worms increased, suggesting a population density-dependent constra ... | 2005 | 15879539 |
| epidemiological studies on equine cestodes in central spain: infection pattern and population dynamics. | an epidemiological study on equine cestodosis was carried out in central spain. a total of 372 digestive tracts from equids slaughtered in abattoirs located in central spain were studied from november 2001 to may 2004. anoplocephala perfoliata was detected in 24% of the animals and anoplocephala magna in 18%. individual tapeworm burden was from 1 to 491 tapeworms for a. perfoliata and from 1 to 64 tapeworms for a. magna. low tapeworm burdens (less than 30 cestodes) predominated significantly (p< ... | 2005 | 15908124 |
| anoplocephala perfoliata of horses--significant scope for further research, improved diagnosis and control. | anoplocephala perfoliata is the commonest tapeworm parasite of horses and is incriminated as a significant cause of clinical disease (e.g., ileocaecal intussusception, caeco-caecal intussusception and/or caecal perforation), particularly in horses chronically infected with large numbers of worms. the high prevalence (approximately 20-80%) of the parasite in some countries suggests an increased risk of clinical cases. in spite of research, there is still a paucity of information regarding the pat ... | 2005 | 16038391 |
| a modified critical test and its use in two dose titration trials to assess efficacy of praziquantel for anoplocephala perfoliata in equids. | aims of this study with 43 equids naturally infected with anoplocephala perfoliata in two dose titration trials were to document (i) the usefulness of a critical test with a 48 h treatment to necropsy period, (ii) efficacy of an oral paste of 0.5-2.0 mg praziquantel/kg body weight, and (iii) when after treatment would fecal egg counts provide best estimates of the tapeworm's prevalence in a herd. all feces passed by an equid after treatment and collected in successive 12 h batches were examined ... | 2006 | 16309843 |
| prevalence of large endoparasites at necropsy in horses infected with population b small strongyles in a herd established in kentucky in 1966. | two closed horse herds (old lot 4 and field 24), infected since 1966 with population b small strongyles resistant to thiabendazole (tbz) and phenothiazine (ptz), were terminated in february, march, and may, 2005. at necropsy, only the large endoparasites were identified and counted. the number of horses on pasture was 14 (239 days of age to 23 years old) for old lot 4 and two (3 to 20 years old) for field 24. the time of the last antiparasitic treatment, relative to the year (2005) of necropsy, ... | 2006 | 16508764 |
| dose-confirmation studies of the cestocidal activity of pyrantel pamoate paste in horses. | dose confirmation studies of the cestocidal activity of pyrantel pamoate paste were conducted at two sites in north america during 2001. horses with naturally-acquired cestode infections were identified by detection of typical anoplocephala spp. eggs in feces collected between 7 and 92 days prior to treatment. twenty and 22 horses were enrolled at site 1 (urbana, il) and site 2 (knoxville, tn), respectively. candidate horses were acclimated to study conditions for 14 days, ranked by length of in ... | 2006 | 16530970 |
| gastrointestinal parasitic worms in equines in the paraíba valley, state of são paulo, brazil. | over a period of 12 years, from 1988 to 2000, a total of 20 individual equines (16 horses and 4 mules) were selected at random, from 10 municipalities in the paraíba valley, in the state of são paulo, brazil, and then subjected to necropsy for collection of gastrointestinal worms. individual samples of 10% of the intestinal contents were also taken for counting and identifying the species present, and to establish the prevalence of worms in equine species in the paraíba valley. in the sample con ... | 2006 | 16687215 |
| clinical trials of efficacy of praziquantel horse paste 9% against tapeworms and its safety in horses. | the aim of this study with horses and a few ponies naturally infected with tapeworms was to confirm in clinical trials the efficacy and safety of a praziquantel horse paste 9%. the field trials were conducted in 1997 and 1998 in canada, france, germany and new zealand. a secondary aim of the study in canada was to determine if a 24h post-treatment fecal sample provides the best estimate of the prevalence of tapeworms in horses when using a fecal examination technique. fecal samples were taken fr ... | 2007 | 17101225 |
| correlation between colic and antibody levels against anoplocephala perfoliata in horses in the netherlands. | the importance of anoplocephala perfoliata in horses with colic was studied in 139 horses referred for colic and 139 control horses with no signs of colic for at least three years. the serodiagnostic method of proudman and trees, which measures the level of a. perfoliata antibody, was used to detect a. perfoliata infection. thirty-two horses were examined at necropsy, to determine whether the presence of a. perfoliata in the ileocaecal region was associated with the a. perfoliata antibody level. ... | 2007 | 17649747 |
| interpretation of serum antibody response to anoplocephala perfoliata in relation to parasite burden and faecal egg count. | increased knowledge is needed to assist in the interpretation of presently available diagnostic techniques for infection by the tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata in horses. | 2007 | 18065311 |
| serological changes observed in horses infected with anoplocephala perfoliata after treatment with praziquantel and natural reinfection. | the serological changes in two groups of horses known to be harbouring anoplocephala perfoliata were studied; 12 were treated with 1.5 mg/kg praziquantel and 200 microg/kg ivermectin, and 14 were treated with 200 microg/kg ivermectin. serological and faecal analyses were carried out on each animal at intervals for 758 days. the titres of antibodies specific for a perfoliata decreased from the day of treatment to day 28 in both groups, and continued to decrease in the group treated with praziquan ... | 2008 | 18192657 |
| a comparison of coprological, serological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of horse infection with anoplocephala perfoliata (cestoda, cyclophyllidea). | anoplocephala perfoliata (cestoda, cyclophyllidea), the commonest intestinal tapeworm of horses, can cause colic, intussusceptions, ileal impactions and intestinal perforations. common diagnostic techniques for a. perfoliata infection, i.e. coprology and serology, show inherent limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity and new approaches are thus required. hence, the present study compared the reliability of coprological, serological (i.e. elisa) and molecular (i.e. nested pcr) methods ... | 2008 | 18280660 |
| occurrence of anoplocephala perfoliata infection in horses in ontario, canada and associations with colic and management practices. | infection with the tapeworm anoplocephala perfoliata has been found to be associated with equine colic in horses in the united kingdom. using a matched case-control study design, data collected from 117 pairs of horses in ontario were examined for evidence of associations between risk of colic and a. perfoliata infection, and between seropositivity to infection and management practices. cases were horses in southern ontario diagnosed with colic by local veterinarians, and control horses were fro ... | 2008 | 18339482 |
| probable reason why small strongyle epg counts are returning "early" after ivermectin treatment of horses on a farm in central kentucky. | critical tests were carried out in 2008 in four yearling horses (h-2, h-4, h-10, and h-11) born and raised together on a farm (mc) in central kentucky. these horses were treated intraorally with ivermectin paste at the dose rate of 200 microg/kg. the main interest was to try and determine more precisely, from posttreatment (pt) worm count data, the current activity of ivermectin against small strongyles in a horse herd. these horses had been treated repeatedly with this compound and counts of sm ... | 2009 | 18931857 |
| evaluation of marked rise in fecal egg output after bithionol administration to horse and its application as a diagnostic marker for equine anoplocephala perfoliata infection. | to establish a reliable diagnostic measure for equine anoplocephala perfoliata infection, the impact of deworming was examined in 12 thoroughbreds to which bithionol (5-10 mg/kg body weight) was administered and feces were examined by the modified wisconsin method using sucrose solution. one day after the administration, cestode eggs were detected in previously fecal egg-negative 3 horses and increased in the other 9 horses. the optimum time for post-deworming egg detection was examined in follo ... | 2009 | 19498288 |
| gastrointestinal parasites of working donkeys of ethiopia. | the general prevalence and population composition of gastrointestinal and pulmonary helminths of working donkeys were studied. for the purpose 2935 working donkeys were coprologically examined for nematode and cestode, and 215 donkeys for trematode infections. seven donkeys that died due to various health problems or were euthanased on a welfare ground were necropsied and the parasites were recovered and identified to the species level. the study was conducted during the periods 1996-1999.coprol ... | 2010 | 19548106 |
| anoplocephala perfoliata infestation and colics in horses. | | 2009 | 19572203 |
| parasitism and colic. | equids are hosts to dozens of species of internal parasites that infect no other domestic animals. virtually all horses, especially those exposed to pasture, experience some level of parasitism continuously. despite pathologic evidence of parasitic damage in various organs and tissues, few parasitisms are manifested systemically in well-managed horses. contrary to conventional wisdom, only three common parasitisms of horses are likely to be manifested as colic: strongylus vulgaris, parascaris eq ... | 2009 | 19580936 |
| pathological changes caused by anoplocephala perfoliata in the equine ileocecal junction. | gastrointestinal motility disorders represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in horses. previously regarded as a non-pathogenic tapeworm, anoplocephala perfoliata has been recently associated with equine colic. in this study, pathological changes related to a. perfoliata at the ileocecal junction were investigated in 31 slaughtered horses. our results showed a significant relationship between parasitic burden and grading of histopathological lesions in both the mucosa and submuco ... | 2010 | 20461456 |
| evaluation of diagnostic techniques for anoplocephala perfoliata in horses from alberta, canada. | accurate diagnosis of parasites within individual hosts remains a difficult task. incorrect and/or inaccurate diagnosis restricts the potential for targeted treatment of individuals and limits our understanding of key epidemiological characteristics of potential pathogens of domestic stock. in this study, we compared the specificity and sensitivity of four diagnostic methods for determination of the presence and intensity of the cestode anoplocephala perfoliata in horses. over 400 horses from an ... | 2010 | 20605685 |
| pathological changes caused by anoplocephala perfoliata in the mucosa/submucosa and in the enteric nervous system of equine ileocecal junction. | in this study, pathological changes caused by anoplocephala perfoliata in the ileocecal junction were investigated in 31 regularly slaughtered mixed-breed horses of both sexes. our results showed a significant relationship between parasite burden and grading of histopathological lesions in the mucosa and submucosa. hypertrophy of the circular muscle layer was found in infected horses. moreover, enteric nervous system evaluation showed a significant injury of intestinal nervous elements in the ho ... | 2010 | 21075534 |
| sustainable equine parasite control: perspectives and research needs. | clinically important equine parasites are ubiquitous in managed horse populations. the traditional approach to parasite control is frequent administration of anthelmintics to all horses on a farm. however, increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance is forcing horse owners and veterinarians to shift this control paradigm. treatment regimens involving routine deworming of all horses throughout the year are now being replaced by more sustainable approaches, which take in to account the importance ... | 2011 | 22055611 |
| sensitivity and efficiency of selected coproscopical methods-sedimentation, combined zinc sulfate sedimentation-flotation, and mcmaster method. | coproscopical methods used in veterinary-parasitological diagnostics were validated according to their sensitivity (se) and egg recovery rate [efficiency (ef)]. validation of the combined sedimentation-flotation method and the modified mcmaster method was performed by using feces spiked with eggs of ancylostoma caninum, uncinaria stenocephala, cooperia oncophora, cyathostomins, ascaris suum, toxascaris leonina, toxocara canis, trichuris vulpis, moniezia expansa, and anoplocephala perfoliata. for ... | 2016 | 26997342 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of anoplocephala magna solidifying the species. | the 2 species of the genus anoplocephala (anoplocephalidae), a. perfoliata and a. magna, are among the most important equine cestode parasites. however, there is little information about their differences at the molecular level. the present study revealed that the mitochondrial (mt) genome of a. magna was 13,759 bp in size and 700 bp shorter than that of a. perfoliata. the 2 species includes 2 rrna, 22 trna, and 12 protein-coding genes each. the size of each of the 36 genes was the same as that ... | 2016 | 27417096 |