| differential expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone beta subunit in gonads during sex reversal of orange-spotted and red-spotted groupers. | we have cloned and characterized the full-length cdna encoding thyroid-stimulating hormone beta-subunit (tshbeta) from orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides. it contains 913 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 146 amino acids with a 20 amino acid signal peptide. the grouper mature tshbeta has 75, 70, 61, 59, 41, 42 and 40% identities to that of rainbow trout, atlantic salmon, zebrafish, european eel, chicken, mouse and human, respectively. rt-pcr analysis indicated that the tsh ... | 2004 | 15196702 |
| nodavirus infections in israeli mariculture. | viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (ver) infections were diagnosed in five fish species: epinephelus aeneus, dicentrarchus labrax, sciaenops ocellatus, lates calcarifer and mugil cephalus cultured on both the red sea and mediterranean coasts of israel during 1998-2002. spongiform vacuolation of nervous tissue was observed in histological sections of all examined species. with transmission electron microscopy, paracrystalline arrays and pieces of membrane-associated non-enveloped virions measur ... | 2004 | 15291788 |
| establishment, characterization, and virus susceptibility of a new marine cell line from red spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara). | a marine fish cell line from the snout of red spotted grouper epinephelus akaara, a protogynous hermaphrodite, was established, characterized, and subcultured with more than 60 passages. the grouper snout cell line (gsc) cells multiplied well in dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (dmem) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. the optimal growth temperature was 25 degrees c, and morphologically the cells were fibroblastic. chromosome analysis revealed that the gsc cell line has a normal ... | 2007 | 17342554 |
| a redescription of pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (yamaguti, 1938), the type-species of pseudorhabdosynochus yamaguti, 1958 (monogenea: diplectanidae), and the description of p. satyui n. sp. from epinephelus akaara off japan. | pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (yamaguti, 1938) has been recorded from a variety of hosts, mainly groupers. all type-specimens of diplectanum epinepheli yamaguti, 1938, pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli yamaguti, 1958 and cycloplectanum hongkongensis beverley-burton & suriano, 1981 are figured: it is concluded, as did kritsky & beverley-burton (1986), that the three species are synonymous. in addition, numerous monogenean specimens from a deep-sea grouper, epinephelus chlorostigma, collected off ... | 2009 | 19048406 |
| genetic analysis and pathogenicity of betanodavirus isolated from wild redspotted grouper epinephelus akaara with clinical signs. | diseased wild redspotted grouper epinephelus akaara were collected from seto inland sea, ehime prefecture, in august 2002. fish showed erratic swimming behavior and inflation of the swim bladder. the fish brains were positive for nodavirus in both rt-pcr and nested pcr. the sequence of the nested pcr product (177 nt) was closely related to that of a known betanodavirus, redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus. when juvenile sevenband grouper e. septemfasciatus were challenged intravitreously w ... | 2009 | 19130166 |
| establishment and characterization of a new marine fish cell line derived from red-spotted grouper epinephelus akaara. | a new marine fish cell line, eagl, derived from the liver of red-spotted grouper epinephelus akaara was established and characterized. the cells multiplied well in minimum essential medium (mem) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (fbs) at temperatures between 25 and 30° c. the growth rate of this cell line increased as the proportion of fbs increased from 5 to 20% at 25° c, with maximum growth at the concentration of 15 or 20% fbs. morphologically, the cells were epithelial-like and the p ... | 2010 | 21039492 |
| establishment and characterization of a new cell line derived from kidney of grouper, epinephelus akaara (temminck & schlegel), susceptible to singapore grouper iridovirus (sgiv). | a marine fish cell line derived from the kidney of red-spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara, designated as eagk was established and characterized. the eagk cells multiplied well in leibovitz's l-15 medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum at 25ôçâ-¦c and have been subcultured for more than 90 passages. karyotyping, chromosomal typing and ribosomal rna (rrna) genotyping analysis revealed that eagk had a modal diploid chromosome number of 82 and was a fibroblast cell line originated from grouper. ... | 2011 | 21838711 |
| Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) based identification of genes and expression analysis of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2) from Epinephelus bruneus. | The kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, is an economically important intensively cultured species in Southeast Asia. Despite the insatiable demand its large-scale production has been hindered by problems associated with water quality, nutrition, and diseases especially due to increased rearing density. It is generally accepted that in fish both innate and adaptive immune system provide protection from diseases. In the present study a cDNA library of Streptococcus iniae-challenged kelp grouper was ... | 2012 | 21983421 |
| characterization and virus susceptibility of a skin cell line from red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara). | a red-spotted grouper epinephelus akaara skin (rgs) cell line was established and characterized. rgs cells had a normal diploid chromosome number of 2n = 48, the morphology of which was fibroblastic-like in 3 days and epithelial-like over 5 after 16 passages. the cells multiplied well in dulbecco's modified eagle's medium supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum at 25°c. susceptibilities of rgs and grass carp ovary (gco) cells to two viruses were tested, and the results showed that the titer ... | 2012 | 22252337 |
| the role of eaiκb-α, an iκb-α homologue in epinephelus akaara, involved in innate immune response. | the inhibitor κb (iκb) protein is an important component of the nuclear factor kb (nf-κb) signaling pathway. we have cloned and characterized the iκb-α homologue gene (named eaiκb-α) from grouper (epinephelus akaara), expressed it in escherichia coli and generated a rabbit polyclonal antibody. eaiκb-α encodes a 308-amino acid protein with evolutionarily and functionally homology to mammalian iκb-α. over-expression of wild-type eaiκb-α or a mutated, nondegradable eaiκb-α (eaiκb-αm) in escherichia ... | 2014 | 24658739 |
| cloning and immune characterization of the c-type lysozyme gene in red-spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara. | lysozyme is an important component of the innate immune response against pathogen infection. the gene coding for c-type lysozyme in red-spotted grouper epinephelus akaara was cloned and designated eaclys. the complete cdna contains a 432 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 144 amino acids displaying 65-91% similarity with the amino acid sequences of human, mouse, chicken, and fish counterparts. recombinant eaclys (reaclys) was expressed in escherichia coli, displayed antibacterial activi ... | 2014 | 24239919 |
| characterization and bacterial-binding activity of a novel c-type lectin from the red-spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara. | because of their specific binding to carbohydrates, lectins play a crucial role in pathogen recognition and clearance in vertebrate animals. previously, only two types of collectins had been isolated from bony fish: mannan-binding lectin (mbl) and galactose-binding lectin (galbl). we sequenced a novel collectin (designated ealec1) from the red-spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara. the gene structure of ealec1 and the alignment of the carbohydrate recognition domain of the three collectins demonst ... | 2012 | 22614459 |
| protective immunity against nervous necrosis virus in convict grouper epinephelus septemfasciatus following vaccination with virus-like particles produced in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. | infection with nervous necrosis virus (nnv) causes viral nervous necrosis, which inflicts serious economic losses in marine fish cultivation. virus-like particles (vlps) are protein complexes consisting of recombinant virus capsid proteins, whose shapes are similar to native virions. vlps are considered a novel vaccine platform because they are not infectious and have the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies efficiently. however, there have been few studies of protective immune responses em ... | 2015 | 25759291 |
| complete sequence of a viral nervous necrosis virus (nnv) isolated from red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara) in china. | a nodavirus isolated from red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara) larvae in china has been subjected to genome analysis. the full-length genome sequences of rna1 and rna2 were determined, and the 5'-non-coding region (ncr) and 3'ncr sequences were determined by 5' rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) and 3'race. rna1 is 3,103 nt in length and contains a 982-amino-acid open reading frame (orf) encoding protein a with a calculated molecular mass of 110.74 kda. rna2 is 1,433 nt long and contain ... | 2012 | 22270757 |
| sperm of the giant grouper: cryopreservation, physiological and morphological analysis and application in hybridizations with red-spotted grouper. | in order to develop excellent germplasm resources for giant grouper (epinephelus lanceolatus), cryopreservation of giant grouper sperm was examined in the present study. firstly, 13 kinds of sperm dilution (els1-3, em1-2, ts-2, mprs, elrs0-6) were prepared with physiological salt, sucrose, glucose and fetal bovine serum. the physiological parameters of elrs3 (ratio of fast motion, ratio of slow motion, time of fast motion, time of slow motion, lifespan and motility) and els3 (sperm ratio of slow ... | 2015 | 25985804 |
| selection and evaluation of new reference genes for rt-qpcr analysis in epinephelus akaara based on transcriptome data. | groupers are an economically important fish species in world fishery markets. because many studies using rt-qpcr have addressed gene expression in groupers, appropriate reference genes are required to obtain reliable and accurate results. in this study, the most suitable reference genes were identified from eleven candidate genes of one of the most valuable species, epinephelus akaara, in a range of different experimental conditions. using the software packages genorm, normfinder, bestkeeper and ... | 2017 | 28182746 |
| gene expression of aromatases, steroid receptor, gnrh and gths in the brain during the formation of ovarian cavity in red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara. | red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara, is a popular aquaculture species and a protogynous hermaphrodite. induction of artificial sex change at the time of primary sex differentiation is of interest but has not been successful due to the lack of necessary basic information. to find out the potential neuroendocrine influence on the primary sex differentiation, the expression of key genes in the brain was investigated during the formation of ovarian cavity. expression of cyp19a1b, esr1, gnrhr1, f ... | 2016 | 28144641 |
| plasma stress responses in juvenile red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara) exposed to abrupt salinity decrease. | the objective of the current study was to determine acute plasma stress responses in two size groups of juvenile epinephelus akaara (average body weight: 8.4±2.1 and 3.3±0.6 g; 150 and 120 days after hatch, respectively) exposed to abrupt salinity drops (from 34 practical salinity unit, psu seawater to 18, 10 psu (experiment 1) or 26, 18, 10 psu (experiment 2), respectively). plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, red blood cell counts, and gill histology ... | 2016 | 27796000 |
| survival rate and hematological responses with temperature changes of red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara in south korea. | the effect of sudden changes of water temperature (wt) on the survival rate and physiological responses of the red spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara) were examined by manipulating wt control system for 9 days. experimental condition was divided in two different regimes at low (from 10°c to 4°c, decreased 1℃/d) and high (from 28°c to 34°c, increased 1°c/d) wt. survival rate of experimental fishes were observed, and determined the changes of hematological characteristics by analyzing plasma leve ... | 2016 | 27660825 |
| early osteological development of larvae and juveniles in red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara (pisces: serranidae). | we observed the osteological development of larval and juvenile red spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara) in order to generate data for the assessment of skeletal deformities and to inform phylogenetic systematics research. larvae and juveniles were obtained from a aquafarm in muan-gun, jeolla-namdo province, korea. the average water temperature at the time of breeding was 23.0°c and average water salinity was 33.0 psu. freshly hatched fish larvae had not undergone any ossification, but ossificat ... | 2016 | 27660824 |
| artificial spawning behavior and development of eggs, larvae and juveniles of the red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara in korea. | this study was conducted in order to examine the egg development in red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaaraand the morphological development of its larvae and juveniles, and to obtain data for taxonomic research. this study was conducted in june 2013, and 50 male and female fish were used for the study. one hundred μg/kg of lhrha was injected into the body of the fish for inducing spawning, and the fish were kept in a small-sized fish holder (2×2×2 m). eggs were colorless transparent free pelagi ... | 2016 | 27294209 |
| early gonadal differentiation of the protogynous red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara. | red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara is a popular aquaculture species in many asian countries. this species is a protogynous hermaphrodite that first differentiates into female and changes to male later. due to this reproductive characteristic, stable supply of male and female gametes is a key to the success of seed production in this species. thus, understanding early gonadal differentiation is required to develop effective sex control techniques. red spotted grouper were reared in indoor ta ... | 2015 | 26973972 |
| primary male development of two sequentially hermaphroditic groupers, epinephelus akaara and epinephelus awoara (perciformes: epinephelidae). | gonad ontogeny of the hong kong grouper epinephelus akaara (a bi-directional sex changer) and the yellow grouper epinephelus awoara (a protogynous hermaphrodite) was examined for the first time from post-larval phase until first sexual maturation, by histology. approximately 20 specimens of each species were collected randomly every 2-7 weeks from rearing tanks with natural sea water and temperature between june 2013 and june 2014. the paired gonadal primordia (gp) were observed at 6 weeks after ... | 2016 | 26935897 |
| cloning and pattern of gsdf mrna during gonadal development in the protogynous epinephelus akaara. | gonadal soma-derived factor (gsdf) is a teleost- and gonad-specific growth factor involved in early germ cell development. the red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara, as a protogynous hermaphrodite, provides a novel model for understanding the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in teleosts. in the present study, a 2307-bp long gsdf gene was cloned from e. akaara and there was further analysis of its tissue distribution and gonadal patterns of gene expression during the female p ... | 2016 | 26718719 |
| isolation and characterization of novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for epinephelus akaara. | in the present study, ten novel microsatellite markers were developed from an enriched-(ca)13 genomic library of epinephelus akaara. the mean number of alleles per locus was 21.6, with a range of 12 to 33. observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.767 to 0.967, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.831 to 0.975, with mean values of 0.877 and 0.923, respectively. among the ten loci, three loci deviated from hardy-weinberg equilibrium after sequential bonferroni's correction. these polymorphic mic ... | 2015 | 26535681 |
| effects of water temperature change on the hematological responses and plasma cortisol levels in growing of red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara. | this study was conducted to determine the stress response [ethological (operculum movement number (omn)), hematological (hematocrit and hemoglobin), biochemical (glucose, cortisol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (got))] in red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara during exposure of different water temperature in winter season. this species (total length, 18.56±0.34 cm) previously maintained in water temperature of 15°c were transferred to 15, 20 and 25°c. during experimental period (7 days) ... | 2015 | 25949206 |
| induction of primary male in juvenile red spotted grouper epinephelus akaara by immersion of 17α-methyltestosterone. | we investigated the androgenic effects of 17α- methyltestosterone (mt) on gonadal sex reversal in juvenile red spotted grouper epinephelus akaara. the fish were immersed in 17α-mt at 1 and 5 mg/l. treatment method of 17α-mt was once weekly for 4 and 8 weeks. fish were sampled at 12 months after end of the treatment period in order to histological analysis. at the initiation of an experiment (70 day after hatching), juvenile red spotted grouper have the paired primordial gonads with somatic cells ... | 2014 | 25949180 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of the epinephelus akaara (perciformes: serranidae). | the complete mitochondrial genome of the epinephelus akaara was presented in this study. the mitochondrial genome is 16,743 bp long and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and a control region. the gene order and composition of epinephelus akaara mitochondrial genome was similar to that of most other vertebrates. the nucleotide compositions of the light strand are 27.31% of a, 16.20% of c, 28.68% of t and 27.81% of g. with the exception of the nadh dehydrogenase subu ... | 2016 | 25405908 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of the rock grouper epinephelus fasciatomaculosus (pisces: perciformes). | in this study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the rock grouper epinephelus fasciatomaculosus was determined. the circular mtdna molecule was 16,682 bp in size and the overall nucleotide composition of the h-strand was 28.64% a, 27.21% t, 16.28% g and 27.87% c, with an a + t bias. the complete mitogenome encoded 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrnas, 22 trnas and two major non-coding regions, with the gene order and content identical to other vertebrate mitogenomes. e. fasciatomaculosus is ... | 2013 | 23521138 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of yellow grouper epinephelus awoara (perciformes, epinephelidae). | in this paper, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of epinephelus awoara has been determined. the mt genome (16,802 bp) had the canonical mt gene content and arrangement, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes, and 2 non-coding regions. the overall base composition of the heavy-strand is 28.47% a, 27.29% t, 16.54% g, and 27.70% c, with an at content of 56.76%. it shared 92.6%, 85.5%, 86.1%, 84.9%, and 85.7% identities with that of epinephelus akaara, epinephelus bruneu ... | 2012 | 22943451 |
| characterization of rag1 and igm (mu chain) marking development of the immune system in red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara). | in vertebrates, lymphoid-specific recombinase protein encoded by recombination-activating genes (rag1/2) plays a key role in v(d)j recombination of the t-cell receptor and b-cell receptor. in this study, both rag1 and the immunoglobulin m (igm) mu chain were cloned to characterize their potential role in the immune defense at developmental stages of red-spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara. the open reading frame (orf) of e. akaara rag1 included 2778 nucleotide residues encoding a putative protei ... | 2012 | 22796426 |
| selection and identification of singapore grouper iridovirus vaccine candidate antigens using bioinformatics and dna vaccination. | in this study, we described a rapid and efficient method which integrated the bioinformatic prediction and dna vaccine technology to identify vaccine candidates against singapore grouper iridovirus (sgiv). the 162 previously defined open reading frames (orfs) of sgiv were subjected to extensive sequence similarity searches, as well as motif, cellular location, and domain prediction. based on our analysis, 13 genes were chosen and cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcdna 3.1. in vitro a ... | 2012 | 22698389 |
| detection of species-specific long vntrs in mitochondrial control region and their application to identifying sympatric hong kong grouper (epinephelus akaara) and yellow grouper (epinephelus awoara). | length variation and heteroplasmy were observed in pcr products of the first half of mtdna control region of both hong kong grouper (epinephelus akaara) and yellow grouper (epinephelus awoara). dna sequencing unveiled the phenomena were caused by the presence of species-specific long variable number tandem repeats (vntrs). this is the first report on the mtdna vntrs and their heteroplasmy in groupers. moreover, these vntrs are also the longest such structure found in teleost fish. thereafter, we ... | 2011 | 21429126 |
| a set of 16 consensus primer pairs amplifying the complete mitochondrial genomes of orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides) and hong kong grouper (epinephelus akaara). | groupers are of considerable economic value; however, their classification and evolutionary relationships have long been hindered by the overwhelming number of species and lack of morphological specializations. mitochondrial genome is a source of original markers that are potentially useful in the study of phylogeny and population genetics of groupers. we describe a set of 16 new primer pairs that allow pcr amplification of the entire mitochondrial genomes of orange-spotted grouper and hong kong ... | 2009 | 21564956 |
| expression pattern, cellular localization and promoter activity analysis of ovarian aromatase (cyp19a1a) in protogynous hermaphrodite red-spotted grouper. | aromatase plays a key role in sex differentiation of gonads. in this study, we cloned the full-length cdna of ovarian aromatase from protogynous hermaphrodite red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara), and prepared the corresponding anti-eacyp19a1a antiserum. western blot and immunofluorescence studies revealed ovary-specific expression pattern of eacyp19a1a in adults and its dynamic expression change during artificial sex reversal. eacyp19a1a was expressed by follicular cells of follicular layer ... | 2009 | 19443102 |
| analysis of differential expression and characterization of pin in the gonads during sex reversal in the red-spotted grouper. | the red-spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara, is a protogynous hermaphroditic fish that shows the characteristic of natural sex change. in this study, 2-year-old female groupers were successfully reversed to functional males by oral administration of 17alpha-methyltestosterone (mt) for 42 days. the protein inhibitor of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (pin) gene was cloned from sex-reversed male gonads using modern suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh), cdna synthesis and rapid amplificat ... | 2009 | 19422880 |
| seasonal changes of serum sex steroids concentration and aromatase activity of gonad and brain in red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara). | levels of serum sex steroids (estradiol-17beta, e2; testosterone, t; 11-ketotestosterone, 11-kt) in male, female and natural sex-reversing red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara), and aromatase activity of gonad and brain in both male and female were investigated throughout an annually reproductive cycle. in females, serum e2 and t peaked during vitellogenesis, but in males and natural sex-reversing fish, 11-kt, t and e2 reached peak during spermatogenesis. in addition, in females, serum 11-kt ... | 2007 | 16781831 |
| effects of aromatizable and nonaromatizable androgens on the sex inversion of red-spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara). | the effects of aromatizable 17alpha-methyltestosterone (mt) and non-aromatizable 17alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone (mdht) on sex inversion in red-spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara, were investigated. fish were implanted with mt, mdht and mt+ai (aromatase inhibitor, ai) respectively for one month. the results showed that the three treated groups turned into transitional stage with intersex gonads, which contained atretic oocytes and spermatogenic germ cells at all stages of spermatogenesis. the ... | 2006 | 20035475 |
| [aromatase inhibitor letrozole induces sex inversion in the protogynous red spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara).]. | the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the aromatase inhibitor (ai) letrozole on gonadal development, serum steroids and aromatase activities in 2-year-old female red spotted grouper (epinephelus akaara) during reproductive season. groupers were divided into two groups, one implanted with aromatase inhibitor (ai, 5 mg/kg body weight) and the other elastomer without ai into peritoneal cavity once every four weeks for 8 weeks. spermiation was checked through gentle abdominal ... | 2005 | 16094495 |
| humoral immune responses of the grouper epinephelus akaara against the microsporidium glugea epinephelusis. | the humoral immune responses of grouper epinephelus akaara to a natural infection with glugea epinephelusis was studied by elisa utilizing intact mature spores as the coated antigen. results showed that a specific humoral immune response was elicited, but the intensity of infection (in terms of the number of cysts) was not related to the antibody level in naturally infected hosts. the differences in the antigenicity of intact mature spores and soluble spore proteins derived from cracked mature s ... | 2005 | 15918474 |
| chromatographic and immunological identification of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in five marine teleosts. | brain extracts from bluefin tuna, thunnus thynnus, red seabream, pagrus major, black seabream, acanthopagrus schlegeli, red spotted grouper, epinephelus akaara and japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and specific radioimmunoassays. immunoreactive material co-eluting from hplc with salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) and chicken gnrh-ii, respectively, was found in all five species. in addition, a gnrh immunoreactive fr ... | 1993 | 24202875 |
| metabolic effects of c21 steroids in female epinephelus akaara (teleostei: serranidae). | cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxy-20 beta-dihydroprogesterone, or a combination of the last 2 steroids, were injected into different groups of immature female epinephelus. none of the steroids tested had significant effects on serum electrolyte level, and hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices. serum glucose concentration was elevated after treatment with cortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, 17 alpha-hydroxy-20 beta-dihydroprogesterone ... | 1990 | 2244962 |
| changes in metabolism and hepatic ultrastructure induced by estradiol and testosterone in immature female epinephelus akaara (teleostei, serranidae). | estradiol injections increase serum level of calcium, amino acid, glucose, protein, ammonia and creatinine in immature epinephelus akaara, and also increase levels of total lipid, cholesterol, phospholipid and esterified fatty acids. hepatic protein, glycogen and lipid concentrations also rise after estradiol treatment, and some hepatic enzymes participating in the metabolism of nitrogen, lipid and carbohydrate, show increased activity. serum vitellogenin levels are increased. testosterone treat ... | 1984 | 6467340 |
| effects of oestradiol-17 beta and testosterone on the histology of pituitary, liver, ovary and skin of previtellogenic epinephelus akaara (teleostei, serranidae). | the pituitary gland of the red grouper, epinephelus akaara, was studied by histochemical techniques, and the prolactin cells, corticotrops, somatotrops, gonadotrops, thyrotrops, pars intermedia cells and neurohypophyseal cells, were identified. oestradiol-17 beta treatment caused pas-positive cells in the proximal pars distalis, presumably a mixture of gonadotrops and thyrotrops, to undergo hypertrophy, vacuolation and degranulation of cytoplasmic glycoprotein granules. disappearance of cytoplas ... | 1983 | 6683593 |