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development of leucocytozoon caulleryi in chick embryos infected by biting of culicoides arakawae through shell membrane.chick embryos were infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi by biting of the midge, culicoides arakawae, through the shell membrane. schizonts of l. caulleryi were detected in the chorioallantoic membrane and most of the internal organs of embryos and of chicks after hatching. the development of schizonts was slower in embryos than in chickens. soluble antigens of l. caulleryi were demonstrated by the precipitation test in the allantoic fluid and blood from the embryos and chicks. no erythrocytic s ...197899671
[cold hemagglutinin in plasma of chickens infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi (author's transl)]. 1979113606
early schizonts of leucocytozoon caulleryi.sporozoites of leucocytozoon caulleryi were inoculated intravenously into 26-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens. six days after inoculation, early schizonts were detected in lung, spleen, and thymus. they existed separately and were spherical or ovoid, 30-35 microns in diameter, and had well defined walls.19902143227
some aspects of leucocytozoon caulleryi reinfection in chickens.the role of first- and second-generation schizonts in acquired immunity to leucocytozoon caulleryi in chickens was studied. the chickens, which had recovered from a primary infection with various doses of sporozoites at 22-95 days of age, were challenged with sporozoites. first-generation merozoites were found in all of the challenged chickens, but no second-generation merozoites and gametocytes were seen in 30 of 32 chickens challenged with sporozoites. almost all of the chickens that had recov ...19892710774
development of erythrocytic merozoites to gametocytes in chickens recovered from sporozoite infection with leucocytozoon caulleryi. 19863086532
observations on the taiwanese strain of leucocytozoon caulleryi (haemosporina) in chickens.the taiwanese strain of leucocytozoon caulleryi was isolated from an infected chicken in taipei, taiwan, and established in chickens and biting midges culicoides arakawae from japan. sporogony of the strain in c. arakawae was completed on day 3 after the infective blood meals at 25 degrees c. sporozoites isolated from the salivary glands of c. arakawae on days 3 or 4 after feeding caused infection in all the chickens inoculated. the strain showed high pathogenicity for chickens. mortality of chi ...19863090239
detection of serum antibody to leucocytozoon caulleryi in naturally infected chickens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 19873106692
immunoglobulin m and g immune response to leucocytozoon caulleryi in chickens. 19873108561
freeze fracture study of the schizonts and merozoites of leucocytozoon caulleryi.the fine structure of the schizonts and merozoites of leucocytozoon caulleryi was studied by the freeze fracture technique. young schizonts were spherical, surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule and possessed numerous nuclei. the nucleus was surrounded by the outer and inner nuclear membrane. a number of nuclear pores were evident in the nuclear membranes. advanced schizonts were characterized by the formation of cytomeres. each cytomere was surrounded by a membrane. several nuclei lay along the ...19873116781
detection of schizonts in chickens recovered from natural infection with leucocytozoon caulleryi. 19892585937
long-term antibody response to leucocytozoon caulleryi in experimentally infected chickens. 19873586458
protective immunity to leucocytozoon caulleryi in chickens by a killed vaccine. 19902217125
protection against chicken leucocytozoonosis provided by immunization with spleen homogenate infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi.protection against chicken leucocytozoonosis was assessed in chickens immunized with spleen homogenates from chickens that had received sporozoites of leucocytozoon caulleryi 7 or 13 days previously. chickens immunized with the homogenate were challenged with sporozoites of l. caulleryi and observed for changes in clinical signs, parasitemia, serum-soluble antigen, and antibody responses. in chickens immunized with either the 7-day or 13-day homogenate, clinical signs and parasitemia were modera ...19911953579
indirect immunofluorescent antibody test in chicken leucocytozoonosis.the indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique was applied to detection of antigens of different developmental stages of leucocytozoon caulleryi and antibodies in the sera of chickens infected with l. caulleryi by using second generation merozoite and gametocyte antigens. zygotes, ookinetes and sporozoites in midges, and second generation merozoites and gametocytes in chickens indicated specific fluorescence. indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers were higher than agar gel precipitation a ...19826225953
development of second generation merozoites of leucocytozoon caulleryi in vitro.sporozoites of leucocytozoon caulleryi were inoculated into specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens intravenously. fourteen days after inoculation, the infected blood, parasitized with second generation merozoites, was collected from the chickens. the blood was then suspended in spf chicken serum or rpmi-1640 culture medium supplemented with 20% spf chicken serum in petri dishes, which were cultured at 37 degrees c or 41 degrees c in a humidified atmosphere of 5% co2. second generation merozoites ...19846234388
cryopreservation of leucocytozoon caulleryi sporozoites.leucocytozoon caulleryi sporozoites that had been stored at -196 degrees c or -80 degrees c for 6 or 12 months in eagle's minimum essential medium or medium 199 supplemented with 5% glycerol and 10% chicken serum showed infectivity to chickens. glycerol at a concentration of 10% and dimethyl sulfoxide at 10% and 5% were found to be ineffective cryoprotective agents for the low temperature preservation of sporozoites. sporozoites isolated from the intact females of culicoides arakawae, which had ...19883183995
infectivity of leucocytozoon caulleryi sporozoites developed in vitro and in vivo. 19846429072
detection of gametocytes in chickens recovered from natural infection with leucocytozoon caulleryi.gametocytes of leucocytozoon caulleryi were found again in two chickens from the peripheral blood of which they had been detected in the previous year. it was discussed from the results of agar gel precipitation tests whether these chickens were involved in the reinfection or the relapse of this organism.19836429550
rapid detection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of antigens and antibodies in the sera of chickens infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi.the method of counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used to detect rapidly soluble antigens and antibodies in the sera of chickens infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi. this method retained the specificity revealed by the ouchterlony gel-diffusion technique, and induced no false positive reactions. therefore, it was applicable to the serological diagnosis of chicken leucocytozoonosis, as well as the ouchterlony technique which is used in japan at present.19806789214
seroimmunological and parasitological surveys of leucocytozoon caulleryi infection in chickens in several asian countries. 19816792099
the fine structure of the merozoites and gametocytes of leucocytozoon caulleryi.the fine structure of the merozoites and gametocytes of leucocytozoon caulleryi from the peripheral blood of chickens was studied by means of electron microscopy. merozoites are oval to elongate and are surrounded by a pellicle. they possess a large nucleus, numerous ribosomes, microtubules, a mitochondrion with tubular cristae, a cytostome, an apical complex consisting of three polar rings, electron-dense paired rhoptries, and micronemes. mature gametocytes are irregular in shape and are surrou ...19816797155
direct immunofluorescent staining of leucocytozoon caulleryi of different developmental stages.direct immunofluorescence was first used successfully for the staining of leucocytozoon caulleryi of different developmental stages, such as the 2nd generation schizont and merozoite, gametocyte, zygote, ookinete, and sporozoite. fluorescent antibody of igg nature prepared from sera of chickens over a period from the 21st to the 100th day after sporozoite inoculation was used in this experiment. the cross reactivity on different developmental stages of l. caulleryi in the direct fluorescent anti ...19816804875
immunocompetences and marek's disease resistance in three pairs of chicken lines selected for different immunological characters.three pairs of chicken lines selected for high (h) and low (l) graft vs. host reaction (gvhr) competences, serum immunoglobulin g (igg) levels, and antibody responses to leucocytozoon caulleryi were examined for their immunocompetences and marek's disease (md) resistance. the gvhr-h and gvhr-l lines were further divided into two sublines according to their major histocompatibility b genotype. immune responses to sheep erythrocytes (srbc), bovine serum albumin (bsa), and a lipopolysaccharide (lps ...19873628159
further studies on leucocytozoon caulleryi in domestic fowls in the philippines. 19695816043
detection of schizonts in a chicken recovered from experimental infection with leucocytozoon caulleryi. 19826819483
abundance and prevalence of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) on some philippine chicken farms.in total, 10,067 biting midges of the genus culicoides comprising 17 species were collected in a light trap survey of 50 chicken farms in the province of batangas, southern luzon, philippines, between 14 september and 5 december 1988. the species of greatest prevalence and abundance were culicoides effusus delfinado, culicoides peregrinus kieffer, and culicoides palpifer sen & das gupta. engorged females of c. effusus, c. peregrinus, c. palpifer, culicoides oxystoma kieffer, culicoides arakawae ...19948158628
fine structure of leucocytozoon caulleryi during microgametogenesis and fertilization.the fine structure of microgametogenesis and fertilization in leucocytozoon caulleryi was studied. when the peripheral blood of chickens containing mature gametocytes was withdrawn or ingested by culicoides arakawae , differentiation of the microgametocytes began immediately. the cytoplasm of host cell and the outer membrane of the microgametocyte disappeared. axoneme formation began in the cytoplasm and the condensed chromatin masses were observed at the periphery of the nucleus of microgametoc ...19846428080
gametocytogenesis of leucocytozoon caulleryi in in vitro culture: effect of human red blood cells on the development of second-generation merozoites.for investigating development of second-generation merozoites of leucocytozoon caulleryi into mature gametocytes, infected erythrocytes from chickens at 15 d after sporozoites inoculation were cultured in rpmi-1640 modified medium supplemented with 10% horse serum and 0.5 ml of human erythrocytes (type o). when culture was carried out at 37 degrees c in a humidified atmosphere or 5% co2 for 7 d, the very small number of second-generation merozoites developed into morphologically mature gametocyt ...19968640195
resistance of chicks against reinfection with leucocytozoon caulleryi.chickens were inoculated with five to 40 sporozoites of leucocytozoon caulleryi at 1 to 9 days of age. mortality, parasitemia, appearance of serum-soluble antigen, and antibodies were examined. chickens that survived primary infection were reinoculated with 3 x 10(3) to 1 x 10(4) sporozoites and examined for resistance against reinfection by the same criteria used in primary infection. after primary infection, up to 80% of chickens died of leucocytozoonosis. surviving chickens showed parasitemia ...19938452506
protective immunity induced with the antigens fractionated by affinity chromatography from the second generation schizonts of leucocytozoon caulleryi.a crude extract of the 2nd generation schizonts (2gs) of leucocytozoon caulleryi and chicken serum containing serum-soluble antigens were applied to an immunoaffinity column using immunoglobulin of chickens recovered from l. caulleryi infections. the fractionated antibody-bound proteins showed several bands between 70 kda and 35 kda by the electrophoretic analysis. by immunization of chickens, the fractionated proteins conferred the protection at varying degrees comparable to that conferred by t ...19968844607
nematocera (ceratopogonidae, psychodidae, simuliidae and culicidae) and control methods.the biology, veterinary importance and control of certain nematocera are described and discussed. culicoides spp. (family ceratopogonidae) transmit the arboviruses of bluetongue (bt), african horse sickness (ahs), bovine ephemeral fever (bef) and akabane. some other arboviruses have been isolated from these species, while fowl pox has been transmitted experimentally by culicoides. these insects are vectors of the parasitic protozoans leucocytozoon caulleryi and haemoproteus nettionis, and the pa ...19947711309
analysis of schizont antigen of leucocytozoon caulleryi by sds-page and western blot.to investigate the molecular weight of the schizont antigen of leucocytozoon caulleryi, the schizont antigen was analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and western blot. thirty to 35 protein bands were detected by sds-page under reduced condition and ranged from 25 to 300 kda. most of them reacted with the sera of infected chickens by western blot. the bands corresponding to polypeptides of 44, 58, 67 and 180 kda reacted strongly, however, the bands of ...19948146445
pathogenesis of reduced egg production and soft-shelled eggs in laying hens associated with leucocytozoon caulleryi infection.the pathogenesis of reduced egg production with soft-shelled eggs in laying hens naturally infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi was investigated. many large schizonts of l. caulleryi schizonts were seen in the ovary and oviducts of chickens. granulomatous and lymphocytic inflammation, edema, and pressure atrophy were associated with these schizonts. the uterine region that secretes the egg shell exhibited the most severe damage. these lesions in the reproductive organs may explain the mechanism ...19979105322
immunogenicity of leucocytozoon caulleryi sporozoites and their reactivity with specific immune sera.the immunogenicity of leucocytozoon caulleryi sporozoites for chickens and their reactivity in vitro with specific immune sera were studied. almost all of the chickens that had been immunized with the sporozoite antigens survived the sporozoite challenge. the degree of parasitemia observed in the immunized chickens was significantly lower than that found in the nonimmunized chickens. specific antibodies against sporozoites were tested by the circumsporozoite precipitation (csp) reaction. antibod ...19968738286
immunoblot analysis of humoral immune responses to leucocytozoon caulleryi in chickens.the humoral antibody responses of chickens infected or immunized with leucocytozoon caulleryi were analyzed by immunoblot comparing with protection against challenge infection, agar-gel precipitation (agp) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and parasitemia. igg antibodies in the sera from chickens infected with l. caulleryi were found to react with 20-35 bands of approximate molecular weights 25-300 kda, such as 33, 44, 58, 79, 94, and 141 kda from 3 to 50 wk after infection. in ch ...19989488339
culicoides arakawae (diptera: ceratopogonidae) efficiently blood-fed and infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi through a natural membrane.culicoides arakawae, the most common culicoides sp. on chicken farms in east asia, is an important blood-sucking insect and leucocytozoon caulleryi vector. how parasites, in an ingested blood bolus, enter the midgut of insects and deal with this complex and biochemically hostile environment is poorly understood. however, successful blood-feeding through a membrane in c. arakawae is beneficial for studying this phenomenon. therefore, a membrane-feeding method for c. arakawae was developed in. the ...200111511416
culicoides arakawae (diptera: ceratopogonidae) population succession in relation to leucocytozoonosis prevalence on a chicken farm in taiwan.leucocytozoonosis caused by leucocytozoon caulleryi is a significant disease prevalent in open chicken houses of southern and eastern asia. l. caulleryi is transmitted by culicoides arakawae, a blood-sucking vector. leucocytozoonosis prevalence is influenced by vector population succession. thus this examination was performed on a farm to investigate vector population succession and leucocytozoonosis prevalence in experimental chicks and to obtain the ecology data for assessing the prevalence. t ...200011035229
cyclosporin a, but not bursectomy, abolishes the protective immunity of chickens against leucocytozoon caulleryi.chickens that survive primary infection with leucocytozoon caulleryi show strong resistance to reinfection. using bursectomized (bx) or cyclosporin a (csa)-treated chickens, we performed experiments to determine which type of immunity, humoral or cellular immunity, plays an important role in the resistance of chickens against reinfection with l. caulleryi. bx chickens were inoculated with 2, 20 or 200 sporozoites of l. caulleryi intravenously at 3 weeks of age. some bx chickens which were inocul ...200010736526
role of reticulocytes on gametocytogenesis in chickens infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi.reticulocytes, known as late polychromatic erythrocytes, were induced in blood of chickens infected with leucocytozoon caulleryi by bleeding when the second-generation merozoites were released into the blood from the second-generation schizonts. the second-generation merozoites preferentially invaded into reticulocytes and developed to stage ii gametocytes. enhanced development of stage ii gametocytes to mature gametocytes was observed in the reticulocytes in vivo and in vitro in the bleeding gr ...200111503908
pathogenicity of leucocytozoon caulleryi for specific pathogen-free laying hens.the pathogenicity of leucocytozoon caulleryi against specific-pathogen-free laying hens was investigated. many large schizonts (second-generation schizonts) of l. caulleryi were seen in the ovary and oviducts of chickens. edema and pressure atrophy of the adjacent tissues were associated with these schizonts. the eggshell-secreting portion of the uterus exhibited the most severe damage in the oviduct. this experiment reconfirms that l. caulleryi may stop egg production in laying hens, presumably ...200111695401
role of chicken serum in inhibiting leucocytozoon caulleryi development in culicoides arakawae infected by membrane-feeding of infective blood meals.leucocytozoon caulleryi, the most important pathogen of leucocytozoonsis in several asian countries, is transmitted by culicoides arakawae. although the vector blood meal factors that influence the infectivity of l. caulleryi remain poorly understood, the factors in infected chicken serum remain vital. c. arakawae blood-fed through a membrane were used in this experiment to examine the influence of serum factors on l. caulleryi development. experimental results indicate that c. arakawae were suc ...200111570552
characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the second-generation schizonts of leucocytozoon caulleryi.monoclonal antibodies (mabs), r1 and m5, were established against the second-generation schizont of leucocytozoon caulleryi (l. caulleryi). both antibodies reacted to membrane and internal structure proteins of the second-generation schizont by immunofluorescence microscopy. molecular weight of the second-generation schizont (2gs) antigen was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and western blotting. at least 40 protein bands were detected in 2gs anti ...200211999452
the correlation of protective effects and antibody production in immunized chickens with recombinant r7 vaccine against leucocytozoon caulleryi.protective effects of recombinant r7 (rr7) vaccine against leucocytozoon caulleryi in chickens were studied. after injection of oil-adjuvanted rr7 vaccine into chickens, antibody titers against second-generation schizonts (2gs) antigen of l. caulleryi (anti-2gs antibody) rapidly rose in all the immunized chickens, reached to a peak value 2 weeks after injection, and the titers persisted through 4 or 5 months after injection. chickens having high levels of the anti-2gs antibody titers (> or = 102 ...200212069072
cellular immune responses in chickens induced by recombinant r7 leucocytozoon caulleryi vaccine.we have recently developed recombinant subunit vaccine consisting of second-generation schizont (2gs) membrane protein (rr7) of leucocytozoon caulleryi. chickens immunized with rr7 antigen acquired clear resistance to challenge by leucocytozoon sporozoites. we examined the induction of cellular immune responses in vaccinated chickens. spleen adherent cells from vaccinated chickens showed significantly higher phagocytic activity against 2gs-coated latex particles than did cells from adjuvant-inoc ...200312760672
leucocytozoon caulleryi in the domestic fowl in southeast asia. 196414240062
preventive effects of pyrimethamine and some sulfonamides on leucocytozoon caulleryi in chickens. 196414251571
a rapid assay for detecting antibody against leucocytozoonosis in chickens with a latex agglutination test using recombinant r7 antigen.a method for detecting antibody against leucocytozoonosis in chickens by latex agglutination (la) was developed using latex beads coated with recombinant r7 (rr7), an outer membrane antigen of second-generation schizonts of leucocytozoon caulleryi. compared with the agar gel precipitation test, which is widely used in japan, la could detect antibody induced by l. caulleryi infection with greater sensitivity. no agglutination was detected with sera from specific pathogen free or layer chickens th ...200515763734
field efficacy of recombinant r7 vaccine against chicken leucocytozoonosis.effectiveness of vaccine that used recombinant r7 protein (rr7) as antigen that is derived from second-generation schizont (2gs) of leucocytozoon caulleryi was verified under a field condition against chicken leucocytozoonosis. chickens reared in a poultry farm where the chickens are attacked by leucocytozoonosis in every year were inoculated with oil-adjuvanted rr7 vaccine (o-rr7), and the immunized chickens were found to have production of antibodies against 2gs at a high level by one shot. le ...200415187356
some investigations on the sporogony of leucocytozoon caulleryi in laboratory-reared biting midges of four culicoides species. 196514322177
use of flow cytometry to separate leucocytozoon caulleryi gametocytes from avian blood.the highly pathogenic avian protozoan leucocytozoon caulleryi infects host chicken cells, and interference by the host genome results in difficulty in obtaining protozoal dna for genetic analysis. we used flow cytometry analysis to separate expelled l. caulleryi gametocytes from infected chicken blood and to analyse cell populations and sorting by facs efficiency. infected blood cells stained with syto-24 showed a specific area on 2-dimensional scattergrams compared to uninfected blood. the spec ...201020619066
increase of antibody titer against leucocytozoon caulleryi by oral administration of recombinant r7 antigen.in this study, we examined oral administration with recombinant r7 (rr7) antigen expressed in escherichia coli using chicken leucocytozoonosis subunit vaccine (lv)-vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens. only lv-vaccinated chickens showed re-induction of anti-second-generation schizont (2gs) antibody. also, lv-vaccinated chickens whose anti-2gs antibody titer was middle-level showed increases of the antibody titer compared to vaccinated-control chickens (p>0.01, >0.05) after oral administration wi ...200515750322
two extra chromosomal genomes of leucocytozoon caulleryi; complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genome and existence of the apicoplast genome.we analyzed extra chromosomal genomes of avian blood protozoa, leucocytozoon caulleryi. one of the genomes, the mitochondrial genome was completely sequenced resulting 5,959 bp in length. this genome contained the identical gene organization and contents to that of other avian blood protozoa previously analyzed: three functional genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunit i, iii, and cytochrome b with following sets of discontinuous and scrambled 15 ribosomal subunit rna genes. in addition, the mitoc ...200818581140
booster responses by oral vaccination with transgenic plants against chicken leucocytozoonosis.we developed a transgenic potato (trp/r7) expressing the recombinant r7 (rr7) antigen for use as an oral vaccine to protect against a chicken protozoan disease, chicken leucocytozoonosis. the trp/r7 potato was produced by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and regeneration, and the r7 gene insertion into potato chromosomes was confirmed by genomic polymerase chain reaction and southern hybridization. rr7 antigen expression in trp/r7 potato was also confirmed by sandwich enzyme-lin ...201323607580
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to leucocytozoon caulleryi.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect antibodies to leucocytozoon caulleryi in chicken sera. the assay was standardised in terms of antigen coating conditions, optimum antigen concentration, serum and conjugate dilutions. the schizont antigen showed a strong affinity for binding or absorbing to the surface of the polystyrene wells of the microplate. nonspecific binding of antigen and cross-reactions were not observed with sera from specific-pathogen-free chickens and an ...198618766520
pathology and molecular characterization of recent leucocytozoon caulleryi cases in layer flocks.leucocytozoonosis was found in three layer farms in chickens with suspected fatty liver or fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in korea between 2009 and 2011. these layer chicken flocks showed both mortality and decreased egg production for one or two weeks when they were between 59 and 82 weeks old. at the necropsy, the most prominent gross lesions were found in the liver, which was enlarged, had a fragile texture, exhibited yellowish discolorations, and had various hemorrhagic lesions. tissue rea ...201627760890
highly conserved gene arrangement of the mitochondrial genomes of 23 plasmodium species.mitochondrial (mt) genomes from diverse phylogenetic groups vary considerably in size, structure and organization. the genus plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has the smallest mt genome in the form of a tandemly repeated, linear element of 6 kb. the plasmodium mt genome encodes only three protein genes (cox1, cox3 and cob) and large- and small-subunit ribosomal rna (rrna) genes, which are highly fragmented with 19 identified rrna pieces. the complete mt genome sequences of 21 plasmodiu ...201121329764
loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of histomonas meleagridis infection in chickens targeting the 18s rrna sequences.histomonas meleagridis is the causative agent of histomonosis, a disease of gallinaceous fowl characterized by necrotic typhlitis, hepatitis, and high mortality. to develop a rapid and sensitive method for specific detection of h. meleagridis, an assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) targeting the 18s rrna gene was established. the detection limit of the lamp assay was 10 copies for standard plasmids containing an 18s rrna gene fragment, which was superior to that of a cla ...201424320623
the apicoplast genome of leucocytozoon caulleryi, a pathogenic apicomplexan parasite of the chicken.leucocytozoon caulleryi, a haemosporidian parasite of the chicken (gallus gallus domesticus), can be highly pathogenic and often fatal. although this parasite is extremely relevant to veterinary science, knowledge of its genomic features is limited. to gain information applicable to developing novel control methods for the parasite, we analyzed the apicoplast genome of l. caulleryi. this extranuclear organellar dna of 85.1% a + t and a unit of 34,779 bp was found to encode almost the same set of ...201424301182
loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of histomonas meleagridis infection in chickens targeting the 18s rrna sequences.histomonas meleagridis is the causative agent of histomonosis, a disease of gallinaceous fowl characterized by necrotic typhlitis, hepatitis, and high mortality. to develop a rapid and sensitive method for specific detection of h. meleagridis, an assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) targeting the 18s rrna gene was established. the detection limit of the lamp assay was 10 copies for standard plasmids containing an 18s rrna gene fragment, which was superior to that of a cla ...201324325302
antibody response and protective immunity of chickens vaccinated with booster dose of recombinant oil-adjuvanted leucocytozoon caulleryi subunit vaccine.leucocytozoon caulleryi is an economically important poultry pathogen that causes subclinical to fatal disease in chickens. because of limited preventive and treatment options against this disease, an oil-adjuvanted recombinant vaccine (o-rr7) targeting the r7 protein of l. caulleryi second-generation schizonts was developed. different vaccination programs, namely, single vaccination at 45 days (0.1-ml dose), single vaccination at 130 days (0.25 ml), and initial vaccination at 45 days (0.1 ml) f ...201425619006
diagnosis of leucocytozoon caulleryi infection in commercial broiler breeders in south korea.this report confirms a recent outbreak of a leucocytozoon caulleryi infection in a commercial broiler breeder flock in south korea. seven, 18-day-old broiler breeders (gallus gallus) were necropsied following a history of depression, sudden death, and subcutaneous hemorrhages. on necropsy, subcutaneous hemorrhages were identified in the wings and legs, pectoral and thigh muscles, thymus, epicardium, pancreas, and kidneys. on histopathology, there were numerous schizonts and merozoits of a leucoc ...201424758134
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