| phylogenetic analysis of the species theilovirus: emerging murine and human pathogens. | the cardiovirus genus of the family picornaviridae includes two distinct species, encephalomyocarditis virus and theilovirus. we now report the complete nucleotide sequences of three theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) strains (to yale, tob15, and vie 415htr) and of vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus (vhev). this information, together with the recently reported sequences of divergent theiloviruses (theiler's-like rat virus [trv] and saffold viruses 1 and 2 [safv-1 and safv-2]), e ... | 2008 | 18815294 |
| differential susceptibility of sd and cd rats to a novel rat theilovirus. | antibodies to rat theilovirus (rtv) have been detected in rats for many years because of their serologic crossreactivity with strains of theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) of mice. little information exists regarding this pathogen, yet it is among the most common viruses detected in serologic surveys of rats used in research. in the study reported here, a novel isolate of rtv, designated rtv1, was cultured from the feces of infected rats. the rtv1 genome contained 8094 nucleotides and ... | 2008 | 19004372 |
| contemporary prevalence of infectious agents in laboratory mice and rats. | periodic health screening of rodents used in research is necessary due to the consequences of unwanted infections. one determinant of the risk of infection for any given agent is its prevalence; other factors being equal, a prevalent agent is more likely than a rare one to be introduced to a research facility and result in infection. as an indicator of contemporary prevalence in laboratory populations of rats and mice, the rate of positive results in the samples received at a major commercial ro ... | 2009 | 19015179 |
| cardioviruses are genetically diverse and cause common enteric infections in south asian children. | cardioviruses cause enteric infections in mice and rats which when disseminated have been associated with myocarditis, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis-like symptoms. cardioviruses have also been detected at lower frequencies in other mammals. the cardiovirus genus within the picornaviridae family is currently made up of two viral species, theilovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus. until recently, only a single strain of cardioviruses (vilyuisk virus within the theilovirus ... | 2009 | 19193786 |
| management of an outbreak of rat theilovirus. | rat theilovirus is a commonly reported infection in research rat colonies. the author's institution experienced an outbreak of rat theilovirus in a breeding colony of unique outbred rats. to manage this outbreak, the institution chose to use a 'test and cull' strategy because this approach is reported to be successful in mouse colonies infected with theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, a related virus. here the author describes the outbreak and subsequent management of rat theilovirus. the ... | 2010 | 20410900 |
| the leader protein of cardioviruses inhibits stress granule assembly. | stress granules (sg) are cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled translation pre-initiation complexes forming in cells exposed to various environmental stresses. here, we show that stress granules assemble in cells infected with theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) mutants carrying alterations in the leader (l) protein, but not in cells infected with wild-type tmev. stress granules also formed in stat1-deficient cells, suggesting that sg formation was not a consequence of increased type-i i ... | 2011 | 21752908 |
| compare the differences of synonymous codon usage between the two species within cardiovirus. | abstract: | 2011 | 21708006 |
| in vivo tropisms and kinetics of rat theilovirus infection in immunocompetent and immunodeficient rats. | rat theilovirus (rtv) is a cardiovirus related to theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. while rtv is a prevalent viral pathogen of rats used in biomedical research, the pathogenesis and characterization of rtv infections is not well understood. in the studies reported herein, we used immunohistochemistry to identify viral antigens in enterocytes of the small intestines of sprague-dawley (sd) rats. fecal viral shedding in immunocompromised and immunocompetent rats following oral gavage with r ... | 2011 | 21820020 |
| Ribosomal frameshifting into an overlapping gene in the 2B-encoding region of the cardiovirus genome. | The genus Cardiovirus (family Picornaviridae) currently comprises the species Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Theilovirus. Cardioviruses have a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that encodes a large polyprotein (L-1ABCD-2ABC-3ABCD) that is cleaved to produce approximately 12 mature proteins. We report on a conserved ORF that overlaps the 2B-encoding sequence of EMCV in the +2 reading frame. The ORF is translated as a 128-129 amino acid transframe fusion (2B*) with the N-terminal 1 ... | 2011 | 22025686 |
| analysis of the genomic homologous recombination in theilovirus based on complete genomes. | at present, theilovirus is considered to comprise four distinct serotypes, including theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus, thera virus, and saffold virus. so far, there is no systematical study that investigated the genomic recombination of theilovirus. the present study performed the phylogenetic and recombination analysis of theilovirus over the complete genomes. seven potentially significant recombination events were identified. however, according t ... | 2011 | 21923921 |
| saffold virus, a novel human cardiovirus with unknown pathogenicity. | although cardioviruses have been thought to mainly infect rodents, a novel human cardiovirus, designated saffold virus (safv), was identified in 2007. safv is grouped with theiler-like rat virus and theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) in the species theilovirus of the genus cardiovirus of the family picornaviridae. eight genotypes of safv have now been identified. safv has been isolated from nasal and stool specimens from infants presenting with respiratory and gastrointestinal sympt ... | 2011 | 22114344 |
| amp-activated protein kinase phosphorylates emcv, tmev and safv leader proteins at different sites. | cardioviruses of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and theilovirus species encode small, amino-terminal proteins called leaders (l). phosphorylation of the emcv l (le) at two distinct sites by ck2 and syk kinases is important for virus-induced nup phosphorylation and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking inhibition. despite similar biological activities, the le phosphorylation sites are not conserved in the theiloviruses, saffold virus (ls, safv) or theiler׳s murine encephalitis virus (lt, tmev) seq ... | 2014 | 24999048 |
| encephalomyocarditis virus leader is phosphorylated by ck2 and syk as a requirement for subsequent phosphorylation of cellular nucleoporins. | encephalomyocarditis virus and theilovirus are species in the cardiovirus genus of the picornaviridae family. for all cardioviruses, the viral polyprotein is initiated with a short leader (l) protein unique to this genus. the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) structure of le from encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) has been determined. the protein has an nh2-proximal chcc zinc finger, a central linker, and a contiguous, highly acidic motif. the theiloviruses encode the same domains, with one or two ... | 2014 | 24335301 |
| genetic analysis of saffold virus-penang in relation to other newly discovered saffold viruses. | viruses in the family picornaviridae are classified into nine genera. within the family picornaviridae, two species: encephalomyocarditis virus and theilovirus, are listed under the genus cardiovirus. a novel theilovirus, saffold virus (safv), was first reported in 2007. since then, numerous safv isolates have been detected around the world and genetic recombinations have been reported among them. in 2009, safv-penang was isolated from a febrile child with influenza-like illness in malaysia. saf ... | 2012 | 23077814 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of a second serotype of the encephalomyocarditis virus. | encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and theilovirus are the two species of the cardiovirus genus. whereas theiloviruses comprise several sero-/genotypes, all known emcv isolates are serologically very similar and are thought to belong to one serotype, named emcv-1. here, a novel emcv type is described. strain rd 1338 (d28/05) was isolated from a wood mouse (apodemus sylvaticus) in germany and can be distinguished from emcv-1 by serological and molecular means. failure of emcv-1 specific hyperimmun ... | 2012 | 22824255 |
| viral metagenomic analysis of feces of wild small carnivores. | recent studies have clearly demonstrated the enormous virus diversity that exists among wild animals. this exemplifies the required expansion of our knowledge of the virus diversity present in wildlife, as well as the potential transmission of these viruses to domestic animals or humans. | 2014 | 24886057 |
| nonstructural protein l* species specificity supports a mouse origin for vilyuisk human encephalitis virus. | vilyuisk human encephalitis virus (vhev) is a picornavirus related to theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev). vhev was isolated from human material passaged in mice. whether this vhev is of human or mouse origin is therefore unclear. we took advantage of the species-specific activity of the nonstructural l* protein of theiloviruses to track the origin of tmev isolates. tmev l* inhibits rnase l, the effector enzyme of the interferon pathway. by using coimmunoprecipitation and functional ... | 2017 | 28446680 |
| development of a duplex real-time rt-pcr for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus and rat theilovirus. | theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) and rat theilovirus (rtv), the member of the genus cardiovirus, are widespread in laboratory mice and rats, and are potential contaminants of biological materials. cardioviruses infection may cause serious complications in biomedical research. to improve the efficiency of routine screening for cardioviruses infection, a duplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed for simultaneous detection and diffe ... | 2016 | 27396678 |
| genetic diversity of circulating saffold viruses in pakistan and afghanistan. | human cardioviruses or saffold viruses (safvs) of the family picornaviridae are newly emerging viruses whose genetic and phenotypic diversity are poorly understood. we report here the full genome sequence of 11 safv genotypes from pakistan and afghanistan, along with a re-evaluation of their genetic diversity and recombination. we detected 88 safv from stool samples of 943 acute flaccid paralysis cases using reverse transcriptase-pcr targeting the 5' untranslated region (utr). further characteri ... | 2014 | 24899154 |
| isolation of saffold virus type 2 in green monkey kidney cells. | saffold viruses (safv) have been discovered recently and they are classified into theilovirus species in genus cardiovirus in the picornaviridae family. safv, especially those belonging to the genotype 2, have been difficult to propagate in laboratory cell lines. this study describes the successful isolation of an efficiently growing safv-2 strain directly from a stool specimen by standard virological methods. the availability of safv isolates that can be propagated to high titers is crucial to ... | 2012 | 22825830 |
| seroprevalence of rodent pathogens in wild rats from the island of st. kitts, west indies. | a pilot seroprevalence study was conducted to document exposure to selected pathogens in wild rats inhabiting the caribbean island of st. kitts. serum samples collected from 22 captured wild rats (rattus norvegicus and rattus rattus) were tested for the presence of antibodies to various rodent pathogens using a rat mfi2 serology panel. the samples were positive for cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (13/22; 59.1%), clostridium piliforme (4/22; 18.2%), mycoplasma pulmonis (4/22; 18.2%), pneumo ... | 2019 | 31083284 |