| plasma levels of sex steroids in the north island brown kiwi (apteryx australis mantelli) in relation to time of year and stages of breeding. | north island brown kiwi (apteryx australis mantelli) have a seasonal pattern of egg laying with a peak in mid to late winter. this study is the first description of changes in plasma steroid concentrations during the annual reproductive cycle of this species. blood samples were collected at intervals over a 2 1/2-year period from a population of kiwi at tangiteroria, northland, new zealand. male kiwi had annual cycles of plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol. mean testosterone levels were ... | 1992 | 1426944 |
| north island kiwi, apteryx australis mantelli (apterygiformes: aves): a new host for toxocara cati (nematoda: ascaridoidea) in new zealand. | | 1982 | 7077446 |
| an exploratory analysis of the suitability of diets fed to a flightless insectivore, the north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli), in new zealand. | the ingredients and the macro- and micro-nutrient contents of diets that are fed to captive kiwi at seven new zealand holding facilities were subject to analysis. the nutrient compositions were compared across facilities and with an estimate of the nutrient composition of the diets of wild kiwi based on the intake of various dietary ingredients reported in the literature. a total of 20 ingredients were used, the number and proportion of these ingredients varied greatly between facilities. six of ... | 2010 | 19816904 |
| a new prey-detection mechanism for kiwi (apteryx spp.) suggests convergent evolution between paleognathous and neognathous birds. | kiwi (apterygidae: apteryx spp.) are traditionally assumed to detect their soil-dwelling invertebrate prey using their sense of smell. the unique position of the nares at the tip of the bill and the enlarged olfactory centres in the brain support this assumption. however, studies designed to show the importance of olfaction in prey-detection by apteryx have provided equivocal results. another family of probing birds, the scolopacidae, detect their buried prey using specialised vibration and pres ... | 2007 | 17711422 |
| fatal levamisole toxicosis of captive kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | nine of 24 captive kiwi treated with oral levamisole at a dose between 25-43 mg/kg showed signs of respiratory distress. six died within 4 h of treatment and the remaining three made a full recovery within 24 h. | 2005 | 15731840 |
| [unusual formation of the brain in a kiwi embryo (apteryx mantelli)]. | | 1957 | 13501163 |
| anatomical specializations for enhanced olfactory sensitivity in kiwi, apteryx mantelli. | the ability to function in a nocturnal and ground-dwelling niche requires a unique set of sensory specializations. the new zealand kiwi has shifted away from vision, instead relying on auditory and tactile stimuli to function in its environment and locate prey. behavioral evidence suggests that kiwi also rely on their sense of smell, using olfactory cues in foraging and possibly also in communication and social interactions. anatomical studies appear to support these observations: the olfactory ... | 2014 | 25376305 |
| is cerebellar architecture shaped by sensory ecology in the new zealand kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | among some mammals and birds, the cerebellar architecture appears to be adapted to the animal's ecological niche, particularly their sensory ecology and behavior. this relationship is, however, not well understood. to explore this, we examined the expression of zebrin ii (zii) in the cerebellum of the kiwi (apteryx mantelli), a fully nocturnal bird with auditory, tactile, and olfactory specializations and a reduced visual system. we predicted that the cerebellar architecture, particularly those ... | 2016 | 27192984 |
| pre- and postnatal energetics of the north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | in four eggs and four chicks of the north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) we measured pre- and postnatal oxygen consumption rate (vo(2)) daily from day (d)-75 (prior to hatching) until d+25 (after hatching). the increase of embryonic vo(2) reaches a plateau phase between d-22 and d-5 (0.113 ml o(2)/g/h=59.6% of allometrically expected value of a typical 416-g egg). mean total o(2) uptake per egg (43.01 l o(2)) corresponds to an energy turnover rate of 2.04 kj/g during embryonic development. ... | 2002 | 11897183 |
| karaka (corynocarpus laevigatus) toxicosis in north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | from 2001 t0 2004, westshore wildlife reserve observed five incidences of a vestibular syndrome in north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). these were suspected to be the result of ingesting the karaka berry (corynocarpus laevigatus), which contains a neurotoxin (karakin). | 2006 | 16931372 |
| permanent genetic resources: isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the north island brown kiwi, apteryx mantelli. | we report the isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic and five monomorphic microsatellites in north island brown kiwi (nibk, apteryx mantelli), using two polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques employing either short-tandem repeat primers (str method) or random pcr-based isolation of microsatellite arrays (pima method). microsatellite polymorphism was subsequently determined using 65 individuals. there were two to seven alleles for each polymorphic locus with heterozygozity rangin ... | 2008 | 21585802 |
| facial bristle feather histology and morphology in new zealand birds: implications for function. | knowledge of structure in biology may help inform hypotheses about function. little is known about the histological structure or the function of avian facial bristle feathers. here we provide information on morphology and histology, with inferences for function, of bristles in five predominantly insectivorous birds from new zealand. we chose species with differing ecologies, including: brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli), morepork (ninox novaezealandae), hihi (notiomystis cincta), new zealand robin (p ... | 2011 | 21069752 |
| evidence for an auditory fovea in the new zealand kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | kiwi are rare and strictly protected birds of iconic status in new zealand. yet, perhaps due to their unusual, nocturnal lifestyle, surprisingly little is known about their behaviour or physiology. in the present study, we exploited known correlations between morphology and physiology in the avian inner ear and brainstem to predict the frequency range of best hearing in the north island brown kiwi. the mechanosensitive hair bundles of the sensory hair cells in the basilar papilla showed the typi ... | 2011 | 21887317 |
| enteric coccidiosis in the brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | enteric coccidiosis may cause significant morbidity and mortality in juvenile brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). morphology of sporulated oocysts indicates that at least two eimeria species are able to infect the brown kiwi. a histological study of the endogenous stages of coccidia was undertaken in the intestinal tracts of ten naturally infected young kiwi. sequential sectioning of the entire intestinal tract allowed identification and recording of the distribution of the various coccidial life sta ... | 2012 | 22837099 |
| avipoxvirus infections in brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | nodular lesions were found on the skin of two immature brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) less than 6 months of age living freely on ponui island off the north island of new zealand. the lesions were observed during routine external examination undertaken as a part of the management of other research projects, one in 2006 and the other in 2011. apart from the skin lesions, both birds showed no signs of illness and the lesions resolved spontaneously over a 2-month period. | 2013 | 22984886 |
| a cluster of avian malaria cases in a kiwi management programme. | to describe a temporal cluster of avian malaria (plasmodium spp.) at an operation nest egg™ (one) site in rotorua which caused mortality in a juvenile kiwi and had high population prevalence in brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | 2013 | 23186120 |
| characterization of hatch-size and growth rates of captive and wild-reared brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) chicks. | avian growth rate patterns represent a trade off between a tissue's functional maturity and its capacity for growth. at the time of hatch, the brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) limb has a high level of maturity in order for the chick to be able to kick its way out of the shell and walk and forage independently from an early age. growth curves of limb segments, bill length and bodyweight are presented for captive-reared, bnz operation nest egg™ chicks over a period of 3 months from the point of hatch ... | 2013 | 24018906 |
| imaging diagnosis--use of radiography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of a mineralized yolk sac in a brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | a 12-day-old brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) was presented with anorexia, torticollis, head-tilt, and coelomic distension. radiographs showed an ill-defined, fat-opaque, coelomic mass displacing viscera craniodorsally. curvilinear mineral opacities were superimposed over the ventral aspect of the mass. computed tomography demonstrated the presence of mineral within the periphery of a fat attenuating mass consistent with a retained yolk sac. a deutectomy (yolk sac excision) was performed. histopath ... | 2016 | 25199884 |
| interspecies differences in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin d3 and dermal vitamin d synthesis of kiwi (apteryx mantelli), tuatara (sphenodon punctatus), and new zealand sea lions (phocarctos hookeri). | vitamin d plays a central role in calcium homeostasis of most vertebrates, and is obtained in different species through diet, dermal synthesis, or a combination of both. the aim of this study was to determine the predominant routes of vitamin d synthesis in three disparate species, brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli), tuatara (sphenodon punctatus), and new zealand sea lions (phocarctos hookeri). we surveyed plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin d2 and d3, analysed environmental conditions and lif ... | 2017 | 28755031 |
| description of four new species of coccidia (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from brown kiwi, apteryx mantelli, in new zealand. | this study used morphological techniques to describe and name four new species of coccidia from the brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). four distinct eimerian oocyst species were recovered that we describe as new species. the largest of these, eimeria paraurii n. sp. measured 32.2 × 19.8 μm and is morphologically similar to gametocytes previously described histologically in colorectal polyps (morgan et al. in parasitol res 111(4):1689-1699, 2012). eimeria apteryxii n. sp. measured 23.9 × 14.9 μm and ... | 2017 | 28374109 |
| inner-ear morphology of the new zealand kiwi (apteryx mantelli) suggests high-frequency specialization. | the sensory systems of the new zealand kiwi appear to be uniquely adapted to occupy a nocturnal ground-dwelling niche. in addition to well-developed tactile and olfactory systems, the auditory system shows specializations of the ear, which are maintained along the central nervous system. here, we provide a detailed description of the auditory nerve, hair cells, and stereovillar bundle orientation of the hair cells in the north island brown kiwi. the auditory nerve of the kiwi contained about 8,0 ... | 2012 | 22772440 |
| simulating retention of rare alleles in small populations to assess management options for species with different life histories. | preserving allelic diversity is important because it provides the capacity for adaptation and thus enables long-term population viability. allele retention is difficult to predict in animals with overlapping generations, so we used a new computer model to simulate retention of rare alleles in small populations of 3 species with contrasting life-history traits: north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli; monogamous, long-lived), north island robins (petroica longipes; monogamous, short-lived), and ... | 2013 | 23330669 |
| the hind limb musculature of the brown kiwi, apteryx australis mantelli. | the most complete account of the hind leg muscles of the kiwi was published a century ago by sir richard owen, in his seventy-fifth year. this extensively-cited work has several omissions and errors, and while certain of these were corrected by subsequent authors, sufficient uncertainty remains to warrant a reinvestigation. in the present study a detailed description of the hind leg musculature is given, based upon dissections of two frozen specimens. an indication of the possible function of ea ... | 1979 | 458856 |
| four cases of fatal toxoplasmosis in three species of endemic new zealand birds. | four cases of fatal toxoplasmosis in three endemic new zealand avian species are reported. between 2009 and 2012, two kereru (hemiphaga novaeseelandiae), one north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli), and one north island kaka (nestor meridionalis) were submitted for necropsy examination. on gross postmortem, the kiwi had marked hepatosplenomegaly while the kaka and two kereru had swollen, slightly firm, deep-red lungs. histologically there was extensive hepatocellular necrosis in the liver of ... | 2014 | 24758132 |
| isolation and identification of aspergillus spp. from brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) nocturnal houses in new zealand. | aspergillosis, a disease caused by infection with aspergillus spp., is a common cause of death in birds globally and is an irregular cause of mortality of captive kiwi (apteryx spp.). aspergillus spp. are often present in rotting plant material, including the litter and nesting material used for kiwi in captivity. the aim of this study was to survey nocturnal kiwi houses in new zealand to assess the levels of aspergillus currently present in leaf litter. samples were received from 11 nocturnal k ... | 2014 | 24758108 |
| next generation sequencing and analysis of a conserved transcriptome of new zealand's kiwi. | kiwi is a highly distinctive, flightless and endangered ratite bird endemic to new zealand. to understand the patterns of molecular evolution of the nuclear protein-coding genes in brown kiwi (apteryx australis mantelli) and to determine the timescale of avian history we sequenced a transcriptome obtained from a kiwi embryo using next generation sequencing methods. we then assembled the conserved protein-coding regions using the chicken proteome as a scaffold. | 2010 | 21156082 |
| molecular characterization of babesia kiwiensis from the brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | to further investigate the recently described avian piroplasm, babesia kiwiensis, blood samples were collected from 13 wild-caught and 8 zoo-captive brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) and screened for the presence of piroplasm dna using a nested-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the 18s rrna gene of most members of piroplasmida. all captive birds gave a negative pcr result, while 12 wild-caught birds were pcr positive. the nearly full-length 18s rrna gene for b. kiwiensis was sequenced. upon ... | 2008 | 18564765 |
| response of the north island brown kiwi, apteryx australis mantelli and the lesser short-tailed bat, mystacina tuberculata to a measured dose of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | four north island brown kiwis and six lesser short-tailed bats were inoculated intramuscularly with 300 000 rabbit lethal doses of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) virus. no clinical abnormalities were observed in the kiwis and bats throughout the study period. although no viraemia was detected in any of the kiwis, all four birds produced a serological response to rhd virus above the positive cut-off by 14 days after inoculation, and in two of the birds, antibodies persisted for over 5 months. ... | 1997 | 16031964 |
| tuberculosis in a kiwi (apteryx mantelli). | generalised tuberculosis was found in a captive kiwi (apteryx mantelli) at autopsy. sequential faecal sampling of the other kiwis and falcons (falco novaeseelandiae) held in the aviary revealed an excretor of mycobacterium avium. | 1984 | 16031035 |
| cryptococcosis in a north island brown kiwi (apteryx australis mantelli) in new zealand. | a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in a north island kiwi (apteryx australis mantelli) caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotype b) is reported. this is the first case of cryptococcosis to be reported in a kiwi and is also the first isolation of c. neoformans var. gattii from a veterinary source in new zealand. the kiwi is an example of a ratite bird and as such has a lower body temperature approximating that of a mammal. as a consequence, the kiwi and other ratitis (e.g. emus) ... | 1995 | 8544083 |