| experimental elaphostrongylus rangiferi infection in calves and lambs. | in two lambs and two calves infected experimentally with infective larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi, lymphohistiocytic and eosinophilic cell infiltrations in the leptomeninges and lymphohistiocytic granulomas in the perineurium of the cauda equina of the cns were demonstrated. these histopathological changes are similar to the lesions usually demonstrated in reindeer with elaphostrongylosis. no parasites were found, however, in the cns or other organs. | 1975 | 1170553 |
| experimental cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in goats: ii. pathological findings. | pathological findings in 17 goat kids inoculated with 100-1,000 infective larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 21-154 days post inoculation (p.i.) are reported. the lungs, heart, diaphragm, liver and kidneys contained small foci of necrosis or fibroblastic scarring and interstitial infiltrates of inflammatory cells. the lungs also contained many parasitic granulomas. infarcts were observed in the myocardium and kidneys. accumulations of inflammatory cells and granulomas were seen i ... | 1992 | 1492513 |
| lethal cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in a reindeer calf. | lethal elaphostrongylosis in a reindeer calf is described. the calf showed signs of abnormal behaviour, mental confusion and reduced vision due to lesions in the brain parenchyma caused by migrating mature elaphostrongylus rangiferi. traumatically caused malacia and secondary axon degeneration were observed in all brain areas. nematodes were found in the skeletal muscles, epidural space of the spinal cord, and in the subdural spaces and leptomeninges of the cord and brain. developing nematode ov ... | 1992 | 1492523 |
| the early migration of elaphostrongylus rangiferi in goats. | the migration of nematodes of the genus elaphostrongylus (metastrongyloidea: protostrongylidae) from the gut into the tissues of ruminants has not been described. detailed histologic studies were performed on five goat kids that had received oral doses of 1,000-1,500 infective larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi mitskevich, 1960 and were subsequently autopsied at days 2, 4, 6, 10, and 14 post inoculation. the main migratory route of e. rangiferi larvae seemed to be haematogenous. the larvae pen ... | 1992 | 1519406 |
| cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in dairy goats in northern norway. | ten carcasses and three vertebral columns from north norwegian dairy goats, which had been killed due to clinical signs of severe neurologic disease, were received for necropsy. pathological examination revealed nematodes and nematode ova in the central nervous system (cns) of nine goats. worms found by gross examination were identified as elaphostrongylus rangiferi mitskevich, 1960. focal traumatic encephalomyelomalacia, apparently caused by migrating worms, perivascular cuffing, eosinophilic l ... | 1991 | 1796688 |
| cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in sheep in northern norway. | pathologic examination of four sheep from northern norway exhibiting neurologic signs of paresis, paralysis and vestibular system disease revealed nematodes in the central nervous system (cns). the worms were identified as elaphostrongylus rangiferi mitskevich, 1960, the elaphostrongylid nematode of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). microscopic lesions found in the cns were focal traumatic encephalomyelomalacia caused by migrating worms, eosinophilic meningitis and choroiditis, lymphohistio ... | 1991 | 1796689 |
| the effect of density of first-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi on the infection rate in the snail intermediate host. | the relationship between the density of 1st-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi on the infection rate into the gastropod intermediate host, arianta arbustorum, was studied experimentally. within a range of densities between 30 and 1100 larvae/cm2 the experimental data gave a good fit to the conventional epidemiological assumption of direct proportionality between the net infection rate and the density of infective stages. the instantaneous rate of infection was estimated to be about 1 x 1 ... | 1988 | 3405635 |
| humoral immunity and output of first-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi (nematoda, metastrongyloidea) by infected reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus. | the use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique demonstrated that serum from reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus, infected with elaphostrongylus rangiferi (nematoda, metastrongyloidea) contained antibodies directed against antigen(s) on the cuticle of the parasites first-stage larvae (l1). output of l1 from the male reindeer was low in the period june to august, but increased to a higher level during the rutting season (september to october). the titre of specific antibody showed an inverse ... | 1984 | 6371122 |
| isolation of elaphostrongylus rangiferi from wild reindeer in scandinavia. | | 1984 | 6474781 |
| elaphostrongylus rangiferi: influence of temperature, substrate, and larval age on the infection rate in the intermediate snail host, arianta arbustorum. | | 1982 | 7128717 |
| [efficacy of mebendazole on elaphostrongylus rangiferi in reindeer (author's transl)]. | elaphostrongylus rangiferi is a very common parasite in scandinavian reindeer, causing losses due to cerebral nematodiasis and granulomatous parasitic pneumonias and also causing a discard of parts of the carcass at meat inspection. in limited experiments, the efficacy of mebendazole on e. rangiferi has been tested. it was found that daily treatment during a period of 10 days with 6 mg/kg body weight, given as medicated feed, resulted in a decreased fecal larval count at the 10th day and a total ... | 1981 | 7312589 |
| epidemiological aspects of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis in small ruminants in northern norway. | pathology records from the state veterinary laboratory for northern norway were used to examine the association between the occurrence of cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (cse) in small ruminants and summer temperature and rainfall in northern norway. from 1968 to 1993, elaphostrongylus rangiferi induced cse was diagnosed in six sheep and 30 dairy goats from 28 different herds in northern norway. the animals were received for autopsy during 11 different winters. the occurrence of cse was associa ... | 1995 | 7483904 |
| the temperature threshold for development of elaphostrongylus rangiferi in the intermediate host: an adaptation to winter survival? | to test the hypothesis that the relatively high developmental temperature threshold of the parasitic nematode elaphostrongylus rangiferi in the intermediate snail host is an adaptation to minimize larval mortality during winter, an experiment was set up in which snails of the species arianta arbustorum were experimentally infected with the parasite. the snails were divided into 3 groups known to contain 1st, 2nd or 3rd-stage larvae, and incubated at 3 degrees c for an experimental period of 18 w ... | 1995 | 7609984 |
| experimental studies of elaphostrongylus rangiferi in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus): life cycle, pathogenesis, and pathology. | a total of 12 reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were given 200-1,000 infective larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 2 1/2-196 days post inoculation (p.i.). the larvae penetrated venules of the abomasal wall and followed the bloodstream via the liver to the lungs. in the lungs the larvae entered pulmonary venules and spread to all tissues via the general circulation. many larvae that lodged in arterial vessels outside the spinal cord migrated into the cord along the spina ... | 1994 | 7839758 |
| experimental cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in goats: i. clinical observations. | clinical observations of 17 goat kids inoculated with 100-1000 infective larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 21-154 days post inoculation (p.i.) are reported. pruritus was common in the period 4-10 weeks p.i. six animals displayed neurological signs starting 35 to 94 days p.i. the most frequent sign was posterior paresis. other signs included cranial nerve paresis, ataxia, lameness, scoliosis, reduced vision, abnormal behaviour, depression and mental confusion. recoveries were rec ... | 1993 | 8322546 |
| experimental cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in sheep. | seven lambs were inoculated with 150-3,000 infective larvae of elaphostrongylus rangiferi and subsequently killed for autopsy. from one week post inoculation (p.i.), a marked eosinophilia was found, and one of the lambs showed signs of coughing, increased respiratory frequency and elevated body temperature. pruritus was observed in three lambs during the period 5-10 weeks p.i. gross and microscopic lesions were found in the liver, lungs, myocardium, kidneys, spinal nerve roots and in the central ... | 1993 | 8342366 |
| migration of adult elaphostrongylus rangiferi (nematoda: protostrongylidae) from the spinal subdural space to the muscles of reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | to trace the intrahost migration of adult (fifth-stage) elaphostrongylus rangiferi 9 reindeer calves were fed infective larvae and examined for worms 48-250 days postinfection. the average length of worms recovered increased asymptotically with time. gravid females and adult males were recovered from 52 days postinfection (d.p.i.), and the fraction made up by these categories increased with time. immature females and subadult males were recovered as late as 161 d.p.i. nematodes were recovered fr ... | 1993 | 8410545 |
| cross-infection of moose (alces alces) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) with elaphostrongylus alces and elaphostrongylus rangiferi (nematoda, protostrongylidae): effects on parasite morphology and prepatent period. | moose (alces alces) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) were experimentally cross-infected with elaphostrongylus rangiferi and elaphostrongylus alces, respectively. both elaphostrongylus species completed their development in the alternate hosts but produced fewer larvae than in their usual host species. reindeer infected with elaphostrongylus alces developed patent infections after 39-130 days. in moose, the prepatent period of this parasite was 39-73 days. elaphostrongylus rangiferi infections we ... | 1997 | 9231986 |
| no interspecific covariation in intensities of macroparasites of reindeer, rangifer tarandus (l.). | the macroparasites cephenemyia trompe (modeer) and hypoderma (= oedemagena) tarandi (l.) (diptera: oestridae), linguatula arctica riley, haugerud and nilssen (pentastomida: linguatulidae), elaphostrongylus rangiferi mitskevich (nematoda: protostrongylidae), and abomasal nematodes (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) were sampled in semidomestic reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus (l.)) (ca. 8 months of age) in northern norway in 1988 (n = 160) and 1989 (n = 191). each parasite showed an aggregated (clu ... | 1998 | 9774793 |
| serological diagnosis of parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in white-tailed deer and identification of a potentially unique parasite antigen. | serological diagnosis of parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection should offer many advantages over the currently used method of fecal analysis that relies on a patent infection. toward this end, we investigated the presence of p. tenuis-specific antibodies in experimentally infected white-tailed deer (wtd) and of unique p. tenuis antigens that may be exploited for serodiagnosis. wtd infected with 6, 20 or 100-150 p. tenuis third-stage larvae (l3) had anti-parasite antibodies from as early as 21 day ... | 1999 | 10207376 |
| differentiation of dorsal-spined elaphostrongyline larvae by polymerase chain reaction amplification of its-2 of rdna. | molecular genetics was used to devise the first reliable diagnostic tool for differentiating morphologically indistinguishable dorsal-spined, first-stage larvae (l1's) and other stages of the nematode protostrongylid subfamily elaphostrongylinae. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay employing specifically designed primers was developed to selectively amplify dna of the its-2 region of the ribosomal gene. amplification of the entire its-2 region differentiated between larvae of the genera elap ... | 2000 | 11085433 |
| umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis (nematoda: protostrongylidae) in gastropods: larval morphology, morphometrics, and development rates. | morphological and morphometric aspects of larval development of umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis in deroceras laeve and the effects of temperature on development rates in d. laeve and deroceras reticulatum were investigated in the laboratory. larval stages were best differentiated by separation of cuticular sheaths, tail structure, and viability following digestion. growth in body and esophagus width was observed during the first-stage within the intermediate host, but the major increases in bo ... | 2001 | 11426714 |
| single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis as a new diagnostic tool to distinguish dorsal-spined larvae of the elaphostrongylinae (nematoda: protostrongylidae) from cervids. | single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) was used to genetically differentiate morphologically indistinguishable first-stage larvae (l(1)) of the six species of elaphostrongyline nematodes. a partial fragment (317-336bp) of the first internal transcribed spacer (pits-1) plus 5' flanking region (76bp of the 18s gene) of the nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) was amplified from individual l(1) of known identity and subjected to sscp. the results showed that the four species of elaphostrongylines f ... | 2006 | 16185812 |
| bighorn sheep, a new host record for parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: protostrongylidae). | larval nematodes with a dorsal spine on the tail were recovered from fecal samples of california bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis californiana) in northeastern washington state, usa. the identity of these dorsal-spined larvae (dsl) was established by single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analyses of a partial fragment of the first internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal dna. the sscp profiles of individual dsl from bighorn sheep were compared with those of dsl of five protostrongylid ... | 2006 | 17255460 |
| molecular phylogeny and diagnosis of species of the family protostrongylidae from caprine hosts in uzbekistan. | protostrongylids are important pulmonary parasites of ungulates, particularly caprines. their complex life cycles involve terrestrian gastropods as intermediate hosts. morphological discrimination of larvae in feces and snails is impossible to the species level, and molecular data are missing for many species. to improve diagnosis and epidemiology of protostrongylids, this study describes internal transcribed spacer 2 (its-2) sequences for five protostrongylid and one metastrongylid species from ... | 2015 | 25595657 |
| a nearctic parasite in a palearctic host: parelaphostrongylus andersoni (nematoda; protostrongylidae) infecting semi-domesticated reindeer in alaska. | parelaphostrongylus andersoni is a muscle-dwelling protostrongylid nematode that infects caribou and white-tailed deer across north america, and can cause significant muscular and pulmonary pathology in these species. we collected 44 fecal samples from semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from the kakarak herd of western seward peninsula, alaska, usa. this herd has no record of historical contact and extremely limited possibility of contemporary contact with native grant's car ... | 2013 | 24533324 |
| density-dependent effects in a parasitic nematode, elaphostrongylus rangiferi, in the snnail intermediate host. | density-dependent effects in elaphostrongylus rangiferi, a parasitic nematode in the cns and muscular system of reindeer, were studied in a laboratory population of the snail intermediate host, arianta arbustorum. the rates in parasite growth, development and mortality were all affected by parasite density. the effects on growth and development were, however, much more marked, than the effect on mortality.all density-dependent rates were intensified by decreasing snail size, and by snail starvat ... | 1984 | 28311635 |