| an epizootic of waterfowl associated with a red tide episode in florida. | during february and march, 1974, an epizootic involving lesser scaup (aythya affinis) occurred in the tampa bay area on the west coast of florida. several thousand ducks are estimated to have died. concurrent with this epizootic was a red tide caused by heavy blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate gymnodinium breve intoxication were evident in some of the lesser scaup. a controlled experimental feeding of g. breve toxic material to white pekin ducklings produced illness and death with signs comparab ... | 1977 | 559108 |
| duck plague virus replication in muscovy duck fibroblast cells. | duck embryo fibroblast cell cultures from seven species of ducks were compared for virus yield, plaque quality, and sensitivity to infection by the duck plague herpesvirus (duck virus enteritis). muscovy duck and wood duck cells gave the best results for virus yield and plaque quality, but muscovies were considered superior because they are more available than wood ducks. pintails and lesser scaup gave the poorest results, and pekin duck, black duck, and redhead duck were intermediate. a growth ... | 1976 | 986808 |
| helminth communities in avocets: importance of the compound community. | this paper reports patterns of similarity and overlap in species presence and patterns of linear distribution of intestinal helminths in 22 avocets from 4 populations. avocets collected from ephemeral bodies of water in alberta and manitoba had communities composed largely of species that are avocet specialists plus some that are host generalists. the composition of helminth communities in these hosts was similar to that reported in earlier surveys of avocet helminths. there was little evidence ... | 1989 | 2926592 |
| ecological studies on cyathocotyle bushiensis (digenea) and sphaeridiotrema globulus (digenea), possible pathogens of dabbling ducks in southern québec. | over the past 20 yr, recurrent late-summer mortality of dabbling ducks in southern québec has been attributed to the digenean parasite cyathocotyle bushiensis. this study attempted to determine whether this parasite was still implicated in the epizootics, and examined aspects of the ecology of the parasite in the definitive host. comparison of prevalence and mean intensity of infection of all species of digenea between salvaged carcasses and hunter-shot ducks revealed that c. bushiensis and a se ... | 1988 | 3411699 |
| blood parasitemia in a south texas wintering waterfowl population. | eleven species of wintering waterfowl were trapped on the welder wildlife foundation, san patricio county, texas, between october, 1976 and may, 1977. blood films were made from 580 ducks. leucocytozoon simondi, haemoproteus nettionis, plasmodium circumflexum, and a microfilaria were found in three species. these blood parasites occurred in 70 lesser scaups (aythya affinis), 12 blue-winged teals (anas discors), and 3 ring-necked ducks (aythya collaris). there was no difference in the rates of i ... | 1980 | 6768901 |
| avian botulism during late autumn and early spring in saskatchewan. | two outbreaks of botulism in central saskatchewan in which mortality of waterfowl continued into late autumn and then recurred in the same marshes the following spring are described. small numbers of birds were involved in each instance. dabbling ducks (predominantly mallards, anas platyrhynchos and pintails, anas acuta) and american coots, fulica americana were affected most commonly in autumn, whereas only diving ducks (predominantly lesser scaup, aythya affinis) were found to be involved in s ... | 1983 | 6887447 |
| respiratory and plumage gas volumes in unrestrained diving ducks (aythya affinis). | closed-circuit plethysmography and inert gas equilibration analysis were used to measure the volumes of gas in the respiratory system and plumage at the end of voluntary dives in unrestrained lesser scaup (aythya affinis). total (respiratory plus plumage) gas volumes were measured by helium dilution and estimated from body mass, body tissue density and buoyant force. these two techniques yielded results that differed by only 2.1 +/- 1.5%. buoyancy decreased from a maximum of 3.46 +/- 0.16 n at i ... | 1995 | 7624614 |
| diving energetics in lesser scaup (aythyta affinis, eyton) | mechanical and aerobic energy costs of diving were measured simultaneously by closed-circuit respirometry in six lesser scaup aythya affinis eyton (body mass=591±30 g) during bouts of voluntary feeding dives. durations of dives (td=13.5±1.4 s) and surface intervals (ti=16.3±2.2 s) were within the normal range for ducks diving to 1.5 m depth. mechanical power output (3.69±0.24 w kg-1) and aerobic power input (29.32±2.47 w kg-1) were both higher than previous est ... | 1994 | 9317536 |
| the autonomic nervous control of heart rate in ducks during voluntary diving. | autonomic nervous control of heart rate was studied in voluntarily diving ducks (aythya affinis). ducks were injected with the muscarinic blocker atropine, the beta-adrenergic blocker nadolol, the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, and a combination of both atropine and nadolol. saline injection was used as a control treatment. the reduction in heart rate (from the predive level) normally seen during a dive was abolished by atropine. nadolol reduced heart rate during all phases of diving act ... | 1999 | 10068619 |
| trace elements, organochlorines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and furans in lesser scaup wintering on the indiana harbor canal. | during the winter of 1993-94, male lesser scaup (aythya affinis) were collected on the heavily polluted indiana harbor canal (ihc), east chicago, in, usa, and examined for tissue contaminant levels. lesser scaup collected on the ihc had higher concentrations of cadmium (cd), mercury (hg), selenium (se), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), selected organchlorine pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic hydrocarbons th ... | 2000 | 15092826 |
| the effect of o2 and co2 on the dive behavior and heart rate of lesser scaup ducks (aythya affinis): quantification of the critical pao2 that initiates a diving bradycardia. | lesser scaup ducks were trained to dive for short and long durations following exposure to various gas concentrations to determine the influence of oxygen (o2) and carbon dioxide (co2) on diving behavior and heart rate. compared with normoxia, hyperoxia (50% o2) significantly increased the duration of long dives, whereas severe hypoxia (9% o2) significantly decreased the duration of both short and long dives. hypercapnia (5% co2) had no effect on dive duration. surface intervals were not signifi ... | 2004 | 15556108 |
| mercury concentrations in muscle, brain and bone of western alaskan waterfowl. | total mercury (thg), which includes both inorganic (hg(2+)) and methylmercury (mehg) species, has been reported for seabirds in the north pacific and alaska. for the yup'ik and aleut people of alaska, waterfowl are a small but important seasonal component of the diet, but many alaskan species have not been studied extensively for the presence of mercury. birds are good subjects for examination of mercury concentrations because they feed at different trophic levels, they can be long-lived, and ma ... | 2005 | 16076480 |
| substitution of heat from exercise and digestion by ducks diving for mussels at varying depths and temperatures. | diving birds can lose significant body heat to cold water, but costs can be reduced if heat from exercising muscles or the heat increment of feeding (hif) can substitute for thermogenesis. potential for substitution depends jointly on the rate of heat loss, the rate of heat produced by exercise, and the level of hif. to explore these interactions, we measured oxygen consumption by lesser scaup ducks (aythya affinis) diving to depths of 1.2 and 2 m at thermoneutral (23 degrees c) and sub-thermone ... | 2006 | 16341521 |
| evaluating cytochrome p450 in lesser scaup (aythya affinis) and tree swallow (tachycineta bicolor) by monooxygenase activity and immunohistochemistry: possible nonlethal assessment by skin immunohistochemistry. | six-month-old lesser scaup (aythya affinis) and nestling tree swallows (tachycineta bicolor) were injected intraperitoneally with beta-naphthoflavone (bnf) in corn oil or in vehicle alone. liver samples were taken and stored at -80 degrees c until microsome preparation and monooxygenase assay. skin samples were placed in buffered formalin for subsequent immunohistochemical (ihc) analysis for cytochrome p4501a (cyp1a). lesser scaup treated with bnf at 20 or 100 mg/kg body weight showed approximat ... | 2006 | 17022400 |
| relationships of cadmium, mercury, and selenium with nutrient reserves of female lesser scaup (aythya affinis) during winter and spring migration. | trace elements may have important effects on body condition of ducks during spring migration, because individuals are experiencing energetically costly events (e.g., migration, nutrient reserve accumulation, pair formation, feather molt, and ovarian follicle development). we examined relationships among hepatic cadmium, mercury, and selenium concentrations (microg/g dry wt) and nutrient reserves (lipid, protein, and mineral) of female lesser scaup (aythya affinis) during winter and spring migrat ... | 2007 | 17373516 |
| is selenium affecting body condition and reproduction in boreal breeding scaup, scoters, and ring-necked ducks? | elevated levels of selenium (se) have been detected in wintering and spring-staging lesser scaup. here, we compared spring scaup se and mercury (hg) levels to those of ring-necked ducks and white-winged scoters, species exhibiting increasing and decreasing boreal populations, respectively. mercury concentrations were low in all three species. geometric mean (95%ci) liver se concentrations were 6.2 (5.5-7.0), 4.6 (4.0-5.4), and 32.6 (28.4-37.3)mg/kg dry weight (dw) in scaup, ringnecks and scoters ... | 2008 | 17583399 |
| effects of cadmium, mercury, and selenium on reproductive indices in male lesser scaup (aythya affinis) in the western boreal forest. | combined lesser scaup (aythya affinis) and greater scaup (a. marila) populations decreased from the 1980s to the 1990s and have not recovered. factors limiting reproduction, including effects of contaminants and trace elements, have been highlighted as a concern in female scaup, but no studies have examined possible effects on male scaup. we examined the effects of cadmium, mercury, selenium, and corticosterone on pair status and on male reproductive indices, including testosterone, testes mass, ... | 2008 | 17968482 |
| species differences in the sensitivity of avian embryos to methylmercury. | we injected doses of methylmercury into the air cells of eggs of 26 species of birds and examined the dose-response curves of embryo survival. for 23 species we had adequate data to calculate the median lethal concentration (lc(50)). based on the dose-response curves and lc(50)s, we ranked species according to their sensitivity to injected methylmercury. although the previously published embryotoxic threshold of mercury in game farm mallards (anas platyrhynchos) has been used as a default value ... | 2009 | 18421496 |
| biological implications of the hydrodynamics of swimming at or near the surface and in shallow water. | the origins and effects of wave drag at and near the surface and in shallow water are discussed in terms of the dispersive waves generated by streamlined technical bodies of revolution and by semi-aquatic and aquatic animals with a view to bearing on issues regarding the design and function of autonomous surface and underwater vehicles. a simple two-dimensional model based on energy flux, allowing assessment of drag and its associated wave amplitude, is applied to surface swimming in lesser scau ... | 2009 | 19258689 |
| predator size, prey size and threshold food densities of diving ducks: does a common prey base support fewer large animals? | 1. allometry predicts that a given habitat area or common prey biomass supports fewer numbers of larger than smaller predators; however, birds from related taxa or the same feeding guild often deviate from this pattern. in particular, foraging costs of birds may differ among locomotor modes, while intake rates vary with accessibility, handling times and energy content of different-sized prey. such mechanisms might affect threshold prey densities needed for energy balance, and thus relative numbe ... | 2009 | 19426253 |
| an outbreak of west nile virus infection in captive lesser scaup (aythya affinis) ducklings. | this report describes west nile virus (wnv)-associated mortality in captive lesser scaup (aythya affinis) ducklings that occurred in saskatchewan, canada, in july and august 2007. there were no clinical signs or gross necropsy findings suggestive of the cause of death; however, microscopic lesions were consistent with wnv infection, including nonsuppurative encephalitis and myocardial, pancreatic, and splenic necrosis. necrosis of the thymus and thyroid was also observed in some birds, which has ... | 2009 | 19432016 |
| lipid catabolism of invertebrate predator indicates widespread wetland ecosystem degradation. | animals frequently undergo periods when they accumulate lipid reserves for subsequent energetically expensive activities, such as migration or breeding. during such periods, daily lipid-reserve dynamics (dld) of sentinel species can quantify how landscape modifications affect function, health, and resilience of ecosystems. aythya affinis (eyton 1838; lesser scaup; diving duck) are macroinvertebrate predators; they migrate through an agriculturally dominated landscape in spring where they select ... | 2011 | 21283806 |
| neopsilotrema n. g. (digenea: psilostomidae) and three new species from ducks (anseriformes: anatidae) in north america and europe. | neopsilotrema n. g. (digenea: psilostomidae) and three new species of psilostomid digeneans are described from birds in north america and europe: neopsilotrema lakotae n. sp. from aythya americana (eyton) in north dakota, usa, neopsilotrema affine n. sp. from aythya affinis (eyton) in minnesota, usa and neopsilotrema lisitsynae n. sp. from anas crecca l. in kherson region, ukraine. neopsilotrema n. g. shares a bipartite seminal vesicle with only three genera within the psilostomidae, psilotornus ... | 2016 | 27095661 |
| winter waterbird community composition and use at created wetlands in west virginia, usa. | information on nonbreeding waterbirds using created wetlands in the central appalachian region of the united states is limited. we compared waterbird communities of two managed wetlands, created in 2013 and 2001, in west virginia. we observed 27 species of waterbirds. species richness and diversity were generally similar between the wetlands, but species composition and use differed. branta canadensis (canada geese), anas strepera (gadwall), bucephala albeola (buffleheads), aythya affinis (lesse ... | 2017 | 28386513 |
| spatiotemporal distributions of intestinal helminths in female lesser scaup aythya affinis during spring migration from the upper midwest, usa. | we examined the associations between intestinal helminth infracommunity structure and infection parameters and the age, size, and year and region of collection of 130 female lesser scaup (aythya affinis) during their 2014-2015 spring migrations through the upper midwest, usa. we identified a total of 647,174 individual helminths from 40 taxa, including 20 trematodes, 14 cestodes, 4 nematodes and 2 acanthocephalans parasitizing lesser scaup within the study area. lesser scaup were each infected w ... | 2016 | 27460259 |
| becoming pure: identifying generational classes of admixed individuals within lesser and greater scaup populations. | estimating the frequency of hybridization is important to understand its evolutionary consequences and its effects on conservation efforts. in this study, we examined the extent of hybridization in two sister species of ducks that hybridize. we used mitochondrial control region sequences and 3589 double-digest restriction-associated dna sequences (ddradseq) to identify admixture between wild lesser scaup (aythya affinis) and greater scaup (a. marila). among 111 individuals, we found one introgre ... | 2016 | 26833858 |
| a comparison of auditory brainstem responses across diving bird species. | there is little biological data available for diving birds because many live in hard-to-study, remote habitats. only one species of diving bird, the black-footed penguin (spheniscus demersus), has been studied in respect to auditory capabilities (wever et al., proc natl acad sci usa 63:676-680, 1969). we, therefore, measured in-air auditory threshold in ten species of diving birds, using the auditory brainstem response (abr). the average audiogram obtained for each species followed the u-shape t ... | 2015 | 26156644 |
| use of stable isotopes to investigate keratin deposition in the claw tips of ducks. | stable isotopes derived from the claws of birds could be used to determine the migratory origins of birds if the time periods represented in excised sections of claws were known. we investigated new keratin growth in the claws of adult female lesser scaup (aythya affinis) by estimating the equilibration rates of stable isotopes (δ (13)c, δ (15)n, and δ (2)h) from the breeding grounds into 1 mm claw tips. we sampled birds on their breeding ground through time and found that it took approximately ... | 2013 | 24282563 |
| effects of dietary selenium on the health and survival of captive wintering lesser scaup. | accumulation of selenium (se) by lesser and greater scaup (aythya affinis, a. marila) at staging and wintering areas could have contributed to the decline in their continental population. we exposed lesser scaup to background (0.8 μg/g), moderate (8.1 μg/g) and high (20.7 μg/g) levels of dietary se in captivity and measured survival rates and indices of health in relation to hepatic se concentrations. there was 100% survival in scaup exposed to se for 10-weeks (average staging duration at great ... | 2013 | 23313732 |
| breeding strategy and organochlorine contamination of eggs in lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | we explored relationships between breeding strategy and contaminant importation and depuration into lesser scaup (aythya affinis) eggs. our primary hypothesis was that females accumulate organochlorine (oc) contaminants in lipid reserves obtained on wintering and spring staging areas and depurate those contaminants into eggs on the breeding area proportional to the amount of endogenous reserves used for egg formation. egg collection occurred at red rock lakes national wildlife refuge, montana, i ... | 2011 | 21080226 |
| hepatic element concentrations of lesser scaup (aythya affinis) during spring migration in the upper midwest. | high concentrations of some hepatic elements might be contributing to the decline of the continental lesser scaup (aythya affinis) population. we evaluated hepatic element concentrations of male and female lesser scaup collected from the upper midwest (iowa, minnesota, north dakota, and south dakota) during the 2003 and 2004 spring migrations. we measured concentrations of 24 elements in livers of 117 lesser scaup. we found that only selenium concentrations were at levels (>3.0 μg/g wet weight [ ... | 2011 | 20803199 |
| a method for investigating population declines of migratory birds using stable isotopes: origins of harvested lesser scaup in north america. | elucidating geographic locations from where migratory birds are recruited into adult breeding populations is a fundamental but largely elusive goal in conservation biology. this is especially true for species that breed in remote northern areas where field-based demographic assessments are logistically challenging. | 2009 | 19946360 |
| corticosterone in relation to tissue cadmium, mercury and selenium concentrations and social status of male lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | combined lesser scaup (aythya affinis) and greater scaup (a. marila) populations have declined steadily from the 1970s. accompanying the population decline have been two shifts in lesser scaup demographics: a decrease in the proportion of young birds and an increase in male to female ratio. in addition, there are concerns about potential effects of contaminants and trace elements. these metals may influence the stress response and corticosterone secretion. we examined impacts of cadmium, seleniu ... | 2009 | 18677562 |
| contaminants in lesser and greater scaup staging on the lower great lakes. | the decrease and subsequent lack of recovery of the north american scaup population has increased concerns about contaminants acquired during migration. we collected 189 fall- and spring-migrant lesser (aythya affinis) and greater scaup (a. marila) on the lower great lakes (lgl) to determine if organic contaminants and trace elements in scaup livers were increased and to evaluate sources of variation in selenium (se) burdens. we found that all organic contaminants were below toxic levels. of 18 ... | 2007 | 17253099 |
| trace elements in lesser scaup (aythya affinis) from the mississippi flyway. | previous research reported that concentrations of selenium in the livers of 88-95% of lesser scaup from locations in lake erie, lake st. clair, and lake michigan, usa were either elevated (10-33 microg/g dry weight [dw]) or in the potentially harmful range (> 33 microg/g dw). in order to determine the geographic extent of these high selenium concentrations, we collected lesser scaup in louisiana, arkansas, illinois, minnesota, wisconsin, and manitoba and analyzed the livers for 19 trace elements ... | 2013 | 12739856 |
| mixed-function oxygenases, oxidative stress, and chromosomal damage measured in lesser scaup wintering on the indiana harbor canal. | during the winter of 1993-1994, male lesser scaup (aythya affinis) were collected on the heavily polluted indiana harbor canal, east chicago, indiana, and examined for several bioindicators of chemical exposure. livers were analyzed for activities of three cytochrome p450-associated monooxygenases and four measures of oxidative stress. blood and spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry for chromosomal damage. in a concurrent study, scaup tissues were analyzed for organic and inorganic contaminants ... | 2000 | 10787104 |
| epizootic of coccidiosis in free-flying lesser scaup. | a coccidiosis epizootic has occurred in lesser scaup (aythya affinis) at bluestem reservoir in eastern nebraska during the spring in each of three recent years: 1976-1978. losses peaked during the period from mid-march through april. as much as 29% of the peak population of scaup using the reservoir died. necropsies of 72 of the nearly 1390 scaup that died revealed destruction and sloughing of the intestinal mucosa and associated hemorrhaging. fibrinonecrotic cores were frequently found in the i ... | 2003 | 7271635 |
| immature prosthodendrium sp. in a lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | | 1972 | 5078585 |
| studies on the helminth fauna of alaska. xxxii. hymenolepis echinorostrae n. sp., a cestode from the lesser scaup, aytha affinis (eyton). | | 1957 | 13429450 |
| the pathogenesis of clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in ruddy duck (oxyura jamaicensis) and lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | waterfowl are the natural hosts of avian influenza virus (aiv) and disseminate the virus worldwide through migration. historically, surveillance and research efforts for aiv in waterfowl have focused on dabbling ducks. the role of diving ducks in aiv ecology has not been well characterized. in this study, we examined the relative susceptibility and pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic (hp) aiv (hpaiv) in two species of diving ducks. juvenile and adult ruddy duck (oxyura jamaicensi ... | 2017 | 28513330 |
| understanding the demographic drivers of realized population growth rates. | identifying the demographic parameters (e.g., reproduction, survival, dispersal) that most influence population dynamics can increase conservation effectiveness and enhance ecological understanding. life table response experiments (ltre) aim to decompose the effects of change in parameters on past demographic outcomes (e.g., population growth rates). but the vast majority of ltres and other retrospective population analyses have focused on decomposing asymptotic population growth rates, which do ... | 2017 | 28675581 |
| in-air hearing of a diving duck: a comparison of psychoacoustic and auditory brainstem response thresholds. | auditory sensitivity was measured in a species of diving duck that is not often kept in captivity, the lesser scaup. behavioral (psychoacoustics) and electrophysiological [the auditory brainstem response (abr)] methods were used to measure in-air auditory sensitivity, and the resulting audiograms were compared. both approaches yielded audiograms with similar u-shapes and regions of greatest sensitivity (2000-3000 hz). however, abr thresholds were higher than psychoacoustic thresholds at all freq ... | 2016 | 27250191 |
| combined effects of climate, predation, and density dependence on greater and lesser scaup population dynamics. | an understanding of species relationships is critical in the management and conservation of populations facing climate change, yet few studies address how climate alters species interactions and other population drivers. we use a long-term, broad-scale data set of relative abundance to examine the influence of climate, predators, and density dependence on the population dynamics of declining scaup (aythya) species within the core of their breeding range. the state-space modeling approach we use ... | 2015 | 26552268 |
| differences in natural infections of two mortality-related trematodes in lesser scaup and american coot. | populations of north american waterbirds, particularly lesser scaup, have been declining due to habitat disturbance, changing food resources, contaminants, bad water quality, and competition. however, epizootic diseases, including parasitism, may also play an important role in further decline. trematode-associated mortality of migrating waterbirds, mainly american coot and lesser scaup, has been occurring in the upper mississippi river national wildlife and fish refuge since 2002. we examined th ... | 2011 | 21506836 |
| effects of dietary selenium on reproduction and body mass of captive lesser scaup. | the continental population of scaup has declined over the last three decades to levels that remain well below conservation goals. one proposed hypothesis for this decline is that increasing exposure to contaminants has led to decreased fitness in scaup, and selenium (se) has been identified as a contaminant of concern. we conducted an experiment with captive scaup to simulate late spring migration exposure to environmentally relevant doses of dietary se (control [<1 microg/g total se], and 7.5 m ... | 2008 | 18348630 |
| energy reguirements and growth of captive lesser scaup. | | 1972 | 4643133 |
| ddt residues associated with cestodes from mallard and lesser scaup ducks. | | 1970 | 24185717 |
| wing and body tissue relationships of ddt and metabolite residues in mallard and lesser scaup ducks. | | 1968 | 24190086 |
| the pathogenesis of h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | waterfowl are the natural hosts of avian influenza virus (aiv), and through migration spread the virus worldwide. most aivs carried by wild waterfowl are low pathogenic strains; however, goose/guangdong/1996 lineage clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic (hp) aiv now appears to be endemic in wild birds in much of the eastern hemisphere. most research efforts studying aiv pathogenicity in waterfowl thus far have been directed toward dabbling ducks. in order to better understand the role of diving duc ... | 2019 | 31131581 |
| modeling avian exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic habitats impacted by historical aqueous film forming foam releases. | releases of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) associated with aqueous film forming foams (afffs) have the potential to impact on-site and downgradient aquatic habitats. dietary exposures of aquatic-dependent birds were modeled for seven pfass (pfhxa, pfoa, pfna, pfda, pfhxs, pfos, and pfds) using five different scenarios based on measurements of pfass obtained from five investigations of sites historically-impacted by afff. exposure modeling was conducted for four avian recep ... | 2018 | 29525662 |
| associations of intestinal helminth infections with health parameters of spring-migrating female lesser scaup (aythya affinis) in the upper midwest, usa. | thousands of lesser scaup (aythya affinis) die during spring and fall migrations through the upper midwest, usa, from infections with cyathocotyle bushiensis and sphaeridiotrema spp. (class: trematoda) after ingesting infected intermediate hosts, such as non-native faucet snails (bithynia tentaculata). the lesser scaup is a species of conservation concern and is highly susceptible to these infections. we collected female lesser scaup from spring migratory stopover locations throughout illinois a ... | 2018 | 29696395 |