| description of enteromyxum scophthalmi gen. nov., sp. nov. (myxozoa), an intestinal parasite of turbot (scophthalmus maximus l.) using morphological and ribosomal rna sequence data. | a new myxozoa species causing enteritis and death in cultured turbot, scophthalmus maximus, is described at light and electron microscope levels. in addition, small subunit ribosomal rna gene sequences (ssu rdna) from the new species and from similar myxozoans were obtained and used for phylogenetic inference, as complementary criteria to resolve its taxonomic classification. the new parasite is closely related to myxidium leei, another enteric histozoic species from marine fish. however, the as ... | 2002 | 12003061 |
| experimental transmission of enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa), an enteric parasite of turbot scophthalmus maximus. | several experiments were designed to elucidate the modes of transmission of the myxozoan parasite enteromyxum scophthalmi to turbot scophthalmus maximus. direct transmission of the infections was achieved by cohabitation of infected and test fish, through waterborne contamination from the effluent of a tank containing infected fish, and via the oral route using parasite-infected intestines. the transmission of the turbot enteromyxosis was successful in all the fish exposed to the parasite by the ... | 2002 | 12099415 |
| ultrastructural studies on the development of enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa), an enteric parasite of turbot (scophthalmus maximus l.). | the ultrastructure of the developmental stages of enteromyxum scophthalmi is described. scarce intracellular, early uninucleated stages appeared within intestinal epithelial cells whereas proliferative stages were abundant both intraepithelially and in the intestinal lumen. in the proliferative stages, food reserves were abundant in the cytoplasm of p cells and consisted mostly of carbohydrates in the intraepithelial stages and lipid inclusions in the luminal stages. sporogenesis could occur in ... | 2003 | 12783307 |
| in vitro studies on viability and proliferation of enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa), an enteric parasite of cultured turbot scophthalmus maximus. | in vitro cultivation of the myxozoan enteromyxum scophthalmi was attempted using different culture media and conditions. the progress of the cultures was monitored using dye-exclusion viability counts, tetrazolium-based cell-proliferation assays, measuring the incorporation of brdu during dna synthesis, and by morphological studies using light and electron microscopes. in preliminary experiments, the persistence of viable stages for a few days was ascertained in both medium 199 (m199) and in sea ... | 2003 | 12911061 |
| development of immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of circulating antibodies against enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa) in turbot (scophthalmus maximus l.). | immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were developed for the detection of specific antibodies against the myxosporean parasite enteromyxum scophthalmi in turbot (scophthalmus maximus l.). fish which had survived a previous epizootic were exposed to the parasite by cohabitation with infected animals, and 83 days later the plasma was tested for the presence of antibodies. plasma of non-exposed fish was used as negative control. immunohistochemistry (ihc) using rabbit anti-tur ... | 2004 | 15312660 |
| studies on transmission and life cycle of enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa), an enteric parasite of turbot scophthalmus maximus. | in order to elucidate the transmission and dispersion routes used by the myxozoan parasite enteromyxum scophthalmi palenzuela, redondo et alvarez-pellitero, 2002 within its host (scophihalmus maximus l.), a detailed study of the course of natural and experimental infections was carried out. purified stages obtained from infected fish were also used in in vitro assays with explants of uninfected intestinal epithelium. the parasites can contact and penetrate loci in the intestinal epithelium very ... | 2004 | 15357396 |
| innate and adaptive immune responses of turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.), following experimental infection with enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxosporea: myxozoa). | the innate and adaptive immune responses against enteromyxum scophthalmi was studied in turbot (scopthalmus maximus (l.)) experimentally exposed to the parasite by cohabitation. haematological, histopathological, cellular and humoral factors were determined in samples taken from control (ctrl) and recipient (rcpt, naïve fish cohabited with donor infected fish) animals at 0, 20, 29, 40 and 43 days post exposure (p.e). infection was first detected at day 20 p.e. and prevalence reached 100% at 40 d ... | 2006 | 16621605 |
| response of ig-positive cells to enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa) experimental infection in turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.): a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. | in recent years, a new parasite that causes severe losses has been detected in farmed turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.), in northwestern spain. dead fish showed emaciation and cachexia caused by severe necrotizing enteritis that affected all portions of the digestive tract. the parasite was classified as a myxosporean and named enteromyxum scophthalmi. this study was set up to gain insights into the immune response of fish against this parasitic infection. the kinetics of immunoglobulin positive ... | 2006 | 16679029 |
| risk factors associated with enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa) infection in cultured turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.). | an epidemiological cohort study of enteromyxum scophthalmi in cultured turbot was performed on a farm in north western spain. four different ongrowing stocks (a, b, c, d) were monitored monthly until market size. fish from stocks c and d were divided into 2 subgroups, receiving filtered (cf and df) or unfiltered (cuf and duf) water. the lack of water filtration was positively associated with infection prevalence, as all fish kept in filtered water remained uninfected. parasite abundance varied s ... | 2006 | 16780606 |
| immunohistochemical study on the neuroendocrine system of the digestive tract of turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.), infected by enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa). | in recent years a new parasite, causing severe losses, has been detected in farmed turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.), in northwestern spain. dead fish showed emaciation and cachexia caused by severe necrotizing enteritis, which affected all areas of the digestive tract. the parasite was classified as a myxosporean and named enteromyxum scophthalmi. this study was designed to assess the response of the turbot neuroendocrine system against e. scophthalmi infection. immunohistochemical tests were a ... | 2007 | 16844386 |
| protective acquired immunity to enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa) is related to specific antibodies in psetta maxima (l.) (teleostei). | the acquired protection of three groups of turbot that had survived enteromyxosis outbreaks was tested by challenging with e. scophthalmi in three different experiments. the relation of such a response with the kinetics and duration of antibody production (determined by an elisa) was studied. the progression of the infection was evaluated by pcr. in experiments 1 and 2, in which turbot had cohabited with highly infected fish during outbreaks, parasite prevalence and mortality were very low or nu ... | 2007 | 17587343 |
| detection of carbohydrate terminals in the enteric parasite enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa) and possible interactions with its fish host psetta maxima. | the existence and localisation of carbohydrate terminals in enteromyxum scophthalmi stages was investigated at light (lm) and transmission electron microscopes (tem) using lectin histochemistry techniques, with the aim of contributing to elucidate the participation of carbohydrate-lectin interactions in the parasite invasion and relationships with the fish host. the presence of abundant mannose and/or glucose residues was demonstrated by the intense staining by concanavalin a at both lm and tem. ... | 2008 | 18311571 |
| host and environmental risk factors associated with cryptosporidium scophthalmi (apicomplexa) infection in cultured turbot, psetta maxima (l.) (pisces, teleostei). | an epidemiological cohort study of cryptosporidium scophthalmi in cultured turbot psetta maxima l. of northwestern spain was conducted along a four-year period. four different ongrowing cohorts were monitored monthly from introduction into the ongrowing tanks (10-50 g) until reaching market size (400-1400 g). the association of host and environmental factors with five categories of parasite abundance was assessed using a multivariable regression framework. epidemiological factors assessed here w ... | 2009 | 19674844 |
| light and electron microscopic studies on turbot psetta maxima infected with enteromyxum scophthalmi: histopathology of turbot enteromyxosis. | in the last decade, a new parasite that causes severe losses has been detected in farmed turbot psetta maxima (l.), in north-western spain. the parasite was classified as a myxosporean and named enteromyxum scophthalmi. the aim of this study was to characterize the main histological changes that occur in e. scophthalmi-infected turbot. the parasite provoked catarrhal enteritis, and the intensity of the lesions was correlated with the progression of the infection and with the development of the p ... | 2010 | 20481088 |
| the effect of lectins on the attachment and invasion of enteromyxum scophthalmi (myxozoa) in turbot (psetta maxima l.) intestinal epithelium in vitro. | the involvement of the lectin/carbohydrate interaction in the invasion of the turbot intestinal epithelium by enteromyxum scophthalmi was studied in vitro using explants of turbot intestine and pre-treatment of parasite stages with the plant lectins of canavalia ensiformis (con a) and glycine max (sba). both lectins inhibited the attachment and invasion of e. scophthalmi stages to the intestinal epithelium, though the inhibitory effect was higher for sba than for con a. such results point to the ... | 2010 | 20553929 |
| quantitative and qualitative evaluation of inos expression in turbot (psetta maxima) infected with enteromyxum scophthalmi. | enteromyxum scophthalmi is the causative agent of turbot enteromyxosis, an intestinal parasitisation that produces severe desquamative enteritis leading to a cachectic syndrome and eventually the death. it is well known the importance of the innate immune response against parasites in fish, with the release of antimicrobial substances such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos). this enzyme is mainly found in phagocytes, but also in struct ... | 2012 | 22119937 |