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investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in hong kong in late 2002.outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza have occurred in hong kong in chickens and other gallinaceous poultry in 1997, 2001, twice in 2002 and 2003. high mortality rates were seen in gallinaceous birds but not in domestic or wild waterfowl or other wild birds until late 2002 when highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza occurred in waterfowl (geese, ducks and swans), captive greater flamingo (phoenicopterus ruber) and other wild birds (little egret egretta garzetta) at two waterfowl pa ...200415545029
residues of organochlorinated pesticides in eggs of water birds from tai lake in china.the levels of organochlorine compounds in eggs of water birds from the colony on tai lake in china were studied. the eggs were collected in 2000 and belonged to the following species: 65 samples of black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), 36 samples of little egret (egretta garzetta), 26 samples of cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) from 13 clutches and 43 samples of chinese pond heron (ardeola bacchus) from 17 clutches. dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) and its derivates (dde and ddd), ...200415499782
clinostomum complanatum and clinostomum marginatum (rudolphi, 1819) (digenea: clinostomidae) are separate species based on differences in ribosomal dna.infections by metacercariae of clinostomum (leidy, 1856) species adversely affect aquacultured fish and are potentially transmissible to humans. molecular methodologies are efficient tools, which enable diagnosis of all life-history stages of trematodes in their diverse hosts. the small subunit of ribosomal dna genes of adults of the old world clinostomum complanatum (rudolphi, 1819) and the new world clinostomum marginatum (rudolphi, 1819), obtained from a little egret egretta garzetta (linnaeu ...200415165071
serological evidence for japanese encephalitis virus and west nile virus infections in water frequenting and terrestrial wild birds in kolar district, karnataka state, india. a retrospective study.in a serological survey of birds in a japanese encephalitis (je) endemic area of kolar district, karnataka state, india, 859 bird sera were tested by hemagglutination-inhibition test (hit) for je encephalitis and west nile encephalitis (wne) viruses. only 2 (0.002%) and 178 (20.72%) sera were positive for je virus (jev) and wne virus (wnv), respectively. only 160 (18.63%) of 859 sera could be subjected to neutralizing test (nt). of these, 20 (12.50%) and 62 (38.75%) were positive for jev and wnv ...200314658848
egrets as monitors of trace-metal contamination in wetlands of pakistan.environments in pakistan are subject to increasing pollution, but previous studies were very scanty. during 1999 and 2000, we assessed trace element contamination at three wetlands, karachi harbour (with presumed industrial-urban pollution), taunsa barrage (agricultural pollution), and haleji lake (relatively unpolluted), using as indicators the eggs and the feathers of colonial waterbirds, particularly little egrets, their prey, and the sediments collected within their foraging areas. the conce ...200314674593
[egretta garzetta as a bioindicator of environmental pollution in tai lake region].there were four species of ardeidae in tai lake. the dominant vegetations in the habitat were pinus massoniana, cinnamomum hupehanum, quercus acutissema, ulmus prmila and myrica rubra, which were suitable for egretta garzetta to make nests. the area of the habitat was about 7 hm2, where there were totally 4200 egretta garzetta nests with the density of 0.38 nest per tree in average. studies on egretta garzetta breeding ecology showed that the incubating time was 19-21 days, the average egg weigh ...200312827884
persistent organic pollutants in little egret eggs from selected wetlands in pakistan.the main goal of the present work has been to study the use of egret eggs to assess environmental pollution by pops (hcb, hchs, cyclodienes, ddts and pcbs) in three pakistani wetlands that are presumed to be affected by different types of pollution. taunsa barrage, affected mainly by agricultural pollutants; karachi harbor because of the supposed exposure to industrial activity-related pops; and haleji lake as a relatively pristine area because of its location in a stony desert. taunsa barrage a ...200312712296
trace element residues in eggs of little egret (egretta garzetta) and black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax) from hong kong, china. 200414972593
risk to breeding success of ardeids by contaminants in hong kong: evidence from trace metals in feathers.the feathers of two ardeid species, the little egret (egretta garzetta) and the black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax) were collected from six egretries and two egretries respectively, located in different areas in the new territories of hong kong, including the mai po marshes (within a ramsar site). these feathers were digested and concentrations (microg/g dry weight) of copper (4.6-19.4), iron (8.1-641.3), manganese (0.4-19.4), zinc (51.3-183.5), lead (0.1-5.1), cadmium (0.01-0.15), ...200211898800
impact of local agricultural and industrial practices on organic contamination of little egret (egretta garzetta) eggs in the rhone delta, southern france.the purpose of this study was to determine the importance of the effects of local agricultural and industrial activities on the contamination of little egret eggs laid in the camargue area, a protected wetland area in the mediterranean region. despite the fact that human activity is widespread in the camargue, concentrations of lindane (0.01-0.7 microg/g wet wt) and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (<0.5 microg/g wet wt) do not seem to be deleterious-at least for herons. residues of dichlorod ...200211878465
avian tuberculosis in naturally infected captive water birds of the ardeideae and threskiornithidae families studied by serotyping, is901 rflp typing, and virulence for poultry.avian tuberculosis was detected in one flock of 38 water birds of the families ardeideae (n = 20) and threskiornithidae (n = 18). mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (maa, serotype 1, genotype is901+ and is1245+) was more often (p = 0.01) detected in tissue and/or faecal samples in 18 (90.0%) birds form the ardeideae family: little egret (egretta garzetta), buff-backed heron (bubulcus ibis), great white egret (egretta alba), and bittern (botaurus stellaris) in comparison to two (11.1%) birds from t ...200717056210
cattle egrets are less able to cope with light refraction than are other herons.the majority of heron species (aves, ardeidae) forage on aquatic prey in shallow water. prey detection, aiming and the beginning of the capture strikes are performed while the heron's eyes are above water. for most angles, as a result of air/water light refraction, the apparent image available to a heron is vertically displaced from the prey's real position. herons must therefore correct for refraction. we tested the hypothesis that species that forage in aquatic habitats should be more able to ...199910196060
heavy metal, organochlorine pesticide, and pcb residues in eggs and feathers of herons breeding in northern italy.we report on organochlorine pesticide and pcb concentrations in eggs of the little egret, egretta garzetta, and the black-crowned night-heron, nycticorax nycticorax, collected in 1993-1994, and on mercury, cadmium, and lead concentrations in feathers of 20-day-old nestlings collected from the same nests in 1994, from heronries near pavia, northern italy. organochlorine pesticide and pcb residues were lower than those commonly associated with mortality and reduced reproductive success. as populat ...19989419277
risk to breeding success of fish-eating ardeids due to persistent organic contaminants in hong kong: evidence from organochlorine compounds in eggs.eggs of two ardeid species, the little egret (egretta garzetta) and the black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), were collected from two egretries located in the new territories of hong kong with one located near the internationally acclaimed wetland reserve, the mai po marshes, and the other in a remote site (a chau). the eggs were analysed for organochlorine (oc) compounds including the ddts, pcbs, hexachlorocyclohexanes (hchs) and the chlordanes (chls). all of the ocs under investig ...200312502075
organochlorine contamination in bird's eggs from the danube delta.in this study we report the levels of organochlorine compounds in eggs of aquatic birds from the danube delta, a major european wetland. the eggs were collected in 1997 and belonged to the following species: the mallard (anas platyrhynchos), the greylag goose (anser anser), the mute swan (cygnus olor), the coot (fulica atra), the glossy ibis (plegadis falcinellus), the spoonbill (platalea leucorodia), the little egret (egretta garzetta), the night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), the grey heron (a ...200015092913
on leucocytozoon parasites of ardeidae and description of one species.in peripheral blood of nycticorax nycticorax and egretta garzetta (aves, ardeidae), gametocytes of the genus leucocytozoon (protozoa, sporozoa) were found. we describe this parasite and compare it with the past records of leucocytozoon in ardeidae. while only life cycle studies will give a definitive answer to these taxonomic problems, we put forward an hypothesis about taxonomy of leucocytozoon in ardeidae.19806779697
characterisation of a highly pathogenic h5n1 clade 2.3.2 influenza virus isolated from swans in shanghai, china.in spring 2009, one strain of h5n1 clade 2.3.2 virus was isolated from wild swans in shanghai, indicating the importance of the wild swan in the ecology of this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in eastern china. pathogenicity experiments conducted in this study indicated that the virus was highly pathogenic for chickens but lowly pathogenic for mammalian hosts, as evidenced by reduced infection of mice. the analysis of complete genome sequences and genetic evolution showed that a/ ...201121904849
concentration and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticide residues in herons and their prey in wetlands of thermaikos gulf, macedonia, greece.concentrations of the principal organochlorine insecticides were determined in eggs and freshly dead chicks of the squacco heron (ardeola ralloides), little egret (egretta garzetta) and night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), as well as in frogs (rana sp.), the main heron prey. material was collected from the wetlands of the thermaikos gulf (macedonia, northern greece) in 1992 and 1993. residues of the organochlorine pesticides alpha-bhc, beta-bhc, lindane, 4,4'-ddd, 4,4'-dde, heptachlor and dieldr ...19968854937
heavy metal and selenium levels in feathers of young egrets and herons from hong kong and szechuan, china.several species of herons and egrets frequently nest in colonies in areas where humans also concentrate. since the birds feed on intermediate-sized fish that themselves concentrate pollutants, they can be used not only to assess the levels of contaminants in avian tissues but as indicators of contaminants in the environment. the concentration of heavy metals and selenium in the breast feathers of fledgling black-crowned night herons nycticorax nycticorax and chinese pond herons ardeola bacchus f ...19938215588
head stabilization in herons.we examined head stabilization in relation to body mass and length of legs in four heron species (little egrets, egretta garzetta; night herons, nycticorax nycticorax; squacco herons, ardeola ralloides; and cattle egrets, bubulcus ibis: aves: ardeidae). head stabilization, under controlled, sinusoidal, perch perturbations was mostly elicited at frequencies lower than 1 hz. maximal perturbation amplitudes sustained were positively correlated with leg length and maximal perturbation frequencies su ...200111548989
natural infections of clinostomum complanatum (trematoda: clinostomatidae) in wild herons and egrets, tottori prefecture, japan.nycticorax nycticorax, ardea cinerea, egretta garzetta, and egretta intermedia were naturally infected with clinostomum complanatum (trematoda: clinostomatidae) among fourteen wild herons, seven wild egrets and one wild bittern evaluated at the veterinary hospital of tottori university, tottori, japan. the latter three species of heron and egrets are reported for the first time as definitive hosts of this parasite in japan.19921512884
the ornithodoros (alectorobius) capensis group (acarina: ixodoidea: argasidae) of the palearctic and oriental regions. o. (a.) maritimus: identity, marine bird hosts, virus infections, and distribution in western europe and northwestern africa.in 1967, vermeil and marguet described ornithodoros coniceps maritimus from larvae reared from larvae taken from marine birds on dumet island (atlantic ocean), basse bretagne, france. we collected o. (a.) coniceps canestrini, 1890, from the type locality (venice, italy) and determined that the taxons coniceps and maritimus each require full species status. we selected a lectotype and paralectotypes for the taxon maritimus from the original dumet island material. the larva of maritimus is redescr ...1976978368
primary viraemia responses of herons to experimental infection with murray valley encephalitis, kunjin and japanese encephalitis viruses.rufous night herons, pacific herons, little egrets and intermediate egrets were experimentally infected with murray valley encephalitis, kunjin or japanese encephalitis viruses. viraemias of at least one day's duration were detected in all birds except two intermediate egrets inoculated with a very low dose of kunjin virus and one rufous night heron inoculated with japanese encephalitis virus. there was usually a viraemia of 3 to 5 days' duration commencing on the first or second day and continu ...19836326724
trace elements in little egrets and flamingos of camargue, france.trace elements (cd, cu, hg, pb, se, zn) were measured in nine organs (liver, kidney, breast muscle, lungs, breastbone, stomach, gizzard, spleen, feathers) of several specimens of greater flamingos (phaenicopterus ruber (pallas] and little egrets (egretta garzetta (l.] from the camargue, in the rhône river delta. in both species, individual fluctuations of cd, hg, pb, and se levels were important in all organs, whereas zn and cu, essential metals, exhibited only moderate variations. the organotro ...19883359952
[enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in heron eggs].in this study, the eggs and tissues of black-crowned night heron, little egret, chinese pond heron and cattle egret were sampled from the dashu, yuantong and taizi mountains in hefei areas of anhui province in april to june 2004, and the residual amounts of cd, pb and cr in the samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. the results showed that the test heavy metals could be detected at high levels in the eggshell, egg contents, and tissues of most samples. eggshell and bone ...200516422517
seroprevalance and identification of influenza a virus infection from migratory wild waterfowl in china (2004-2005).outbreaks of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n1) were reported in birds in more than eight asian countries. we sought to identify the origin of this infection, and herein report the results of serological and virological monitoring of migrant wild waterfowl in mainland china. from a total of 493 serum samples, collected from 15 migratory wild waterfowl species for 9 months (from june 2004 to may 2005) in mainland china, we detected only low-level antibodies against influenza subtypes h2, ...200616629983
persistent organochlorine residues in livers of six species of ciconiiformes (aves) from spain.liver samples of 42 birds belonging to 6 species of ciconiiformes (grey heron (n = 17), little egret (n = 12), cattle egret (n = 1), glossy ibis (n = 1), little bittern (n = 1), and white stork (n = 10)), collected from two different zones of spain (ebro delta and madrid) in 1992-1997, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and pcbs. sigmapcbs (sum of concentrations of individual congeners), p,p'-dde, hcb, gamma-hch, and heptachlor epoxide were the most prevalent residues detected in all sa ...200616785174
primary antibody responses of herons to experimental infection with murray valley encephalitis and kunjin viruses.antibody responses of rufous night herons (nycticorax caledonicus) and little egrets (egretta garzetta) following infection with murray valley encephalitis and kunjin viruses were determined. haemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies were first detected on day 5 or 6 after inoculation and increased rapidly, reaching maximum titres of 320 to 2560 between 10 and 20 days after inoculation. titres declined 20-320 between 60 and 120 days after inoculation, then tended to remain stationary. titres were 2- ...19836326725
[a comparative study on asynchronous hatching and nestling growth of three heron species].the study on the asynchronous hatching and nestling growth of three heron species (ardeola bacchus, egretta garzetta, nycticorax nycticorax) in laboratory and field at the changshan and yuhang heron reserve in zhejiang province in 1996-1999 showed that the herons migrated to the reserve in the first and second ten days of april, and left in late september. the average hatching period was 23.0 days for ardeola bacchus, 23.9 days for egretta garzetta, and 25.3 days for nycticorax nycticorax. nycti ...200515852971
risk assessment of organohalogenated compounds in water bird eggs from south china.organohalogen compounds, the pesticides aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, sigmachlordanes, sigmaddts, sigmaheptachlors, sigmatoxaphenes, and the industrial chemicals sigmapcbs and sigmapbdes, as well as total dioxin-like equivalents (teqh4iie-luc), were measured in eggs of two ardeid species, the little egret (egretta garzetta) and black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax) from three port cities along the south china coast: hong kong, xiamen, and quanzhou. sigmaddts was ...200818767702
cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) and little egret (egretta garzetta) as monitors of mercury contamination in shadegan wetlands of south-western iran.mercury concentrations in feather, liver, kidney, and muscle tissue of little egret (n = 8) and cattle egret (n = 3) from shadegan wetlands in south-western iran were examined. liver of little egret had significantly higher mercury compared to cattle egret (p < 0.05). in addition, mercury values were consistently larger in little egret when compared to cattle egret, but mercury levels found in feather, kidney, and muscle did not differ statistically between the two bird species (p > 0.05). the s ...201019475490
monitoring of heavy metal contamination using tissues of two ardeids chicks, korea.this study presents concentrations of iron, zinc, manganese, lead and cadmium in livers and kidneys of little egret egretta garzetta (n = 10) and black-crowned night-heron nycticorax nycticorax (n = 10) chicks from pyeongtaek, gyeonggi-do, korea. essential element concentrations such as iron, zinc and manganese did not differ between both species chicks in livers and kidneys, but lead and cadmium concentrations were significantly greater in both tissues of little egret chicks (lead 2.78 +/- 4.06 ...201020464368
isolation of laribacter hongkongensis from little egrets (egretta garzetta) in hangzhou, china.laribacter hongkongensis is well adapted to diverse freshwater environments and is associated with human community-acquired gastroenteritis and traveller's diarrhoea. the study intended to investigate whether l. hongkongensis could be detected in little egrets (egretta garzetta, a widespread aquatic bird) in hangzhou, china.201121299577
risk to breeding success of waterbirds by contaminants in hong kong: evidence from trace elements in eggs.concentrations of 17 trace elements (as, se, rb, sr, ag, sb, cs, tl, pb, v, cr, mn, co, cu, zn, cd, and hg) were determined in eggs of little egrets (egretta garzetta), black-crowned night herons (nycticorax nycticorax) and bridled terns (sterna anaethetus) from northwestern and northeastern coastal areas of hong kong. results indicated significant differences among the three species. eggs of little egrets and black-crowned night herons appeared to be good bioindicators for monitoring selected e ...200515749545
polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in local waterbird eggs from hong kong: risk assessment to local waterbirds.the contamination status of the marine environment in hong kong was studied by measuring concentrations of organochlorine (oc) pollutants (i.e., hexachlorobenzene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, mirex, total heptachlor, total chlordane, total ddts, total pcbs, and total toxaphenes) in the eggs of selected waterbird species from different locations around the city: little egret (egretta garzetta) and chinese pond heron (ardeola bacchus) from mai po village, great egret (ardea alba) and black-crowned n ...201121440927
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in feathers of colonial water-bird species from pakistan.feathers of two colonial water-birds species (bubulcus ibis, egretta garzetta) from four heronries in the punjab province, pakistan were analysed for 28 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) congeners. median concentrations of ∑pbdes were 2.41 and 1.91 ng/g in little and cattle egrets. pbde-47, -100, -138, -153 were abundant and detected in >70% of feather samples in both species. species-specific differences based on dietary preferences indicated higher concentration of pbde-47, -66, -75, -100 ...201121571414
new primers for sex identification in the chinese egret and other ardeid species.using the universal p2/p8 primers, we were able to obtain the gene segments of chromo-helicase-dna binding protein (chd)-z and chd-w from ten species of ardeid birds including chinese egret (egretta eulophotes), little egret (e. garzetta), eastern reef egret (e. sacra), great egret (ardea alba), grey heron (a. cinerea), chinese pond-heron (ardeola bacchus), cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), black-crowned night-heron (nycticorax nycticorax), cinnamon bittern (ixobrychus cinnamomeus) and yellow bitter ...201121429119
the component helminth community in six sympatric species of ardeidae.we studied the helminth communities in 6 sympatric species of ardeidae (ixobrychus minutus (linnaeus, 1766), nycticorax nycticorax (linnaeus, 1758), bubulcus ibis (linnaeus, 1758), egretta garzetta (linnaeus, 1766), ardea cinerea (linnaeus, 1758), and ardea purpurea (linnaeus, 1766)) from "la albufera de valencia," spain. the survey revealed 13 species of helminth parasites: 5 digeneans, 2 cestodes, and 6 nematodes. the component helminth communities of the ardeidae examined are depauperate and ...200517089743
pcb levels and accumulation patterns in waterbird eggs and in their prey at lake kerkini, a north-eastern mediterranean wetland of international importance.seven "target" pcb levels were determined and compared in waterbird eggs, in their prey, and in water at lake kerkini, northern greece, to investigate pcb bioaccumulation patterns and to define the best bioindicator of target pcbs for this area. pcbs were analysed from eggs of phalacrocorax carbo, podiceps cristatus, ardea cinerea, egretta garzetta, and nycticorax nycticorax and from prey types alburnus alburnus, rutilus rutilus, lepomis gibbosus. carassius auratus, and rana sp. pcbs analysed we ...200717549546
metal contamination in select species of birds in nilgiris district, tamil nadu, india.variation in metal contamination in six species of birds, namely the cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo), cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), little egret (egretta garzetta), pond heron (ardeola grayii), common myna (acridotheres tristis) and jungle babbler (turdoides striatus) in nilgiris district, tamil nadu, india. the accumulation of heavy metals differed among the species studied. on an average, little egret accumulated high concentrations of copper (53.31 ± 23.19 ppm) followed by cattle egret (16.27 ...201121656294
Community composition of aquatic birds in lakes of Bangalore, India.Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, richness, and diversity of waterbirds in 15 major lakes in Bangalore city during 2008 - 2009. During the study period 35 species of aquatic birds were recorded. The number of aquatic bird species recorded at various lakes ranged from 23 to 35. The percent abundance of waterbirds recorded in the study lakes ranged from 2.46 to 21.49 and itwas significantly different (p < 0.05). The diversity and species evenness of waterbirds in the lakes range ...201121888236
prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in antibiotic-resistant escherichia coli isolates in surface water of taihu lake basin, china.the rapid development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (arb) has been of concern worldwide. in this study, antibiotic resistance genes (args) were investigated in antibiotic-resistant escherichia coli isolated from surface water samples (rivers, n = 17; taihu lake, n = 16) and from human, chicken, swine, and egretta garzetta sources in the taihu basin. e. coli showing resistance to at least five drugs occurred in 31, 67, 58, 27, and 18% of the isolates from surface water (n = 665), chicken (n =  ...201525813640
mercury in feathers of little egret egretta garzetta and night heron nycticorax nycticorax chicks and in theirprey in the axios delta, greece.mercury concentrations were measured in feathers oflittle egret and night heron chicks and in their prey in the axios delta,greece. significantly higher concentrations occurred in night heron than inlittle egret in 1993. in the night heron the mercury content of feathers wasnegatively correlated to the size of chicks, possibly due to inhibition ofgrowth. mercury concentrations were higher than reported for heron feathersin seriously polluted sites in north america and japan, but the toxic hazard ...19979069199
characterization and evolution of mhc class ii b genes in ardeid birds.major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is a multi-gene family that is very suitable to investigate a wide range of open questions in evolutionary ecology. in this study, we characterized two expressed mhc class ii b genes (dab1 and dab2) in the grey heron (aves: ardea cinerea). we further developed the primer pairs to amplify and sequence two mhc class ii b loci in ten ardeid birds. phylogenetic analysis revealed that different parts of the genes showed different evolutionary patterns. the exon ...201121590337
heavy metal and selenium concentrations in feathers of egrets from bali and sulawesi, indonesia.herons and egrets are ideal organisms to use asindicators of heavy metal exposure in an ecosystem because different speciesfeed at different levels of the food chain and live in both coastal andinland habitats. this paper reports on the concentration of heavy metals andselenium in the feathers of cattle egrets bubulcus ibis that wereexamined from nesting and roosting sites in bali and sulawesi, indonesia, andin feathers of little egrets egretta garzetta and intermediate egretse. intermedia from ...19979069200
accumulation profiles of persistent organochlorines in liver and fat tissues of various waterbird species from greece.waterbirds are particularly subject to accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (pops) that have been shown to constitute a major hazard for this group of birds. liver and fat tissue from ten species belonging to the orders ciconiformes (ardeidae, ciconiidae, phoenicopteridae) and pelicaniformes (pelecanidae, phalacrocoracidae) were used as bioindicators in order to assess environmental pollution by pops (hchs, ddts, cyclodienes, pcbs) in greek wetlands. to our knowledge, this is the first ...200616289289
tissue distribution of heavy metals in heron and egret chicks from pyeongtaek, korea.iron, zinc, manganese, lead and cadmium were measured in the liver, kidney and bone of grey heron (ardea cinerea), intermediate egret (egretta intermedia), little egret (egretta garzetta) and black-crowned night herons (nycticorax nycticorax) from korea. iron, zinc, manganese, lead and cadmium concentrations had species- and tissue- specific accumulation. lead concentrations in all tissues of black-crowned night heron and cadmium in kidneys of intermediate egret chicks were relatively higher tha ...201525504523
size specific predation by herons and its effect on the sex-ratio of natural populations of the mosquito fish gambusia affinis baird and girard.sex-ratios of gambusia affinis populations in freshwater marshes in the camargue (rhône delta), are highly biased in favour of males, whereas the sex-ratios in ditches are close to unity. studies of the diet of free living birds and experimental studies on prey size selection in captivity show that the abnormal sex-ratios in marshes can be attributed to differential heron predation. ditches are relatively free from predation. mature female gambusia are larger, and have an energy content 5-25 tim ...198228311103
porrocaecum parvum n. sp. and p. reticulatum (linstow, 1899) (nematoda: ascaridoidea) from birds in china.porrocaecum parvum n. sp. is described from the grey-faced buzzard butastur indicus (gmelin) (accipitriformes: accipitridae) in china. the new species differs from its congeners in having well-developed cervical alae, small interlabia and very short intestinal caecum (0.34 mm long, representing 11.9% of oesophageal length) and in the number and arrangement of the caudal papillae (29 pairs in total, arranged as follows: 21 pairs precloacal, single double pair paracloacal and seven pairs postcloac ...201526358073
blood biomarkers and contaminant levels in feathers and eggs to assess environmental hazards in heron nestlings from impacted sites in ebro basin (ne spain).blood biomarkers and levels of major pollutants in eggs and feathers were used to determine pollution effects in nestlings of the purple heron ardea purpurea and the little egret egretta garzetta, sampled on three ebro river (ne spain) areas: a reference site, a site affected by the effluents of a chlor-alkali industry and the river delta. the two impacted heron populations showed mutually different pollutant and response patterns, suggesting different sources of contamination. in the population ...201019892448
assessment of organochlorine pesticide contamination in waterbirds from an agricultural region, central china.twenty-one organochlorine pesticides (ocps) were measured in the muscle of six predominant waterbird species from jianghan plain, hubei province, central china. among ocps, ddts were the most prevalent compounds, with average concentration ranging from 31.1 to 1445 ng/g lipid weight. little egrets (egretta garzetta) and chinese pond herons (ardeola bacchus) showed significantly higher concentrations of ocps (p < 0.05) due to their dietary habits and migratory patterns. there were no statisticall ...201627783194
bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish and ardeid at pearl river estuary, china.sediment, fish (tilapia, oreochromis mossambicus and snakehead, channa asiatica), eggs and eggshells of little egrets (egretta garzetta) and chinese pond herons (ardeola bacchus) were collected from mai po ramsar site of hong kong, as well as from wetlands in the gu cheng county, shang hu county and dafeng milu national nature reserve of jiangsu province, china between 2004 and 2007 (n=3-9). concentrations of six heavy metals were analyzed, based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission sp ...201424836879
biota-sediment accumulation factor (bsaf), bioaccumulation factor (baf), and contaminant levels in prey fish to indicate the extent of pahs and ocps contamination in eggs of waterbirds.samples of pond sediment, fish, and shrimp were collected from the ramsar site at mai po marshes, hong kong (south china), and samples of pond sediment, fish, and shrimp, as well as eggs of water birds (chinese pond herons (ardeola bacchus) and little egrets (egretta garzetta)), were collected from two smaller wetland sites at jiangsu province (mid-china), between 2004 and 2007. accumulation levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and organochlorine pesticides (ocps) in the biota were ...201323702571
assessment of trace metals in four bird species from korea.in birds, heavy metal concentrations are influenced by diet intake, migratory pattern, and residence time. in the present study, heavy metal concentrations (in microgram per gram dry weight) were measured in livers of four bird species from korea. iron concentrations were greater in eurasian woodcocks (scolopax rusticola) than in grey herons (ardea cinerea), little egrets (egretta garzetta), and schrenck's bitterns (ixobrychus eurhythmus). copper concentrations in grey herons were significantly ...201323430066
serological evidence of west nile virus infection in wild migratory and resident water birds in eastern and northern india.to assess west nile virus (wnv) infection in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 3887 samples from 1784 birds belonging to 119 identified species within 30 families collected during 2008-10 from 13 states in india. the serum samples were tested for wnv antibodies initially by a competition elisa and subsequently by a micro-plaque reduction neutralization test (micro-prnt), whereas tracheal and cloacal swabs were subjected to real-time rt-pcr for the detection of the wnv rna. twenty six ...201222925932
concentration of organochlorine in egg yolk and reproductive success of egretta garzetta (linnaeus, 1758) at wat tan-en non-hunting area, phra nakhorn si ayuthaya province, thailand.contaminant analyses in animal eggs have illustrated the benefit of wildlife as indicators of xenobiotic contamination in natural habitats. in 2002, concentrations of 16 organochlorine insecticides were measured in egg yolk and the reproductive success of the little egret, egretta garzetta, was studied in a population at wat tan-en non-hunting area bang pahan district, phra nakhorn si ayuthaya province, thailand. only 4,4'-dichloro diphenylethane (4,4'-dde) was detected in the yolk of all sample ...200717081607
heavy metal concentration in feathers of little egret (egretta garzetta) nestlings in three coastal breeding colonies in spain.the colonial ardeid little egret (egretta garzetta), which is is protected under the european birds directive (2009/147/ec), can be a reliable bioindicator of aquatic environmental pollution. concentrations of the heavy metals cd, cr, cu, hg, ni, pb and zn in nestling feathers were assessed for three different breeding colonies of little egret on the spanish coast during 2013 (5 individuals in urdaibai, 10 in santoña and 26 in odiel). there were no significant differences in mean tissue residues ...201626467806
the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the little egret (egretta garzetta).many phylogenetic questions in the ciconiiformes remain unresolved and complete mitogenome data are urgently needed for further molecular investigation. in this work, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of the little egret (egretta garzetta). the genome was 17,361 bp in length and the gene organization was typical of other avian mtdna. in protein-coding genes (pcgs), a c insertion was found in nd3, and coiii and nd4 terminated with incomplete stop codons (t). trna-val and trna-ser (ag ...201526273219
genomic signatures of near-extinction and rebirth of the crested ibis and other endangered bird species.nearly one-quarter of all avian species is either threatened or nearly threatened. of these, 73 species are currently being rescued from going extinct in wildlife sanctuaries. one of the previously most critically-endangered is the crested ibis, nipponia nippon. once widespread across north-east asia, by 1981 only seven individuals from two breeding pairs remained in the wild. the recovering crested ibis populations thus provide an excellent example for conservation genomics since every individu ...201425496777
three echinostome species from wild birds in the republic of korea.three echinostome species, i.e., patagifer bilobus, petasiger neocomense, and saakotrema metatestis, are newly recorded in the trematode fauna of the republic of korea. they were recovered from 3 species of migratory birds (platalea minor, podiceps cristatus, and egretta garzetta), which were donated by the wildlife center of chungbuk (wcc) and the conservation genome resource bank for korean wildlife (cgrb). only 1 p. bilobus specimen was recovered from the intestine of a black-faced spoonbill ...201425352700
little egret (egretta garzetta) as a bioindicator of trace element pollution in tunisian aquatic ecosystems.the little egret, egretta garzetta, has breeding colonies in the island of chikly (in the lake of tunis) and in thyna saltpans (in the gulf of gabès), two important tunisian wetlands that are strongly affected by anthropogenic activity. here, we used e. garzetta chick feathers for environmental monitoring of breeding grounds of this species. since trophic ecology is fundamental when interpreting contamination levels, our approach combined both trace-element (hg, pb, cd, and se) and stable-isotop ...201120571881
little egrets (egretta garzetta) and trace-metal contamination in wetlands of china.the rapidly developing asian countries may face threatening environmental contamination, that however remains largely unassessed. we studied persistent trace elements in three wetlands, poyang lake, relatively unpolluted, and tai lake, and pearl river delta, selected as hotspots of pollution in central china. we adopted as indicator the little egret, a widespread colonial waterbird, and during 1999 and 2000 we collected and analysed the same samples as for a parallel study we conducted in pakist ...200616897550
head bobbing and the body movement of little egrets ( egretta garzetta) during walking.although previous studies have indicated that head bobbing of birds is an optokinetic movement, head bobbing can also be controlled by some biomechanical constraints when it occurs during walking. in the present study, the head bobbing, center of gravity, and body movements of little egrets (egretta garzetta) during walking were examined by determination of the position of the center of gravity using carcasses and by motion analysis of video films of wild egrets during walking. the results showe ...200312548430
group foraging in little egrets (egretta garzetta): from field evidence to experimental investigation.results from both field and experimental foraging studies of little egrets (egretta garzetta) are used to discuss the relationship between flocking, prey density and foraging efficiency. in the field, the latter was affected by group size. the two parameters studied, striking efficiency (percentage of successful pecks) and the number of captures per minute improved in large groups. on the other hand, only in one of two field sites did the results reveal an improvement under the form of a reduced ...199024925841
effect of the environmental quality and food chain on trace element concentrations in heron and egret chicks at pyeongtaek colony, korea.trace element concentrations in the diet can affect the levels in birds. heron and egret chicks have been recommended as useful biological indicators for monitoring trace element contamination in the aquatic ecosystem. iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations were measured in the livers and stomach contents of grey heron (ardea cinerea), intermediate egret (egretta intermedia), little egret (egretta garzetta) and black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax) chicks from ...201425103117
analysis of micronucleated erythrocytes in heron nestlings from reference and impacted sites in the ebro basin (n.e. spain).the frequency of micronuclei (mn) in peripheral erythrocytes was tested for 59 heron nestlings (ardea purpurea, egretta garzetta and bubulcus ibis) sampled at two areas (polluted and reference) on the river ebro (ne spain) and at its delta during spring 2006. flow-cytometry analysis revealed higher (three- to six-fold) mn counts in samples from the most polluted site relative to samples from the reference area. samples from the delta showed intermediate values. age, morphometric parameters (weig ...200818063255
perfluorooctane sulfonate and other fluorochemicals in waterbird eggs from south china.to our knowledge, this is the first study reporting concentrations of perfluorinated compounds (pfcs) in waterbird eggs in south china. concentrations of 11 pfcs (pfos, pfhxs, pfbs, pfosa, pfdoda, pfunda, pfda, pfna, pfoa, pfhpa, pfhxa) were measured in night heron, great egret, and little egret eggs from south china (hong kong, xiamen, quanzhou). pfos was found to be the dominant pfc in the waterbird eggs. total concentrations of the 11 pfcs in waterbird eggs ranged from 27.0 ng/g ww (great egr ...200819031916
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in waterbird eggs of hong kong, china.concentrations of pcdd/fs, pcbs and pbdes were measured in 56 egg samples collected from waterbirds of different species (great egret, little egret, night heron and chinese pond heron) from different regions of hong kong (ho sheung heung, mai po village and mai po lung village) during 2000 and 2006. dominance of 2,3,4,7,8-pecdf indicates a signature associated with commercial usage of pcbs. although no significant variations were observed within- and between-site in the levels of pcdd/fs, coplan ...201222024097
serological evidence of h7, h5 and h9 avian influenza virus co-infection among herons in a city park in jiangxi, china.extensive surveillance of influenza a viruses in different avian species is critical for understanding its transmission. here, a breeding colony of little egrets and black-crowned night herons was monitored both serologically and virologically in a city park of jiangxi in 2009. a portion of herons had antibodies against h7 (52%), h5 (55%) and h9 (6%) subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) in egg yolk samples, and 45% had antibodies against different aiv serotypes (h5, h7 or h9) simultaneously. grea ...201425242001
influence of diet in the accumulation of organochlorine compounds in herons breeding in remote riverine environments.the composition of organochlorine compounds (ocs), pentachlorobenzene (pecb), hexachlorobenzene (hcb), hexachlorocyclohexanes (hchs), ddts and polychlorobiphenyls (pcbs), has been analyzed in eggs from cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) and little egret (egretta garzetta), two species of herons (family ardeidae), nesting at the same remote riverine environment (aiguabarreig, ebro river). these two species were selected to evaluate the importance of diet in the accumulation of ocs. cattle egret essenti ...201626694793
relationship between heavy metals concentrations in egret species, their environment and food chain differences from two headworks of pakistan.concentration of ten metals (cd, cr, co, cu, fe, li, mn, ni, pb and zn) were analyzed in the egg contents, prey and soil samples of little egret (egretta garzetta) and cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) from two headworks to determine habitat and species-specific differences; to assess the importance of prey and habitat contamination as an exposure source for heavy metals. concentration of cu, mn, cr and pb in egg contents, fe, co, cu, mn, zn in prey and fe, co, cu, ni, li in surface soils were signif ...201323816451
heavy metals in eggshells of cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) and little egret (egretta garzetta) from the punjab province, pakistan.concentrations of nine trace metals were determined to assess site-specific and species-specific differences using fast sequential atomic absorption spectrophotometer (varian faas-240) in eggshells of bubulcus ibis and egretta garzetta from seven heronries in the punjab province, pakistan. pattern of metal concentration followed the order: fe > zn > pb > mn > cd > cr > li > cu > ni. greater mean concentrations of mn(1.17 μg/g), ni(0.11 μg/g), pb(1.49 μg/g), cd(0.88 μg/g), cr(0.7 μg/g), cu(0.20 μ ...201323260238
patterns of resource partitioning by nesting herons and ibis: how are odonata exploited?herons and ibis are colonially nesting waders which, owing to their number, mobility and trophic role as top predators, play a key role in aquatic ecosystems. they are also good biological models to investigate interspecific competition between sympatric species and predation; two processes which structure ecological communities. odonata are also numerous, diverse, mobile and can play an important role in aquatic ecosystems by serving as prey for herons and ibis. a relationship between prey size ...201222578577
pathogenicity of clinostomum complanatum (digenea: clinostomidae) in piscivorous birds.the present study is focused on the pathogenicity of a parasitic digenea, clinostomum complanatum among dead piscivorous birds, collected after mass mortalities in northern iran. a total of 126 birds (15 species) were examined for parasitic infections. birds of four species belong to the family ardeidae were found to be infected with immature and mature worms. c. complanatum was more prevalent in ardea purpurea followed by nycticorax nycticorax, egretta alba and egretta garzetta. pathological st ...201323876333
lead and cadmium contaminations in feathers of heron and egret chicks.in birds, concentrations of heavy metal contaminants were associated with their diet and environmental quality. this study presents concentrations of lead and cadmium in feathers and the relationship between concentrations in the feather and stomach content of three species of heron and egret chicks. cadmium concentrations were higher in the little egret (geomean 0.75 μg/g dry weight) and black-crowned night heron (geomean 0.88 μg/g dry weight) chicks than in grey heron chicks (geomean 0.48 μg/g ...201424407960
a novel avian-like hepatitis e virus in wild aquatic bird, little egret (egretta garzetta), in hungary.hepatitis e virus (hev), family hepeviridae, has public health concerns because of its zoonotic potential; however, the host species spectrum, animal to animal transmissions, the natural chain of hepevirus infections and the genetic diversity of hev in wildlife especially in birds are less known. using random amplification and next generation sequencing technology a genetically divergent avian hev was serendipitously identified in wild bird in hungary. hev rna was detected with high faecal viral ...201627989815
optimal foraging of little egrets and their prey in a foraging game in a patchy environment.we explored the behavioral game between a predator, the little egret (egretta garzetta), and a prey, the common goldfish (carassius auratus), in a laboratory theater containing three fish pools. we tested the hypotheses that the egrets maximize their total capture success by responding to the fish's antipredatory behavior and that the behaviors of both players respond adaptively to the density distribution of fish among the pools. one experiment presented egrets with 15 fish per pool. the second ...201323448887
a novel avian-like hepatitis e virus in wild aquatic bird, little egret (egretta garzetta), in hungary.hepatitis e virus (hev), family hepeviridae, has public health concerns because of its zoonotic potential; however, the host species spectrum, animal to animal transmissions, the natural chain of hepevirus infections and the genetic diversity of hev in wildlife especially in birds are less known. using random amplification and next generation sequencing technology a genetically divergent avian hev was serendipitously identified in wild bird in hungary. hev rna was detected with high faecal viral ...201627876615
evidence of impacts from ddt in pelican, cormorant, stork, and egret eggs from kwazulu-natal, south africa.ddt remains in use for malaria control in south africa. we quantified ddts in aquatic bird eggs from the highly biodiverse northern kwazulu-natal, a province of south africa where ddt has been used for more than 80 years for malaria control. pelican eggs had the highest σddt concentration (7200 ng/g lipid mass; lm), little egret eggs had 6900 σddt lm, african openbill eggs had 3400 ng/g lm σddt, and white-breasted cormorant had 2400 ng/g lm. all species had non-significantly different mean conce ...201930901658
avioserpens galliardi n. sp., egret parasite egretta garzetta, l. 194918131387
binary patch assessment by goldfish under safe and dangerous conditions.food resources can occur heterogeneously in space or time and differ in their abundances. a forager should be able to determine the value of a patch and choose optimally how to exploit it. however, patch choice and exploitation may be influenced by predation risk. using the giving up densities (guds) technique, we evaluated goldfish patch assessment and choice in a binary patch choice experiment. we offered a pair of unequal food patches containing high and low food quantity. we quantified goldf ...201830056079
mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal dna dataset suggests that hepatiarius sudarikovi feizullaev, 1961 is a member of the genus opisthorchis blanchard, 1895 (digenea: opisthorchiidae).the taxonomy and classification of the family opisthorchiidae have been revised by several authors with the exclusion or synonymization of some genera. the genus hepatiarius feizullaev, 1961 accommodated two species: hepatiarius sudarikovi feizullaev, 1961 and h. longissimus linstow, 1883. recently, some experts have suppressed hepatiarius as a junior synonym of opisthorchis blanchard, 1895 based on morphological features alone. prior to the present study, no molecular data either from nuclear o ...201930734860
how does the presence of a conspecific individual change the behavioral game that a predator plays with its prey?behavioral games predators play among themselves may have profound effects on behavioral games predators play with their prey. we studied the behavioral game between predators and prey within the framework of social foraging among predators. we tested how conspecific interactions among predators (little egret) change the predator-prey behavioral game and foraging success. to do so, we examined foraging behavior of egrets alone and in pairs (male and female) in a specially designed aviary consist ...201728516320
botulism in wild birds and changes in environmental habitat: a relationship to be considered.any human activity, even if aimed at the improvement of a natural area, can potentially affect wildlife, leading to possible short-term or long-term changes due to the human-wildlife interaction. in this study, a botulism outbreak which occurred in waterfowl in a nature reserve after a conservative environmental action is reported. more than 180 different species of wild birds, including seventy waterfowl species, live in the area. the wildlife reserve rangers built an artificial pond equipped w ...201931779284
mapping the potential distributions of etiological agent, vectors, and reservoirs of japanese encephalitis in asia and australia.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a substantial cause of viral encephalitis, morbidity, and mortality in south-east asia and the western pacific. world health organization recognized japanese encephalitis (je) as a public health priority in demands to initiate active vaccination programs. recently, the geographic distribution of jev has apparently expanded into other areas in the pacific islands and northern australia; however, major gaps exist in knowledge in regard to its current distributi ...201830118701
wild waterfowl as potential vectors of vibrio cholerae and aeromonas species.to study the hypothesis that migratory waterfowl are possible disseminators of vibrio cholerae and aeromonas.201829733476
a predator equalizes rate of capture of a schooling prey in a patchy environment.prey individuals are often distributed heterogeneously in the environment, and their abundances and relative availabilities vary among patches. a foraging predator should maximize energetic gains by selectively choosing patches with higher prey density. however, catching behaviorally responsive and group-forming prey in patchy environments can be a challenge for predators. first, they have to identify the profitable patches, and second, they must manage the prey's sophisticated anti-predator beh ...201728232233
perfluoroalkyl acids in the egg yolk of birds from lake shihwa, korea.concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (pfas) were measured in egg yolks of three species of birds, the little egret (egretta garzetta), little ringed plover (charadrius dubius), and parrot bill (paradoxornis webbiana), collected in and around lake shihwa, korea, which receives wastewaters from an adjacent industrial complex. mean concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos) ranged from 185 to 314 ng/g ww and were similar to those reported for bird eggs from other urban areas. long-chain pe ...200818754515
comparative analysis of intestine microbiota of four wild waterbird species.waterbirds are ubiquitous and globally distributed. yet, studies on wild waterbirds' gut microbiota are still rare. our aim was to explore and compare the gut microbial community composition of wild waterbird species. four wild waterbird species that are either wintering or all-year residents in israel were studied: great cormorants, little egrets, black-crowned night herons and black-headed gulls. for each bird, three intestinal sections were sampled; anterior, middle and posterior. no signific ...201931481943
tracing waterbird exposure to total mercury and selenium: a case study at the solar saltworks of thyna (sfax, tunisia).saltworks have emerged as important alternative/complementary feeding habitats for avifauna. however, the consequences of such habitat shifts in terms of changes in exposure to contaminants are poorly understood. we evaluated the exposure of the waterbird community breeding at the saltworks of thyna (tunisia) to total hg (thg) and se according to their differential use of saltworks dietary resources, as revealed by δ¹³c and δ¹⁵n values in their eggs (included species [n] -sorted according to inc ...201121663312
kinematic parameters of the walking of herons, ground-feeders, and waterfowl.the kinematic gait characteristics of six species of birds in three groups were compared. the groups studied were herons (gray herons and little egrets), ground-feeders (domestic pigeons and gray starlings), and waterfowl (pintails and black-headed gulls). the results showed that the relative stride frequency was greater in the waterfowl than in the other species. complementary to this, the amplitude of the movements was smaller in the waterfowl than in the others. these differences between the ...200415471689
genetic diversity of toll-like receptor genes in the vulnerable chinese egret (egretta eulophotes).toll-like receptor (tlr) genes have recently been employed to assess genetic diversity, as they can be used to infer both demographic history and adaptation to environments with different pathogen pressure. here, we sampled 120 individuals of the chinese egret (egretta eulophotes), a globally vulnerable species, from four breeding populations across china. we assessed the levels of genetic diversity, selection pressure, and population differentiation at seven tlr loci (tlr1lb, tlr2a, tlr3, tlr4, ...202032469968
little egret (egretta garzetta) as a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination from three different localities in egypt.this work aimed at using little egrets (egretta garzetta), for the first time in egypt, as a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination from three different egyptian land use types (qillin within kafr el-sheikh (s1, agricultural), toukh within qalyubia (s2, semi-rural area), and abu rawash within giza (s3, urban)). concentrations of aluminum (al), barium (ba), cobalt (co), cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), copper (cu), manganese (mn), iron (fe), nickel (ni), lead (pb), and zinc (zn) were analyzed in l ...202032329003
individual willingness to leave a safe refuge and the trade-off between food and safety: a test with social fish.refuges offer prey animals protection from predation, but increased time spent hiding can reduce foraging opportunities. within social groups, individuals vary in their refuge use and willingness to forage in the presence of a predator. here, we examine the relative foraging benefits and mortality costs associated with individual refuge use and foraging behaviour within groups of goldfish (carassius auratus) under predation risk from an avian predator (little egret-egretta garzetta). we assessed ...201931311474
time to revisit? a predator's previous successes and failures in prey capture determine its return time to patches.in a heterogeneous environment containing multiple patches that may deplete and renew, a forager should be able to detect the quality of food resources within and among patches and choose to exploit them to best maximize returns. from the predator's perspective, the behavioral responses of the prey in a patch will be perceived as depletion when they retreat to refuge and renewal when they reemerge. a predator encountering responsive prey should manage predation risk, and thus behavioral resource ...201931147778
state-dependent foraging among social fish in a risky environment.in the presence of a predator, foraging is a dangerous task. social individuals can respond to risk by forming groups, benefiting from enhanced collective anti-predator behavior but suffering from increased conspicuousness to predators. within groups, individuals exhibit variable foraging behavior. one important factor influencing risky foraging behaviour is current energetic state, and individuals must trade off food and safety by deciding when to leave a protected refuge in order to find food. ...201930929073
low breeding success of the little egret (egretta garzetta) near residential areas and in colonies exposed to gales: a comparison of colony in sichuan, southwest china, with literature.the breeding biology of the little egret (egretta garzetta) was studied in 20 nests within the mixed-species breeding colonies at nanchong, sichuan, southwest china, in 2006. by measuring a set of physical characteristics of vegetation at the nests and at a set of 20 randomly chosen sites we showed that birds preferentially used taller trees in areas with fewer shrubs of higher species diversity. nests at lower locations in trees had marginally lower hatching success due to their destruction by ...201931231588
spatio-temporal variability of ichthyophagous bird assemblage around western mediterranean open-sea cage fish farms.ichthyophagous birds aggregate at cage fish farms attracted by caged and associated wild fish. spatio-temporal variability of such birds was studied for a year through seasonal visual counts at eight farms in the western mediterranean. correlation with farm and location descriptors was assessed. considerable spatio-temporal variability in fish-eating bird density and assemblage structure was observed among farms and seasons. bird density increased from autumn to winter, with the great cormorant ...201829910028
organophosphate flame retardants in heron eggs from upper yangtze river basin, southwest china.the egg samples of four heron species, including black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), little egret (egretta garzetta), chinese pond heron (ardeola bacchus) and cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), were collected from the upper yangtze river (changjiang) basin, southwest china in early summer of 2017. nine out of ten target organophosphate flame retardants (pfrs) were detected in these heron egg samples. the sum of concentrations of the pfrs quantified (∑pfrs) ranged from 63 to 590 pmol g- ...201931319314
effects of research disturbance on nest survival in a mixed colony of waterbirds.long-term research is crucial for the conservation and development of knowledge in ecology; however, it is essential to quantify and minimize any negative effects associated with research to gather reliable and representative long-term monitoring data. in colonial bird species, chicks are often marked with coded bands in order to assess demographic parameters of the population. banding chicks in multi-species colonies is challenging because it involves disturbances to species that are at differe ...201931616597
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