| deduced structural model for animal rhabdovirus glycoproteins. | the g protein sequences of fourteen animal rhabdoviruses, representing all four recognized genera (vesiculovirus, lyssavirus, ephemerovirus and novirhabdovirus) and the ungrouped sigma virus, were aligned using clustal w and adjusted to account for obvious sequence similarities not detected by the algorithm. analysis of the alignment indicated remarkable preservation of g protein structural features including cysteine residues, antigenic sites and significant elements of secondary structure (alp ... | 1999 | 10355768 |
| molecular characterization of the glycoproteins from two warm water rhabdoviruses: snakehead rhabdovirus (shrv) and rhabdovirus of penaeid shrimp (rps)/spring viremia of carp virus (svcv). | we have determined the complete coding sequences for the glycoprotein (g) genes from two rhabdoviruses that infect warm water aquatic animals, the snakehead rhabdovirus (shrv) and rhabdovirus of penaeid shrimp (rps). surprisingly, the g nucleotide sequence from rps, a virus which has been isolated from diseased shrimp in hawaii on numerous occasions, was over 99% identical to the g nucleotide sequence from spring viremia of carp virus (svcv), a fish virus from europe and asia. this is the first ... | 1999 | 10518707 |
| production of recombinant snakehead rhabdovirus: the nv protein is not required for viral replication. | snakehead rhabdovirus (shrv) affects warm water fish in southeast asia and belongs to the genus novirhabdovirus by virtue of its nonvirion gene (nv). because shrv grows best at temperatures between 28 and 31 degrees c, we were able to use the t7 expression system to produce viable recombinant shrv from a cloned cdna copy of the viral genome. expression of a positive-strand rna copy of the 11, 550-nucleotide shrv genome along with the viral nucleocapsid (n), phosphoprotein (p), and polymerase (l) ... | 2000 | 10666265 |
| recovery of nv knockout infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus expressing foreign genes. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a novirhabdovirus and is the causative agent of a devastating acute, lethal disease in wild and farmed rainbow trout. the virus is enzootic throughout western north america and has spread to asia and europe. a full-length cdna of the ihnv antigenome (pihnv-pst) was assembled from subgenomic overlapping cdna fragments and cloned in a transcription plasmid between the t7 rna polymerase promoter and the autocatalytic hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. ... | 2000 | 11070023 |
| viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus induces vig-2, a new interferon-responsive gene in rainbow trout. | an mrna differential display methodology was used to study the rainbow trout response to viral infection. a new transcript (vig-2) induced by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in rainbow trout leucocytes was identified from the head-kidney. vig-2 was also induced in vivo during experimental infection and following dna immunisation with a plasmid containing a gene encoding the viral glycoprotein. viral induction of vig-2 was blocked by cycloheximide (chx), indicating its dependency on a ... | 2001 | 11478515 |
| in vitro viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus replication in excised fins of rainbow trout: correlation with resistance to waterborne challenge and genetic variation. | in vitro viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus replication in excised fin tissue (vreft) was investigated as a possible criterion to predict the resistance of groups or individuals to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in rainbow trout. adipose and rayed fins were compared for vreft response, and a statistically significant correlation was found. correlation between vreft and survival after waterborne viral challenge was estimated on a set of 27 groups of trout, and was highly significan ... | 2001 | 11558726 |
| immunity to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) following dna vaccination of rainbow trout at an early life-stage. | rainbow trout fry of average weight 0.5 g were vaccinated against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) by intramuscular injection of 1 microg of plasmid dna encoding the vhs virus glycoprotein gene. challenge with a lethal dose of virus at two different time points, 9 and 71 days post-vaccination respectively, revealed that a highly protective and lasting immunity was established shortly after vaccination, in accordance with earlier experiments with larger fish. the defence mechanisms activated ... | 2001 | 11592586 |
| neutralisation and binding of vhs virus by monovalent antibody fragments. | we have previously reported the cloning and characterisation of the heavy and light chain variable domain genes encoding three monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that bind viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). two of these antibodies, 3f1h10 and 3f1a2 both neutralised the virus though 3f1a2 appeared to recognise a broader range of virus isolates. the variable domains of these two antibodies differ by only four residues (lorenzen et al., 2000a. fish shellfish immunol. 10, 129-142). to further st ... | 2001 | 11682124 |
| immunity induced shortly after dna vaccination of rainbow trout against rhabdoviruses protects against heterologous virus but not against bacterial pathogens. | it was recently reported that dna vaccination of rainbow trout fingerlings against viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) induced protection within 8 days after intramuscular injection of plasmid dna. in order to analyse the specificity of this early immunity, fish were vaccinated with plasmid dna encoding the vhsv or the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) glycoprotein genes and later challenged with homologous or heterologous pathogens. challenge experiments revealed that immun ... | 2002 | 11696382 |
| rhabdovirus infection induces public and private t cell responses in teleost fish. | many viruses induce a strong t cell response that contributes to the elimination of infected cells presenting viral peptides by mhc molecules. the structure and expression of genes encoding molecules homologous to mammalian alphabeta tcrs have been recently characterized in rainbow trout and in several teleost species, but the alphabeta t cell response against pathogens has not been directly demonstrated. to study the modifications of the t cell repertoire during an acute viral infection in rain ... | 2001 | 11714781 |
| possible role of ltb4 in the antiviral activity of turbot (scophthalmus maximus) leukocyte-derived supernatants against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). | turbot (scophthalmus maximus) blood leukocyte-derived supernatants were tested for antiviral activity against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). the assays were performed by quantifying the effect of the supernatants on the replication of vhsv in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, rtg-2. supernatants were obtained by incubating the leukocytes for 17 h at 18 degrees c in l-15 medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (fcs). testing of leukocyte supernatants indicated th ... | 2002 | 11755677 |
| respiratory burst of turbot (scophthalmus maximus) macrophages in response to experimental infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). | | 2001 | 11759042 |
| viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus alters turbot scophthalmus maximus macrophage nitric oxide production. | the effect of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) in vitro infection on the nitric oxide (no) production by turbot scophthalmus maximus kidney macrophages has been addressed in the past. previously, we had determined that only a small fraction of turbot possess head kidney macrophages that respond to a single exposure of lipopolysaccharide (lps) with no production (lps-responsive macrophages), whereas macrophage cultures from other individuals were not activated by lps alone and needed a c ... | 2001 | 11775791 |
| distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in wild fish species of the north sea, north east atlantic ocean and irish sea. | a surveillance programme was initiated on the occurrence and distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in wild marine fish. six research cruises were undertaken in an 18 mo period during 1997 and 1998, covering the north sea, the atlantic waters off the north and west coasts of scotland and the irish sea. a total of 19,293 fish were sampled from 23 different species including cod, haddock, norway pout, herring and sprat. individual fish lengths were recorded and the fish were c ... | 2001 | 11775798 |
| an outbreak of vhsv (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) infection in farmed japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus in japan. | a rhabdoviral disease occurred in farmed populations of market sized japanese flounder (hirame) paralichthys olivaceus in the seto inland sea of japan in 1996. the causative agent was identified as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) based on morphological, immunological, and genetic analyses. diseased fish that were artificially injected with a representative virus isolate showed the same pathological signs and high mortality as observed in the natural outbreak. this is the first report o ... | 2001 | 11775799 |
| experimental susceptibility of atlantic salmon salmo salar and turbot scophthalmus maxim us to european freshwater and marine isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | a number of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) virus isolates of european marine origin were shown to be of low pathogenicity or non-pathogenic to atlantic salmon parr by water-borne infection. a reference freshwater vhs virus isolate known to be highly pathogenic to rainbow trout was also of low pathogenicity to atlantic salmon. virus was detected in some mortalities, however, demonstrating viral entry and replication. european marine vhs virus isolates do not appear to pose an imminent threa ... | 2001 | 11797912 |
| inactivation of infectious salmon anaemia virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in water using uvc irradiation. | the uvc irradiation doses necessary for a 99.9% (3-log) inactivation of 3 different fish pathogenic viruses diluted in freshwater/seawater and wastewater from a fish processing plant were determined. the results showed that both infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) were very sensitive to uvc irradiation, showing a 3-log reduction of infectivity in freshwater of 33 +/- 3.5 and 7.9 +/- 1.5 j m(-2), respectively, while that of infectious pancreatic ... | 2001 | 11843135 |
| heterologous exchanges of the glycoprotein and the matrix protein in a novirhabdovirus. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) are two salmonid rhabdoviruses replicating at low temperatures (14 to 20 degrees c). both viruses belong to the novirhabdovirus genus, but they are only distantly related and do not cross antigenically. by using a recently developed reverse-genetic system based on ihnv (s. biacchesi et al., j. virol. 74:11247-11253, 2000), we investigated the ability to exchange ihnv glycoprotein g with that of vhsv. thu ... | 2002 | 11861855 |
| antibody response to a fragment of the protein g of vhs rhabdovirus in immunised trout. | a fragment (called frg#11, amino acids, aa 56-110) of the protein g (pg) of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was designed after previous results showed it to be recognised by approximately 40% of the trout immunised to vhsv [dis. aquat. organ. 34 (1999) 167]. frg#11 was then cloned, expressed, purified and used to study the production of antibodies to its epitopes in trout immunised to vhsv. anti-frg#11 trout antibodies could be detected in serum from individual trout surviving vhsv e ... | 2002 | 11943332 |
| genetic relatedness among japanese, american and european isolates of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) based on partial g and p genes. | molecular virological analyses of 8 japanese vhsv (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) isolates from wild and farmed japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus were performed to investigate their genetic relatedness to american and european isolates of vhsv. phylogenetic analyses based on the partial nucleotide sequences of g and p genes revealed that there are 2 genogroups of vhsv in japan. the first one represented by the obama25 isolate is closely related to the american isolates (genogroup i) ... | 2002 | 12005236 |
| studies on pathogenesis following single and double infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were bath challenged with viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) virus or infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) virus or with both viruses simultaneously. the viral distribution and development of histologic lesions were examined using immunohistochemistry, while virus titer in kidney was determined by viral titration in cell culture. single infections with vhs virus and ihn virus showed similar distributions of virus in internal organs. the early identification ... | 2002 | 12009056 |
| isolation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from greenland halibut reinhardtius hippoglossoides caught at the flemish cap. | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) was isolated from apparently healthy greenland halibut reinhardtius hippoglossoides caught in the flemish cap, a deep fishing ground in the north atlantic ocean in international waters near newfoundland. the identity of the virus was confirmed by electron microscopy, immunodot, seroneutralization and reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction. in the serology assays, all isolates reacted in the immunodot assay with a polyclonal antiserum against the ... | 2002 | 12219973 |
| enhanced detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (a salmonid rhabdovirus) by pretreatment of the virus with a combinatorial library-selected peptide. | a 17-mer peptide (saaeasakataeatakg, p5) was selected by screening a combinatorial library for its ability to enhance in vitro the infectivity of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), a salmonid rhabdovirus. preincubation of vhsv samples with p5 at micromolar concentrations led to up to 5-fold increase of viral titers compared to untreated samples, as measured by a 1-day post-infection immunochemical focus assay. treatment with p5 also increased vhsv titers when using the more traditional p ... | 2002 | 12367726 |
| salmonid viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus: fusion-related enhancement of virus infectivity by peptides derived from viral glycoprotein g or a combinatorial library. | to search for enhancers and/or inhibitors of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv, a salmonid rhabdovirus) infectivity, a total of 51 peptides from a pepscan of viral envelope protein g, a recombinant peptide from protein g (frg11) and 80 peptide mixtures from an alpha-helix-favoured combinatorial library were screened. however, contrary to what occurs in many other enveloped viruses, only peptides enhancing rather than inhibiting vhsv infectivity were found. because some of the enhancer p ... | 2002 | 12388802 |
| primary structure and complementarity-determining region (cdr) 3 spectratyping of rainbow trout tcrbeta transcripts identify ten vbeta families with vbeta6 displaying unusual cdr2 and differently spliced forms. | vdj rearrangement at the teleost tcrbeta locus leads to a highly diverse repertoire of junctions for each vbetajbeta combination. from a rainbow trout 5' race library of tcrbeta transcripts, 47 clones encompassing a full vbeta-dbeta-jbeta-cbeta sequence were selected and analyzed. a similarity analysis of the sequences evidenced 10 vbeta families, of which 6 were not previously described. immunoscope and sequence analysis of the vbeta-dbeta-jbeta junctions of the new families confirmed that they ... | 2002 | 12444130 |
| occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in wild marine fish species in the coastal regions of norway. | this study was aimed at determining the occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in selected stocks of wild fish species in the coastal regions of norway. six cruises were undertaken covering areas which included the coastal regions of northern norway, the norwegian sea, the barents sea, and the skagerrak area down to the danish border. collected, pooled samples of internal organs (kidney, spleen and heart) from 8395 fish were examined for the presence of vhsv by inoculation on ... | 2002 | 12517002 |
| phylogenetic analysis of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) isolates from france (1971-1999). | the nucleotide sequences of a specific region of the glycoprotein gene were compared among 63 strains of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) isolated from fish in france between 1971 and 1999. the analysis was performed on a region corresponding to amino acids 238 to 331 of the glycoprotein gene, also designated the v2 region and previously shown to accumulate most of the mutations. the sequences of many vhsv isolates were found to be identical or very conserved. an isolate, designated l ... | 2002 | 12517003 |
| cloning and expression analysis of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss interferon regulatory factor 1 and 2 (irf-1 and irf-2). | two rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) genes for interferon regulatory factors (irf) 1 and 2 have been cloned and sequenced. the irf-1 cdna contains an open reading frame (orf) of 996 nucleotides that translates into a 331 amino-acid putative peptide, with a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 145bp and a 3' utr of 481bp. the irf-2 cdna contains a 1035bp orf that translates into a 344 amino-acid putative peptide, with a 5' utr of 146bp and a 3' utr of 925bp. in vivo, irf-1 and irf-2 are constitutiv ... | 2003 | 12543125 |
| spring viremia of carp (svc). | spring viremia of carp (svc) is an important disease affecting cyprinids, mainly common carp cyprinus carpio. the disease is widespread in european carp culture, where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. designated a notifiable disease by the office international des epizooties, svc is caused by a rhabdovirus, spring viremia of carp virus (svcv). affected fish show destruction of tissues in the kidney, spleen and liver, leading to hemorrhage, loss of water-salt balance and impairment ... | 2002 | 12553453 |
| recognition of cis-acting elements of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus by homologous and heterologous helper proteins. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) are grouped in the novirhabdovirus genus within the family rhabdoviridae. there are many similarities between these two viruses including the lengths of the leader and trailer regions and the homologies of the terminal sequences. we have developed two systems in which ihnv and vhsv minigenomes encoding the marker green fluorescent protein (gfp) can be expressed from plasmids by t7 rna polymerase. these n ... | 2003 | 12727345 |
| dna vaccination against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) in rainbow trout: size, dose, route of injection and duration of protection-early protection correlates with mx expression. | rainbow trout of different sizes (10 and 100g) were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with different doses (range 10 ng-10 microg) of a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs)-dna vaccine (pcdna3vhsg). as controls, fish were injected with the pcdna3 plasmid alone, or with inactivated vhs virus. fish were challenged at different times post-vaccination (p.v.) to assess protection. at certain times p.v., serum samples were analysed for neutralising antibody and liver tissue w ... | 2003 | 12787686 |
| four years of monitoring for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine waters around the united kingdom. | between 1995 and 1998, marine fish from around the coast of the uk were collected and samples analysed for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) using cell culture isolation methods. in 1997 and 1998 the samples were also analysed for vhsv by reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr). a total of 1867 fish of 11 species were tested, but vhsv was isolated on only 1 occasion, from herring clupea harengus, in 1996. however, despite vhsv not being isolated in 1997 and 1998, in both years samples of he ... | 2003 | 12803381 |
| a survey of viral diseases in farmed and feral salmonids in switzerland. | a field survey was carried out to study the occurrence and distribution of viruses causing diseases of major impact in fish farming, namely viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs), infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (ipn) in farmed and wild fish in switzerland. the presence of vhs virus (vhsv), ihn virus (ihnv) and ipn virus (ipnv) in the tissue samples was tested by virus isolation in cell cultures, and subsequent virus identification by immunofluorescence. ... | 2003 | 12962226 |
| a study of the susceptibility of atlantic halibut, hippoglossus hippoglossus (l.), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.). | the susceptibility of atlantic halibut, hippoglossus hippoglossus (l.), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was tested. juvenile halibut of approximately 5 g weight were subjected to challenge by intraperitoneal injection, cohabitation and immersion to a vhsv isolate from an outbreak of the disease in turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.). the intraperitoneal injection gave the highest mortality rate of 28% after 50 days. the cohabitee group suffered 19% mortality rate and the immersion g ... | 2003 | 12962229 |
| host and geographic range extensions of the north american strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) was isolated from populations of pacific sardine sardinops sagax from the coastal waters of vancouver island, british columbia, canada, and central and southern california, usa. the virus was also isolated from pacific mackerel scomber japonicus in southern california, from eulachon or smelt thaleichthys pacificus, and surf smelt hypomesus pretiosus pretiosus from oregon, usa. mortality and skin lesions typical of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in other ma ... | 2003 | 13677507 |
| in vitro immunomodulating influence of methisoprinol on the head kidney phagocyte and lymphocyte activity after suppression induced by vhsv in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro influence of methisoprinol on head kidney phagocyte and lymphocyte activity after suppression induced by vhsv. the vhsv statistically significantly decreased the respiratory burst activity of head kidney phagocytes and the proliferative response of lymphocytes stimulated by cona. the results of our study showed that methisoprinol at a concentration of 100 microl/ml modulated and restored the phagocyte and lymphocyte activity suppressed by vhsv. | 2003 | 14509364 |
| susceptibility of zebrafish (danio rerio) to a model pathogen, spring viremia of carp virus. | to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of fish disease, we developed a pathogen model, using zebrafish (danio rerio) and spring virema of carp virus (svcv). replicate groups of 10 fish were acclimated to 20 or 24 degrees c, then were exposed to svcv concentrations of 10(3) to 10(5) plaque-forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml) of water and observed daily. in a second trial, fish were acclimated to 15 degrees c, and replicate groups of 10 fish were exposed to svcv at a concentration of ... | 2003 | 14655994 |
| haematological analyses in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss affected by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs). | rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss weighing 87 +/- 15 g (mean +/- sd) were infected with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and the haematological and biochemical profiles of peripheral blood examined. depending on the clinical signs and gross pathology, the fish were divided into 2 groups: group a included fish in the acute stage, group b comprised fish in the chronic stage. red blood cells were subjected to 6 haematological tests and blood plasma to 14 biochemical tests, which provided ... | 2003 | 14667029 |
| effect of intraperitoneally administered il-1beta-derived peptides on resistance to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | the present work provides the first information concerning the immunostimulatory activity of trout interleukin (il)-1beta-derived peptides in vivo. previous studies have demonstrated the ability of 2 such peptides, referred to as p1 and p3, to up-regulate a range of important immune parameters in vitro. p1 corresponds to fragment 146-157 (yvtpvpietear) of the trout sequence and is analogous to a biologically active mammalian il-1beta-derived peptide, whilst p3 was synthesised to complex with the ... | 2003 | 14667030 |
| reversible inhibition of spreading of in vitro infection and imbalance of viral protein accumulation at low ph in viral hemorrhagic septicemia rhabdovirus, a salmonid rhabdovirus. | the inhibition of viral hemorrhagic septicemia rhabdovirus (vhsv) in vitro infection by phs of <7 (low ph) has been previously reported. nevertheless, the details of the mechanism underlying this effect remain obscure. we present evidence showing that low-ph inhibition occurs during a viral postadsorption step. thus, while vhsv bound, replicated within single cells, and presented its g protein on the membranes of infected cells at both low and physiological phs, both cell-to-cell spreading of in ... | 2004 | 14747558 |
| an mx1 promoter-reporter system to study interferon pathways in rainbow trout. | a rainbow trout interferon (ifn) reporter system has been established by selection of a stable cell line, rtg-p1, transfected with a plasmid expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the promoter for the ifn-induced gene mx1. after 148 passages, the luciferase expression was still highly induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly i:c) in rtg-p1 cells. different ifn inducers (dsrna, viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus or conditioned medium containing rainbow trout antivira ... | 2004 | 15043947 |
| essential role of the nv protein of novirhabdovirus for pathogenicity in rainbow trout. | novirhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) are fish rhabdoviruses that, in comparison to the other rhabdoviruses, contain an additional gene coding for a small nonvirion (nv) protein of unassigned function. a recombinant ihnv with the nv gene deleted but expressing the green fluorescent protein (rihnv-delta nv) has previously been shown to be efficiently recovered by reverse genetics (s. biacchesi et al., j. virol. 74:11247-1125 ... | 2004 | 15047826 |
| evolution of the fish rhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) caused by the rhabdovirus vhsv is economically the most important viral disease in european rainbow trout farming. until 1989, this virus was mainly isolated from freshwater salmonids but in the last decade, it has also been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. to study the genetic evolution of vhsv, the entire g gene from 74 isolates was analysed. vhsv from wild marine species caught in the baltic sea, skagerrak, kattegat, n ... | 2004 | 15105533 |
| experimental infection of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolates from european marine and farmed fishes. | the susceptibility of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss to infection with various isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was examined. a total of 8 experiments with rainbow trout ranging from 0.6 to 6.2 g was conducted for 139 isolates originating from wild marine fishes in european waters (115 isolates), farmed turbot from scotland and ireland (2 isolates), and farmed rainbow trout (22 isolates). the isolates were tested by immersion and/or intraperitoneal injection either as p ... | 2004 | 15109131 |
| experimental horizontal transmission of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus. | infection by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) has recently occurred among wild and farmed japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus in japan. in the present study, horizontal transmission of vhsv among japanese flounder was experimentally demonstrated by immersion challenge. exposure to a flounder isolate (obama25) of vhsv revealed a dose-response, with higher mortality (81 and 70%) at the 2 higher exposure levels (6.0 and 4.0 log10 tcid50 ml(-1)). in a second experiment, high titers of ... | 2004 | 15109132 |
| characterisation of the syncytia formed by vhs salmonid rhabdovirus g gene transfected cells. | protein g expression and cell-to-cell fusion of cells transfected with the g gene of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) has been characterised. the presence of protein g in the membrane of transfected cells was confirmed by staining with abs (abs) and facs. the subsequent formation of syncytia by membrane fusion of transfected cells required transfection with a wild type g gene and a low ph step. mice abs made against the protein g regions involved in fusion and neutralising monoclonal ... | 2004 | 15135981 |
| the nv gene of snakehead rhabdovirus (shrv) is not required for pathogenesis, and a heterologous glycoprotein can be incorporated into the shrv envelope. | snakehead rhabdovirus (shrv) affects warm-water fish in southeast asia and belongs to the genus novirhabdovirus by virtue of its "nonvirion" (nv) gene. to examine the function of the nv gene, we used a recently developed reverse genetic system to produce a viable recombinant shrv carrying an nv gene deletion. the recombinant virus was produced at the same rate and same final concentrations as the wild-type virus in cultured fish cells in spite of the nv gene deletion. the role of the nv protein ... | 2004 | 15140985 |
| in vivo and in vitro analysis of the resistance against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) precedingly infected with aquabirnavirus. | the resistance of japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus temminck et schlegel) against a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) challenge induced by a preceding non-lethal aquabirnavirus (abv) challenge was investigated through experimental dual-infections with different intervals between the two challenges. the non-specific protection conferred by the primary abv infection against the secondary vhsv infection commenced at day 3 and persisted up to day 14 but vanished at day 21 post-abv ... | 2004 | 15145413 |
| investigation of wild caught whitefish, coregonus lavaretus (l.), for infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and experimental challenge of whitefish with vhsv. | abstract one hundred and forty-eight wild whitefish, coregonus lavaretus (l.), were caught by electrofishing and sampled for virological examination in december 1999 and 2000, during migration from the brackish water feeding grounds to the freshwater spawning grounds, where the whitefish may come into contact with farmed rainbow trout. all samples were examined on cell cultures. no viruses were isolated. three viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) isolates of different origin were tested i ... | 2004 | 15228609 |
| development of a dna vaccine against hirame rhabdovirus and analysis of the expression of immune-related genes after vaccination. | intramuscular injection of japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus (average weight approximately 2 g) with 1 and 10 microg of a plasmid dna vaccine encoding the hirame rhabdovirus (hirrv) glycoprotein gene (pcmv-hrvg) was found to provide strong protection against hirrv. we also conducted a real-time pcr analysis to quantify immune-related genes, e.g. mhc class ialpha, iialpha, iibeta, tcr-alpha, beta1, beta2 and delta, to characterize the immune response at 1 and 7 days after dna vaccination. ... | 2004 | 15312663 |
| the glycoprotein of a fish rhabdovirus profiles the virus-specific t-cell repertoire in rainbow trout. | t-cell responses to viruses are still poorly investigated in lower vertebrates. in rainbow trout, a specific clonal expansion of t cells in response to infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was recently identified. expanded t-cell clones expressed a unique 8 aa vbeta4-jbeta1 junction (ssgdsyse) in different individuals, reminiscent of a typical public response. to get further insight into the nature of this response the modifications of the t-cell repertoire following immuni ... | 2004 | 15448373 |
| kinetics of mx expression in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) parr in response to vhs-dna vaccination. | the duration of the mx mrna response to an intramuscular injection of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) glycoprotein (g) gene dna vaccine as well as to the control plasmid was determined in rainbow trout at 14 degrees c over a period of 11 weeks. the mx response was detectable on day 7, peaked on day 14 and returned to pretreatment levels on day 21 and thereafter. no increase in mx expression was detectable to the control plasmid. in further experiments, the kinetics of the mx resp ... | 2005 | 15450971 |
| use of a cdna microarray to study immunity against viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) in japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) following dna vaccination. | japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus juveniles were vaccinated against viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) by intramuscular injection of 10 microg of a plasmid dna vector which encodes the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) glycoprotein (g) gene under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. experimental challenge of two viral doses (1 x 10(2) tcid50 and 1 x 10(3) tcid50) one month post-vaccination revealed that the g gene was able to induce protective immunity against vhs and thi ... | 2005 | 15475310 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the hirame rhabdovirus, a pathogen of marine fish. | reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) derived clones were constructed for the hirame rhabdovirus (hirrv) ca-9703 strain from korea, and the dna was sequenced. the 3'-end of genomic rna was cloned by poly(a)-tailing of the genomic rna before reverse transcription, and the 5'-end of the genome was cloned by poly(g)- or poly(c)-tailing of the first strand, followed by pcr. the remainder of the genomic dna was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers ... | 2005 | 15567027 |
| genetic population structure of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). | the nucleotide sequences of a specific region of the nucleoprotein gene were compared in order to investigate the genetic population structure of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). analysis of the sequence from 128 isolates of diverse geographic and host origin renders this the most comprehensive molecular epidemiological study of marine vhsv conducted to date. phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene sequences confirmed the existence of the 4 major genotypes previously ident ... | 2004 | 15584406 |
| characterization of snakehead rhabdovirus infection in zebrafish (danio rerio). | the zebrafish, danio rerio, has become recognized as a valuable model for the study of development, genetics, and toxicology. recently, the zebrafish has been recognized as a useful model for infectious disease and immunity. in this study, the pathogenesis and antiviral immune response of zebrafish to experimental snakehead rhabdovirus (shrv) infection was characterized. zebrafish 24 h postfertilization to 30 days postfertilization were susceptible to infection by immersion in 10(6) 50% tissue c ... | 2005 | 15650208 |
| sequential pathology after experimental infection with marine viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus isolates of low and high virulence in turbot (scophthalmus maximus l). | three marine viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus isolates were used to bath challenge turbot with the purpose of studying mortality and the pathology and antigen distribution over time. two high-virulence isolates, 860/94, 4p168 and a low-virulence isolate 1p3 from a baltic sea herring were used. organ samples were collected sequentially at 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 45 days postinfection. specimens were processed for virology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. organs during the early s ... | 2005 | 15657267 |
| immunoanalysis of antiviral mx protein expression in japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) cells. | mx proteins are interferon-inducible gtpases that possess antiviral properties in vertebrates. japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) mx protein has previously been shown to possess some antiviral activity against rhabdoviruses. a polyclonal antibody was generated against a purified peptide fragment of japanese flounder mx protein that had been produced in an escherichia coli expression system. the pab detected the approximately 71 kda mx protein from japanese flounder (hirame) natural embry ... | 2004 | 15707665 |
| time course study of in situ expression of antigens following dna-vaccination against vhs in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) fry. | the present study was performed as a time course study of fish vaccinated with 20 microg plasmid dna vaccine encoding either the vhsv g-protein or the vhsv n-protein. samples of the injection site were collected sequentially over a 7-week period. the study revealed an intense positive staining by immunohistochemistry for the viral g-protein mainly in the membrane of intact myocytes, most prominent by days 10-27, and with concomitant infiltration of inflammatory cells by days 13-38 that subsequen ... | 2005 | 15722229 |
| induction of antiviral state in fish cells by japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus, interferon regulatory factor-1. | interferon regulatory factor-1 (irf-1) mediates an antiviral state in cells by regulating the expression of the interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) system. to elucidate the role of irf-1 in fish during virus infections, we constructed a recombinant plasmid of the japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus irf-1 (jf irf-1) under the control of the cytomegalovirus (cmv) immediate/early enhancer promoter. the antiviral mechanism of jf irf-1 was studied using transfection experiments in a homologous cell lin ... | 2005 | 15722233 |
| expression profiling of immune-related genes from japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus kidney cells using cdna microarrays. | a japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus cdna microarray containing 871 unique cdnas including 91 putative immune-related genes from our est studies was constructed and used to characterize of gene expression of in vitro grown kidney cells stimulated with mitogens such as cona, pma, lps or infected with hirame rhabdovirus (hrv). the numbers of genes whose expressions were increased or decreased by these factors were: 17 by con a, 139 by pma, 76 by lps and 182 by hrv infection. the treatment of ... | 2005 | 15752548 |
| genotyping of the fish rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. | the aim of this study was to develop a standardized molecular assay that used limited resources and equipment for routine genotyping of isolates of the fish rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). computer generated restriction maps, based on 62 unique full-length (1524 nt) sequences of the vhsv glycoprotein (g) gene, were used to predict restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) patterns that were subsequently grouped and compared with a phylogenetic analysis of the g-ge ... | 2005 | 15778022 |
| expression of genes related to the early immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) after viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infection. | in the last few years, many cytokine and other immune related genes have been identified in different teleost species, thus allowing their study at a molecular level. however, very little is known about their effect on fish antiviral responses. in the current work, we have studied the effect of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infection on the expression of different immune genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) through semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain rea ... | 2005 | 15784292 |
| the olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (vhsv). | a commercial plant extract derived from olive tree leaf (olea europaea) (lext) and its major compound, oleuropein (ole), inhibited the in vitro infectivity of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), a salmonid rhabdovirus. incubation of virus with lext or ole before infection reduced the viral infectivity to 10 and 30%, respectively. furthermore, lext drastically decreased vhsv titers and viral protein accumulation (virucidal effect) in a dose dependent manner when added to cell monolay ... | 2005 | 15869811 |
| genetic comparison of the rhabdoviruses from animals and plants. | there are more than 160 viral species in the rhabdovidae family, most of which can be grouped into one of the six genera including vesiculovirus, lyssavirus, ephemerovirus, novirhabdovirus, cytorhabdovirus, and nucleorhabdovirus. these viruses are not only morphologically similar but also genetically related. analysis of viral genes shows that rhabdoviruses are more closely related to each other than to viruses in other families. with the development of reverse genetics, the functions of many ci ... | 2005 | 15981465 |
| fish rhabdoviruses: molecular epidemiology and evolution. | rhabdoviruses may cause serious diseases in wild and farmed fish. within the rhabdoviridae six genera have been established: ephemerovirus, cytorhabdovirus, nucleorhabdovirus, lyssavirus, vesiculovirus, and novirhabdovirus. viruses that infect fish are official or tentative members of the genera vesiculovirus and novirhabdovirus, or are listed as unassigned rhabdoviruses. in this report, we summarize and discuss published and our own unpublished data on the molecular epidemiology and phylogeogra ... | 2005 | 15981469 |
| effects of arsenic on zebrafish innate immune system. | the innate immune response, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, can be perturbed by environmental toxicants such as arsenic. this study reports the effects of arsenic on innate immunity of zebrafish. respiratory burst activity, messenger rna expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), a primer of the respiratory burst response, and mrna expression of the antiviral cytokines interferon (ifn) and mx, : before and after viral infection, were examined in arsenic-exposed ... | 2005 | 16007375 |
| protection of flounder against hirame rhabdovirus (hirrv) with a dna vaccine containing the glycoprotein gene. | hirame rhabdovirus (hirrv) is an important virus of cultured flounder (paralichthys olivaceus). we tested the protective immunogenicity of dna-based vaccines against this virus. genes encoding the nucleocapsid protein (n) and the c-terminal half of the glycoprotein (g) were amplified by rt-pcr and separately cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcdna 3.1. the g protein expressed by transfected cells was detected by western blot analysis. pcr analyses demonstrated the presence of injected ... | 2006 | 16176849 |
| comparative immune responses in japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus after vaccination with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) recombinant glycoprotein and dna vaccine using a microarray analysis. | a viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), recombinant glycoprotein vaccine (vhsvg) and a dna vaccine (pcmv-vhsg) were injected in japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus). each fish was injected with 10 microg vaccine dissolved in 50 microl phosphate buffer saline (pbs). one month after the vaccination, the fish were challenged intraperitoneally with either 1 x 10(2) or 1 x 10(3) tcid(50) of virus. fish that received the vhsg dna vaccine were highly protected against virus infection over a ... | 2006 | 16185791 |
| prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in danish marine fishes and its occurrence in new host species. | in order to analyse the occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in the marine waters around denmark, staff from the danish institute for food and veterinary research participated in 5 research cruises during 1998 to 2002 as a follow-up to 4 research cruises performed in 1996 to 1997. in total, 16,655 fish were examined virologically as 3569 samples. forty fish species and 3 invertebrate species were represented. vhsv was isolated from 133 samples representing 8 species: herring ... | 2005 | 16231640 |
| programming and definition of prevention plans for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) and infective haematopoietic necrosis (ihn) within the territory of the autonomous province of trento and state of implementation. | | 2005 | 16244942 |
| viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine fish and its implications for fish farming--a review. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) has, in recent decades, been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. so far, it has been isolated from at least 48 fish species from the northern hemisphere, including north america, asia and europe, and fifteen different species including herring, sprat, cod, norway pout and flatfish from northern european waters. the high number of vhsv isolations from the baltic sea, kattegat, skagerrak, the north sea and waters around ... | 2005 | 16266325 |
| rapid detection and quantitation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in experimentally challenged rainbow trout by real-time rt-pcr. | a quantitative real-time rt-pcr (q-rt-pcr) was developed to detect and determine the amount of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) in organs of experimentally infected rainbow trout. primers and taqman probes targeting the glycoprotein (g) and the nucleoprotein (n) genes of the virus were designed. the efficiency, linear range and detection limit of the q-rt-pcr were assessed on cell cultured virus samples. vhsv n gene amplification was more efficient and more sensitive than the vhsv g amp ... | 2006 | 16271770 |
| development of a rapid, sensitive and non-lethal diagnostic assay for the detection of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | a non-lethal diagnostic procedure based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology was developed to detect viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). sensitivity of the assay was tested using purified viral rna and seeded tissues. detection limits of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay were estimated to be 10 fg of purified rna and 0.97 x 10(3) or 10(0) tcid(50)/g of seeded tissue, depending on the experimental approach employed (viral adsorption allowed for 1 ... | 2006 | 16332395 |
| experimental susceptibility of atlantic cod, gadus morhua (l.), and atlantic halibut, hippoglossus hippoglossus (l.), to different genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) is a well-characterized disease of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, which has also caused economic losses in marine turbot farms in the british isles. we have previously demonstrated that turbot, scophthalmus maximus, are susceptible to isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) that are endemic in the marine environment, highlighting a potential risk to marine aquaculture. given the increasing interest in the intensive rearing of additional a ... | 2005 | 16336475 |
| reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) for rapid detection of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhs). | a one step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for detection of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhs). a set of six primers were designed, based on the g-protein sequence of the vhs virus serotypes (he, f1, 23.75, klapmolle and rindsholm). the assay was optimised to amplify vhs rna by incubation at 63 degrees c for only 1h, and required only a simple water bath or heating block to provide a constant temperature of 63 degrees c. rt-lamp a ... | 2006 | 16384659 |
| comparative susceptibility of turbot scophthalmus maximus to different genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) disease has exerted a significant impact on the development of turbot aquaculture in the british isles. the source of such outbreaks is believed to be naturally occurring marine isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), which are endemic in the marine environment of northern europe. genetic studies have classified these marine vhsv isolates into genotypes based on their geographic rather than host-species origin. this study set out to explore t ... | 2005 | 16385805 |
| parallel phylogenetic analyses using the n, g or nv gene from a fixed group of vhsv isolates reveal the same overall genetic typing. | different genetic regions representing the viral phospho- (p), nucleocapsid- (n) or glyco-protein (g) gene have been used for phylogenetic studies of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). since these analyses were performed on different virus isolates using various genomic regions, it has been difficult to evaluate how the choice of target region affects the output of the analyses. to address this, we sequenced and performed parallel phylogenetic analysis of an n gene fragment, the entire ... | 2005 | 16385806 |
| comparison of two birnavirus-rhabdovirus coinfections in fish cell lines. | aquabirnaviruses, such as the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), novirhabdoviruses, such as the infectious hematopoiteic necrosis virus (ihnv) and the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), cause considerable losses to the salmonid industry worldwide. coinfections of 2 viruses have been described, but the interactions between rhabdoviruses and birnaviruses have not been examined closely. using virus titration, flow cytometry and rt-pcr assays, we compared the effect of ipnv on the ... | 2005 | 16408833 |
| bioluminescence imaging of live infected salmonids reveals that the fin bases are the major portal of entry for novirhabdovirus. | although novirhabdovirus viruses, like the infectious hematopietic necrosis virus (ihnv), have been extensively studied, limited knowledge exists on the route of ihnv entry during natural infection. a recombinant ihnv (rihnv) expressing the renilla luciferase gene was generated and used to infect trout. a noninvasive bioluminescence assay was developed so that virus replication in live fish could be followed hours after infection. we provide here evidence that the fin bases are the portal of ent ... | 2006 | 16537634 |
| phenotypic and functional similarity of gut intraepithelial and systemic t cells in a teleost fish. | gut-associated lymphocytes were described in fish, but their involvement in immune responses is still unknown. in rainbow trout, intraepithelial lymphocytes (iels) are scattered between gut epithelial cells, but neither peyer's patches nor mesenteric lymph nodes were identified. rainbow trout iels contain mainly t cells, because they expressed transcripts of t cell marker homologs of cd8, cd4, cd28, cd3epsilon, tcrzeta, tcrgamma, and tcrbeta and lacked igm. however, trout iels did not show speci ... | 2006 | 16547228 |
| expression of the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) on the surface of the fish cell line rtg-p1 induces type 1 interferon expression in neighbouring cells. | in the present study using a luciferase/mx promoter reporter system, it was shown that the rainbow trout gonad cell line (rtg-p1), a fibroblastic cell line, produces ifn when transfected with a plasmid encoding the glycoprotein of vhsv but not with plasmid vector alone. only a small percentage of the cells expressed the g protein on the surface membrane as indicated by immunostaining of transfected cells. when transfection was performed in the presence of monoclonal antibodies (mab) to the glyco ... | 2006 | 16580844 |
| genotyping and pathogenicity of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from free-living turbot (psetta maxima) in a turkish coastal area of the black sea. | viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) is one of the most serious fish viral diseases for cultured rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), although vhs virus (vhsv) seems to be ubiquitous among marine fishes. in the present study, vhsv isolation was performed with free-living and cultured turbot (psetta maxima) in the trabzon coastal area of the black sea to evaluate participation of vhsv in mass mortalities of seed-produced turbot larvae. vhsv was detected in 14 of 66 free-living spawners (positive ra ... | 2006 | 16597932 |
| effects of temperature on infectivity and of commercial freezing on survival of the north american strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). | temperature affected the growth of the north american strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) in experimentally infected cell cultures and in pacific sardine sardinops sagax. in addition, commercial freezing significantly reduced the infectivity of vhsv in tissues of experimentally infected sardine. isolates of vhsv representing the geographic range of north american vhsv replicated in the epc (epithelioma papulosum cyprini) cell line at 10, 15 and 20 degrees c, but the more northern ... | 2006 | 16724558 |
| co-injection of interleukin 8 with the glycoprotein gene from viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) modulates the cytokine response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | since previous results showed that interleukin 8 (il-8) was induced in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infection, we have cloned il-8 in an expression vector (pil8+) and studied its possible adjuvant effect on the early response to a vhsv immunization model, focusing on the early response of several cytokines induced by a vector coding for the glycoprotein of vhsv (pmcv1.4-g) in the spleen and head kidney. first, we demonstrated that t ... | 2006 | 16725233 |
| identification of selective inhibitors of vhsv from biased combinatorial libraries of n,n'-disubstituted 2,5-piperazinediones. | a combinatorial strategy has been used to design and identify inhibitors of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), a salmonid rhabdovirus of economic importance. two libraries of n,n'-disubstituted 2,5-piperazinediones (dkp), dkp-i and dkp-ii were screened for inhibition of vhsv infectivity. among the 98 dkp-derivatives (r1-dkp-r2) screened, a novel class of vhsv in vitro inhibitors was identified. evidences are presented showing that the selected dkp-derivatives cause dose-dependent inhibi ... | 2006 | 16730078 |
| zebrafish (danio rerio) as a model for the study of vaccination against viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). | the rhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) is the etiological agent of one of the most important salmonid viral diseases. in the present work, the ability of vhsv to infect and replicate in zebrafish at low temperature (15 degrees c) was demonstrated. zebrafish was also used to determine the effectiveness of the recombinant virus rihnv-gvhsv gfp as a live attenuated vaccine against the virulent vhsv strain. fish intraperitoneally injected with 3 x 10(6) to 3 x 10(5)tcid50/ml of t ... | 2006 | 16777275 |
| cell-mediated cytotoxicity in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, infected with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | mammalian cytotoxic t cells as part of the adaptive immune system recognize virus-infected target cells by binding of their t-cell receptors (tcr) to classical mhc class i molecules loaded with viral peptides. our previous studies have shown that the allele of the single dominant polymorphic classical mhc class i locus onmy-uba is identical in the rainbow trout clone c25 and in the permanent rainbow trout cell line rtg-2. this enabled us to develop an assay to measure antiviral cytotoxicity in r ... | 2007 | 16784874 |
| isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from muskellunge, esox masquinongy (mitchill), in lake st clair, michigan, usa reveals a new sublineage of the north american genotype. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was isolated from muskellunge, esox masquinongy (mitchill), caught from the nw portion of lake st clair, michigan, usa in 2003. affected fish exhibited congestion of internal organs; the inner wall of the swim bladder was thickened and contained numerous budding, fluid-filled vesicles. a virus was isolated using fish cell lines inoculated with a homogenate of kidney and spleen tissues from affected fish. focal areas of cell rounding and granulation app ... | 2006 | 17026670 |
| nucleotide diversity of japanese isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) based on the glycoprotein gene. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), a member of the genus novirhabdovirus, causes a highly lethal disease of salmonid fish. in the present study, g gene nucleotide sequences of 9 japanese ihnv isolates obtained from 1971 to 1996 were analyzed to evaluate the genetic diversity and compared with ihnv isolates from north america and europe. a radial phylogenetic tree revealed 5 major clusters including 3 genogroups (u, m and l) for north american isolates and 1 genogroup for european is ... | 2006 | 17058607 |
| detection and identification of ihn and isa viruses by isothermal dna amplification in microcapillary tubes. | unique base sequences derived from rna of both infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and infectious salmon anemia virus (isav) were detected and identified using a combination of surface-associated molecular padlock dna probes (mpps) and rolling circle amplification (rca) in microcapillary tubes. dna oligonucleotides with base sequences identical to rna obtained from ihnv or isav were recognized by mpps. circularized mpps were then captured on the inner surfaces of glass microcapillary ... | 2006 | 17072595 |
| wide range of susceptibility to rhabdoviruses in homozygous clones of rainbow trout. | inbred lines differentially susceptible to diseases are a powerful tool to get insights into the mechanisms of genetic resistance to pathogens. in fish, chromosome manipulation techniques allow a quick production of such homozygous lines. using gynogenesis, we produced nine homozygous clones of rainbow trout from a domestic population (inra sy strain). we examined the variability between clones for resistance to two rhabdoviruses, the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) and the infectiou ... | 2007 | 17085058 |
| in vitro and in vivo differential expression of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mx isoforms in response to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) g gene, poly i:c and vhsv. | three different mx isoforms are known to be present in rainbow trout, however, to date, neither their mechanism of action nor their regulation have been established. because most previous studies have focused only on one mx isoform of the three present in rainbow trout, the expression of all isoforms was simultaneously studied in this work in response to the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) g gene, poly i:c or vhsv. thus, rt-pcr assays were specifically designed to amplify each of the ... | 2007 | 17157032 |
| viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) outbreaks in finnish rainbow trout farms. | in finland, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was diagnosed for the first time in 2000 from 4 rainbow trout farms in brackish water. since then the infection has spread and, by the end of 2004, vhsv had been isolated from 24 farms in 3 separate locations: 2 in the baltic sea and 1 in the gulf of finland. the pathogenicity of 3 of these isolates from 2 separate locations was analysed in infection experiments with rainbow trout fry. the cumulative mortalities induced by waterborne and in ... | 2006 | 17190199 |
| genotyping of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from the flemish cap by nucleotide sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns. | a total of 14 viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) isolates obtained from greenland halibut reinhardtius hippoglossoides caught at the flemish cap, a fishing ground in the north atlantic ocean near newfoundland, were characterised using restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and nucleotide sequence analysis. rflp analysis was performed on a 1259 bp fragment of the glycoprotein (g) gene, and a 305 nucleotide region within the nucleoprotein (n) gene was used for sequence analysis. ... | 2006 | 17240749 |
| assessment of the inhibitory effect of ribavirin on the rainbow trout rhabdovirus vhsv by real-time reverse-transcription pcr. | viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) is one of the most ubiquitous viruses in salmonid aquaculture in europe. this infectious disease results in significant losses in the farming industry and therefore effective therapeutic agents are needed to control outbreaks caused by this pathogen. thus, accurate methods to test new antiviral compounds need to be developed. our goal was to establish a model system for testing novel antivirals with potential applications to aquaculture. in a previous st ... | 2007 | 17289304 |
| an economic evaluation of the control of three notifiable fish diseases in the united kingdom. | we summarised the challenges faced in an ex ante cost-benefit appraisal of united kingdom government spending on disease surveillance for three notifiable fish diseases: infectious salmon anaemia (isa), viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) and infectious haemorrhagic necrosis (ihn). we used a social cost-benefit analysis and adopted a national perspective. we compared costs of current public and private surveillance effort with the benefits stated in terms of the avoided private and social costs ... | 2007 | 17391788 |
| isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from mummichog, stickleback, striped bass and brown trout in eastern canada. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was isolated from mortalities occurring in populations of mummichog, fundulus heteroclitus, stickleback, gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus, brown trout, salmo trutta, and striped bass, morone saxatilis, in new brunswick and nova scotia, canada. the isolated viral strains produced a cytopathic effect on the epithelioma papillosum cyprini cell line. serum neutralization indicated the virus was vhsv and sequencing identified the rhabdovirus isolates as the ... | 2007 | 17394523 |
| detection of rainbow trout antibodies against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) by neutralisation test is highly dependent on the virus isolate used. | three serological tests, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), 50% plaque neutralisation test (50%pnt) and western blotting (wb), were used to detect antibodies against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in 50 rainbow trout broodstock from a rainbow trout farm endemically infected with vhs but with no clinical signs of infection. when the sera were examined by 50%pnt using the vhsv reference isolate dk-f1 or the heat attenuated dk-f25 mutant strain, no neutralizing antibodies were ... | 2007 | 17432044 |
| difference in japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus gene expression profile following hirame rhabdovirus (hirrv) g and n protein dna vaccination. | the glycoprotein (g protein) gene, but not other genes, of fish rhabdoviruses, when used as a dna vaccine was previously shown to be highly effective in inducing a protective immune response. in this study we used a dna microarray to examine differential gene expression in japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) in response to a dna vaccine made from the genes of hirame rhabdovirus (rhabdovirus olivaceus) (hirrv) g protein (phrv-g) and nucleocapsid (n) protein (phrv-n). a high level of protec ... | 2007 | 17449275 |