| [influence of co2 and ph on the attachment response of the cercaria of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda) (author's transl)]. | 1. the attachment of the cercaria to artificial substrates (offered via dialyzing membranes) in definite media was investigated under conditions of variable ph and [co2]. 2. a decrease of the ph of the substrate releases only attachments in co2 containing media and consequently acts via co2 systems of the medium. 3. as effective components of co2 systems, dissolved co2 + h2co3 are confirmed. 4. the sensitivity of the reaction on gradients of the co2 partial pressure (in solution) could be establ ... | 1975 | 238346 |
| life history and habitat analysis of the eye fluke diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomatidae) in utah. | diplostomum spathaceum which is widespread throughout utah in desert, mountain valley, and high alpine lakes, causes a disease known as diplostomatosis or eye fluke disease. snails (756) were examined and two species, lymnaea stagnalis and l. palustris were positive for d. spathaceum. examination of 838 fish, which included 19 species, revealed 10 species (salmo trutta, catostomus discobulus, salmo clarki, micropterus salmoides, catostomus platyrhynchus, salmo gairdneri, gila atraria, catostomus ... | 1977 | 864559 |
| [change in the fish crystalline lens in experimental diplostomatosis]. | experimental infection of roach with cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum has shown that the pentration of larvae into the eyeball proceeds in hematogenous way. metacercariae are localized in the cortical layer of the crystalline lens thus causing destructive changes of its fibres and the dimness of the lens. the appearence of the dimness of the lens carries out without any apparent reactive changes in its epithelium. this enables to distinguish a parasitic cataract from all other varieties of ca ... | 1977 | 896269 |
| survival of two trematode parasites (diplostomum spp.) in mammalian eyes and associated pathology. | cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum dropped onto the eyes of small unanaesthetized rabbits penetrated through the cornea, crossed the anterior chamber, and entered the lens. after 2-3 weeks they died and became semi-permanent amorphous cataracts. cercariae remaining in the cornea became the centres of stromal nebulae 0.1-0.2 mm across which remained visible for at least 3 months. re-exposure produced marked conjunctival inflammation. parasites applied to the eyes of large adult rabbits or cold-s ... | 1976 | 949632 |
| infectivity of the progenetic metacercariae of diplostomum spathaceum. | | 1976 | 978371 |
| experimental biological control of the eye fluke, diplostomum spathaceum, by a protozoan hyperparasite, nosema strigeoidae (protozoa: microsporida). | | 1976 | 1263047 |
| the occurrence of schistosomin, an antagonist of female gonadotropic hormones, is a general phenomenon in haemolymph of schistosome-infected freshwater snails. | in haemolymph of lymnaea stagnalis, parasitized with the digenetic trematode parasite trichobilharzia ocellata, a neuropeptide (schistosomin) occurs which antagonizes female gonadotropic hormones, e.g. calfluxin (cafl). by means of an ultracytochemical hormone-assay, the cafl assay, it was demonstrated that the occurrence of schistosomin is a general phenomenon in schistosome-infected freshwater snails. haemolymph of the schistosomiasis-transmitting snail species biomphalaria glabrata and b. pfe ... | 1991 | 1780174 |
| ultrastructural observations and radiometric assay on cercarial penetration and migration of the digenean diplostomum spathaceum in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | the entrance into host tissues by the cercaria of the digenean diplostomum spathaceum and the parasite's migration to the eyes of the fish host (post-penetration larvae) were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy at the ultrastructural level and by a radiometric assay in experimentally infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). it was demonstrated that cercariae penetrated the host surface at several sites, although the major site involved the gill region. this observation ... | 1991 | 1866417 |
| studies on the infectivity of diplostomum spathaceum in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the infectivity of diplostomum spathaceum (digenea: trematoda) cercariae to rainbow trout and the efficacy of the diplostomule migration to the lens following different routes of administration was examined. the optimum age of infectivity for cercariae was between 0-5 h after liberation from the snail and for intraperitoneally injected diplostomules, 5 h post-transformation in vitro through fish skin. after exposure of the entire fish body or head to cercariae, metacercariae first appeared in th ... | 1991 | 1940246 |
| effect of water temperature on the ability of diplostomum spathaceum miracidia to establish in lymnaeid snails. | the effects of water temperature on the ability of diplostomum spathaceum miracida to infect and establish patent infections in lymnaea peregra and l. stagnalis were investigated. snails were infected over a range of temperatures (6-20 degrees c) and kept thereafter at 20 degrees c or were infected at 20 degrees c and kept at either 14, 20, or 25 degrees c. infection success was determined after 8 weeks by either observing cercarial shedding or examining snail viscera for sporocysts. the establi ... | 1991 | 1940247 |
| diplostomum spathaceum (rud. 1819): effect of miracidial age and lifespan on miracidial infectivity. | experiments were performed to study the effect of age and lifespan on the infection success of diplostomum spathaceum miracidia. specimens of lymnaea peregra and l. stagnalis were individually exposed to single miracidia of d. spathaceum of different ages under conditions of constant illumination at 20 degrees c. the life-span of the free-swimming miracidium of d. spathaceum is 24 h at 20 degrees c. it was observed that as the miracidium ages, its ability to successfully infect snails declines r ... | 1991 | 2050982 |
| the occurrence of cercarial dermatitis in central bohemia. | the occurrence of a dermatitis was reported from 4 natural water reservoirs in central bohemia (czechoslovakia) in june and august 1985 and 1986. the clinical course of the disease was suggestive of cercarial dermatitis. exanthema occurred most frequently under the bathing suits of afflicted persons, and on unprotected parts of their skin as well. a total of 5,865 snails (lymnaea auricularia) were collected at the localities nový rybník in príbram, spálený mlýn at lísnice and uhonice. nine indiv ... | 1989 | 2818792 |
| metacercariae of diplostomum spathaceum in the eyes of fishes from yellowstone lake, wyoming. | fish were collected from yellowstone lake, wyoming (usa). metacercariae of diplostomum spathaceum was found in the lens of 11 of 12 longnose suckers (catostomus catostomus). the mean number of metacercariae per sucker was 59 and the average age of the fish was 11.6 yr. there was no correlation between age and intensity of parasites (r = 0.24). of 10 cutthroat trout (salmo clarki) examined, there were metacercariae present in six. the metacercariae were found outside of the lens tissue in the tro ... | 1989 | 2915395 |
| an alternative method for the culture of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda) in chick embryos. | metacercariae of diplostomum spathaceum were maintained in the allantoic cavities of chick embryos for 15 days. some embryos had 0.2 ml chicken serum added to the allantoic cavity each day. although the level of development varied considerably, worms from embryos with added serum developed hind bodies that were substantially larger than those of parasites maintained without added serum. there was no evidence that any worm ingested blood, and only 1 individual, from the serum-augmented group, bec ... | 1988 | 3379533 |
| [the metacercaria of diplostomum pseudospathaceum niewiadomska, 1984 and diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi, 1819) in the ocular lens of fish and reactions of the lens to the presence of the parasites]. | | 1988 | 3388863 |
| absorption, distribution and excretion of the anthelmintic praziquantel (droncit) in rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri r.). | prazquantel is an anthelmintic active against trematodes and cestodes. the absorption, distribution and excretion of the drug was studied in serum, muscles, liver, bile fluid and kidneys of rainbow trout at two temperatures, 12 degrees c and 18 degrees c, after a single oral dose of 500 mg/kg body wt. a bioassay, using cercaria larvae of the trematode diplostomum spathaceum as the test organism, was employed to measure the drug levels in tissues of the fish. the cercariae were very sensitive to ... | 1987 | 3588582 |
| the epidemiology of diplostomiasis in farmed rainbow trout from north-east scotland. | an epidemiological survey of the distribution and abundance of diplostomum spathaceum in farmed rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) from mill of cantray trout farm (nairn, morayshire) involved monthly sampling of fish over a 3-year period. diplostomum metacercariae were present in both the lens and aqueous humour of infected fish, and these have been treated separately throughout the study. the infection period was normally between may and september each year and transmission of the parasite from sn ... | 1986 | 3737248 |
| diplostomum spathaceum (rud. 1819): effects of physical factors on the infection of rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) by cercariae. | the relationship between infection rates of rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) by diplostomum spathaceum and cercarial concentration, water flow rate and temperature were investigated by means of controlled infections within a flume. a linear relationship was obtained between cercarial concentration and mean abundance of metacercariae/fish. a biphasic relationship occurred between flow rate and abundance of metacercariae. within the confines of the flume, it was possible to control the infection ra ... | 1986 | 3748615 |
| the culture of diplostomum spathaceum metacercariae on the chick chorioallantois. | metacercariae (2,828) obtained from the lens of naturally infected aplodinotus grunniens were transplanted onto chorioallantoic membranes (cam's) of 94 eggs (means 30/egg) 5 to 12 days old. membranes were examined 2 to 8 days later and 381 flukes were recovered. two hundred fifty-nine chorioallantoic-grown worms were transferred to 28 additional embryos 3 to 8 days after the initial inoculation. these eggs were examined 3 to 11 days later. fifty-three serially transferred worms were recovered af ... | 1986 | 3783350 |
| prevalence and intensity of infection of cryptocotyle lingua (creplin) and diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi)--parasitic metacercariae of baltic cod (gadus morhua l.). | a parasitological investigation of baltic cod, caught in the bornholm basin, showed that 1.6% were infected by c. lingua (metacercaria) and 22.5% were infected by d. spathaceum (metacercaria). only the heavily c. lingua infected cod showed discoloured fillets due to metacercariae in the muscle. the highest intensity of infection of d. spathaceum was found in smaller cod, but only minor opaque spots were observed in the infected lenses. the low prevalence of c. lingua is supposed to be a result o ... | 1986 | 3797237 |
| [adaptibility of diplostomum cercariae in carp and the effect of a prior infestation]. | experiments on the infection of carp fry with cercariae of diplostomum have shown that cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum can penetrate crystalline lens of larvae of these fishes in three days after their hatching and that the adaptability of cercariae of d. paracaudum to carp is much higher than that of cercariae of d. spathaceum. after the first infection with cercariae a relative postinfectious immunity against infection with cercariae of this or close species of this genus arises in carp fr ... | 1985 | 3975067 |
| metacercariae of diplostomum spathaceum in freshwater fish of the lake system koronia and volvi (macedonia, greece). | | 1985 | 3976313 |
| studies on the host specificity of the eyefluke, diplostomum spathaceum, in brown and rainbow trout. | | 1974 | 4415952 |
| investigations into natural and experimental infections of freshwater fish by the common eye-fluke diplostomum spathaceum rud. | | 1974 | 4449658 |
| in vitro cultivation of diplostomum spathaceum and diplostomum phoxini metacercariae. | | 1974 | 4473437 |
| migration of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda) in the fish intermediate host. | | 1974 | 4836674 |
| [analysis of the invasion mechanisms of the cercaria of diplostomum spathaceum. ii. chemical invasion stimuli (author's transl)]. | | 1974 | 4848032 |
| [fixation methods in host finding of diplostomum spathaceum cercaria (trematoda)]. | | 1971 | 5580890 |
| the immune response in immunized and naturally infected rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) to diplostomum spathaceum as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). | the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) procedure was modified and adapted for detection of circulating antibodies in rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) against metacercariae of the digenean trematode diplostomum spathaceum, the causative agent for diplostomiasis. rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) were injected with sonicated metacercariae representing 10, 40, and 100 metacercariae per fish. three weeks after immunization the average titers for trout injected with 10, 40, and 100 metacercariae ... | 1984 | 6519338 |
| observations on the occurrence of diplostomum spathaceum and schistocephalus sp. in ninespine sticklebacks (pungitius pungitius) from the belcher islands, northwest territories, canada. | all 175 ninespine sticklebacks, pungitius pungitius (linné), collected from the belcher islands were parasitized by diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi) and 43% by schistocephalus sp. d. spathaceum metacercariae were mostly confined to a dorso-ventral band encircling the lens of the eye, and were concentrated in the anterio-dorsal sector of this band. the central area of the lens was thus relatively free of diplostomula, probably minimizing interference with the vision of the fish. the frequency di ... | 1981 | 6894622 |
| diagnostic exercise. diplostomatosis caused by diplostomum spathaceum. | | 1982 | 7144106 |
| an immunocytochemistry study comparing the occurrence of neuroactive substances in the nervous system of cercariae and metacercariae of the eye fluke diplostomum spathaceum. | the nervous system of two larval stages (cercariae, metacercariae) of eye fluke diplostomum spathaceum was investigated immunocytochemically by the application of antisera to the amino acid glutamate and to neuropeptides isolated from invertebrates (mollusca) and from vertebrates to whole-mount preparations. in cercariae, positive immunoreactivity (ir) was observed with antisera raised against catch-relaxing peptide (carp), fmrfamide, alpha-caudodorsal cell peptide (alpha-cdcp), substance p, vas ... | 1995 | 7479646 |
| parasite infections in danish trout farms. | samples from 5 danish freshwater trout farms rearing rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined for parasite infections from october 1993 until november 1994 and recorded parasites are listed. in addition, results from an examination of a mariculture net cage system are presented as well. a total of 10 metazoan and 10 protozoan parasites were recorded. the metazoans included gyrodactylus derjavini, gyrodactylus salaris, eubothrium crassum, triaenophorus nodulosus, proteocephalus sp., dipl ... | 1995 | 7502946 |
| life-cycle description and comparison of diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi, 1819) and d. pseudobaeri (razmaskin & andrejak, 1978) from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) maintained in identical hosts. | precise identification of members of the genus diplostomum is difficult in that many larval stages have been described and named separately from their adult forms. in this study, the life cycles of two diplostomum spp. were established using metacercariae obtained from the eyes of rainbow trout. the parasites were identified as d. spathaceum and d. pseudobaeri using a procedure and key devised by shigin. each life cycle was completed in the laboratory using domestic chickens (gallus gallus domes ... | 1995 | 7567910 |
| the life cycle stages of three diplostomum species maintained in the laboratory. | the taxonomy of diplostomum species is in a highly confused state due to synonomy and descriptions based on only one life cycle stage. the objective of this study was to establish and maintain life cycles of several diplostomum species in the laboratory so that accurate and detailed descriptions could be made. metacercariae taken from the eyes of fresh water fish were identified using the key of shigin (1986). adopting the method of field, mckeown & irwin (1994) life cycles of diplostomum spatha ... | 1995 | 8550289 |
| frequency distributions of fish parasites in the perch perca fluviatilis l. from lake constance. | seventy perch (perca fluviatilis) caught in lake constance at langenargen in may 1990 were examined for parasites. the frequency distributions of the eyefluke diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi, 1819), and the tapeworms proteocephalus percae (müller, 1780) and triaenophorus nodulosus (pallas, 1781) fitted closely to a negative binomial. only a few fish were highly parasitized. these fishes are devoured by the final hosts: gulls (diplostomum spathaceum) or the pike (triaenophorus nodulosus). the fi ... | 1997 | 9134560 |
| immunization against parasitic diseases of fish. | parasitologists have not, in the past, exploited the immune system to protect fish against parasitic diseases. in the past few years, however, there has been an increased interest in adopting this strategy, and we have made steady and promising progress against a few parasites which are of economic importance. amyloodinium ocellatum is an ectoparasitic dinoflagellate on brackish and marine fishes, which may also cause problems to aquarium fishes. antiserum from fish inoculated intraperitoneally ... | 1997 | 9270852 |
| seasonal differences in infestation of the perch perca fluviatilis l. from lake constance with digenean trematodes. | perch (perca fluviatilis l.) caught in lake constance every 2 months over a period of 3 years below six towns or villages (langenargen, nonnenhorn, rorschach, romanshorn, bottighofen, and the lake of uberlingen) were examined for parasites. in contrast to diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi, 1819) and tylodelphys clavata (nordmann, 1832), bunodera luciopercae (müller, 1776) and ichthyocotylurus variegatus (creplin, 1825) showed marked seasonal differences. these differences were influenced by vario ... | 1997 | 9342744 |
| the parasitism of fish from lake constance--a comparison of present and earlier data. | commercial fish (perch, roach, bream, dace, and burbot) were caught below langenargen in 1988-1990. their infestation with cestodes and digenean trematodes was studied. the results were compared with earlier data. the infestation of perch with diplostomum spathaceum and ichthyocotylurus variegatus noted in 1988-1990 had increased as compared with that observed in 1974-1976. the infestation of perch with triaenophorus nodulosus seen in 1990 had increased as opposed to that noted in 1988. the infe ... | 1997 | 9342745 |
| experiments on second intermediate fish host related cercarial transmission of the eyefluke diplostomum spathaceum into rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the effect of host variables such as size and density, on the transmission of cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi, 1819) into a second intermediate fish host, rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), was studied quantitatively in laboratory experiments under varying exposure conditions. differences in the number of established metacercariae were noted in differently sized fish exposed singly to the same number of cercariae and in water volumes related to the body surface area of t ... | 1995 | 9599427 |
| biodiversity of parasites in freshwater environment in relation to pollution. | during 1994, 129 specimens of chub (leuciscus cephalus l.) from two localities, polluted--bolelouc, 80th river kilometer, near the city of olomouc, and unpolluted--brodské, 225th river kilometer, near the lanzhot on the morava river, were examined for metazoan parasites. altogether 38 metazoan parasite species including helminths, leeches and glochidia belonging to 14 genera were found, 34 in the case of unpolluted locality (brodské) and 28 in the polluted one (bolelouc). in both localities, 24 ... | 1997 | 9802067 |
| parasite communities of the salzhaff (northwest mecklenburg, baltic sea). i. structure and dynamics of communities of littoral fish, especially small-sized fish. | the parasites of ten fish species, including four gobiidae, three gasterosteidae, two syngnathidae, and one zoarcidae from the salzhaff region, northwest mecklenburg, baltic sea, were investigated in 1995 and 1996. as many as 36 parasite species, represented by diverse groups of helminths and protozoans as well as annelids and copepods, are found during 4 seasons in these hosts. by far the most abundant group is represented by digeneans, comprising 15 species, followed by 7 cestodans and 6 nemat ... | 1999 | 10227054 |
| parasite communities of the salzhaff (northwest mecklenburg, baltic sea) ii. guild communities, with special regard to snails, benthic crustaceans, and small-sized fish. | metazoan parasites of guilds of benthic snails and crustaceans and of four fish families--gobiidae, gasterosteidae, syngnathidae, and zoarcidae--were investigated off the brackish salzhaff area (southwest baltic) in the semienclosed salzhaff and the near rerik riff in the free baltic. comparisons revealed greater similarities in parasite populations and communities within the fish guilds than between them. according to an evaluation of the core-/satellite-species concept using abundance values, ... | 2000 | 10836510 |
| toxicity of cadmium and zinc to diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomidae) cercarial survival. | the toxicity of cadmium and zinc at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10000 microg/l was investigated with cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum at three temperatures (12, 20, 25 degrees c) and three levels of water hardness (distilled water, soft water, hard water). under most environmental conditions survival of cercariae was reduced by increasing metal concentration. increasing water hardness and decreasing water temperature caused an increase in the survival of both control and metal exposed ... | 2001 | 11513890 |
| prevalence of cercariae from lymnaea stagnalis snails in a pond system in southern germany. | lymnaea stagnalis snails were collected from 174 individual ponds of an extensive pond system in south germany; 43,441 snails collected during 1980 2000 were examined for shedding cercariae. the species richness (at least 18 species of cercariae) and the high cercarial prevalence (at least 44.9%) may result from the high abundance and diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in the area. the mean prevalence (% +/- sem) of most cercarial species increased from may-june to august-october, e. ... | 2001 | 11688896 |
| toxicity of cadmium and zinc mixtures to diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomidae) cercarial survival. | the toxicity of cadmium and zinc mixtures at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10,000 microg/l was investigated against the survival of the free-living cercarial stage of the parasitic fluke diplostomum spathaceum. cercariae were exposed to metal mixtures of equal concentration, metal mixtures of unequal concentration, and low-dose pretreatment followed by high-dose exposure mixtures. under all exposures cercarial survival was increased compared to that achieved with single metals. at exposures ... | 2002 | 12045871 |
| diplostomum spathaceum cercariae respond to a unique profile of cues during recognition of their fish host. | during its normal life cycle, diplostomum spathaceum cercariae attach to and invade fish intermediate hosts. they are also known to attach to various other aquatic animals in response to water currents, touch and carbon dioxide. the purpose of this study was to identify the specific stimuli used by d. spathaceum cercariae to recognise the appropriate fish host. we characterised the host cues which stimulate them to remain on the host (enduring contact) and to penetrate the skin. cercariae were e ... | 2002 | 12117497 |
| toxicity of cadmium and zinc to cercarial tail loss in diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomidae). | the effect of cadmium and zinc at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10,000 microg/l on tail loss in cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum was investigated at 3 temperatures (12, 20 and 25 degrees c) and 3 levels of water hardness (distilled water, soft water and hard water). increasing tail loss over time was found to be linked with a parallel decrease in cercarial survival in controls. exposure to the heavy metals induced, especially at high concentrations, a change in the relationship between c ... | 2002 | 12358426 |
| cadmium toxicity and snail-digenean interactions in a population of lymnaea spp. | the toxicity of cadmium to a population of lymnaea peregra and l. stagnalis naturally infected with a range of digeneans and collected from a number of sites in the lower thames valley, uk was investigated. lymnaeid snails were exposed to 100 microg l-1 cadmium and the effects on host survival and emergence of cercariae recorded. overwintered l. peregra, but not l. stagnalis, showed significantly reduced survival compared to seasonally infected snails, i.e. snails which have acquired an infectio ... | 2003 | 12590665 |
| toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the cercarial activity of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomidae). | the toxicity of cadmium and zinc at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 microg/l was investigated against the activity of diplostomum spathaceum (rudolphi, 1819) cercariae. over a 24 h exposure period a significant reduction in cercarial activity occurred in solutions of cadmium, zinc, and a mixture of cadmium and zinc at all concentrations. reduced cercarial activity also occurred in all toxicant solutions compared with controls after only 6 h exposure indicating that cercariae were vulnerab ... | 2003 | 12735725 |
| transmission, infectivity and survival of diplostomum spathaceum cercariae. | the transmission dynamics of the cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum were investigated under laboratory conditions using cercariae collected from naturally infected lymnaea stagnalis. cercariae were kept in a constant temperature of 20 degrees c and the survival and infectivity to naïve young rainbow trout recorded at 3-h intervals until few cercariae were alive. mortality initially remained constant but increased rapidly after 20 h. while a model of constant mortality fitted the survival data, ... | 2003 | 12964824 |
| [field experimental studies on processes of infection of fish by cercaria diplostomum spathaceum rud]. | | 1958 | 13604219 |
| transmission dynamics of a trematode parasite: exposure, acquired resistance and parasite aggregation. | this paper examines the relative importance of exposure and susceptibility to the infection of rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss) with the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum under natural conditions. a total of 93 individually marked, similarly aged fish were introduced into three cages at regular time intervals and the intensity of infection in individuals recorded by counting parasites in live fish using ophthalmic techniques. fish introduced into the cages became infected faster than ... | 2004 | 14652746 |
| toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the decaudised cercarial life-span of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomidae). | the toxicity of cadmium and zinc at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10000 microg/l to the life-span of decaudised cercarial bodies (cercariae that have shed their tails) of diplostomum spathaceum was investigated. the effects of metal exposure at 3 temperatures (12, 20, and 25 degrees c) and 3 levels of water hardness (distilled water, soft water and hard water) were studied. in general, under most experimental conditions increasing metal concentrations reduced the life-span of decaudised cer ... | 2003 | 14653539 |
| observations on the metazoan parasites of the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) after its reintroduction into the elbe river basin in the czech republic. | in the years 1999-2002, first studies were carried out on the metazoan parasites of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) recently reintroduced into the elbe river drainage system, after more than 50 years after the complete extinction of the elbe salmon population. a total of six helminth species were recorded from salmon smolts from three streams of the elbe river basin (kamenice river, jestedský and libocanský brooks) in north bohemia, czech republic, where s. salar fingerlings have been released ... | 2003 | 14971599 |
| diplostomum spathaceum metacercarial infection and colour change in salmonid fish. | colour changes in two salmonid fish, the salmon (salmo salar) and sea trout (s. trutta), were examined in relation to infection with the trematode diplostomum spathaceum. this parasite had no effect on the rate of colour change in these fish, although species specific differences in colour adjustment times were observed. increasing asymmetry in parasite numbers between the right and left eye, which could lead to the retention of vision in one eye, nevertheless tended to reduce the colour change ... | 2004 | 15060824 |
| navigation within host tissues: cercariae orientate towards dark after penetration. | the survival of skin penetrating cercariae depends on information on the direction to move toward deeper layers in the epidermis (the direction of further migration) and toward the surface (direction which must be avoided when migrating). we tested the hypothesis that parasites can use their photo-sensitivity for orientation away from the light-exposed skin surface towards darker locations. cercariae of species invading humans ( schistosoma mansoni), birds ( trichobilharzia ocellata) and fish ( ... | 2004 | 15118907 |
| patterns of cercarial production from diplostomum spathaceum: terminal investment or bet hedging? | in the production of the infective cercariae of trematodes, the terminal investment hypothesis of life-history theory predicts that the rate of host exploitation and cercarial production should increase during the period of cercarial shedding since the reproductive value of the parasite decreases during this period. in contrast, a bet hedging hypothesis that focuses on the success of transmission when host contact rate is variable predicts that cercarial production should decrease in an attempt ... | 2004 | 15267115 |
| parasite resistance and avoidance behaviour in preventing eye fluke infections in fish. | this paper examines the efficiency of acquired resistance in protecting the fish host, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), against the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum, and the hypothesis that fish recognize areas where infective stages are aggregated and show avoidance behaviour. we found that when fish with a low level of infection were held in restricted cages in natural conditions they became infected and developed cataracts as a result of this infection. this suggests that acquire ... | 2004 | 15376775 |
| toxicity of cadmium and zinc mixtures to cercarial tail loss in diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda:diplostomidae). | the effects of cadmium and zinc mixtures on tail loss of the free-living cercarial stage of the parasitic fluke diplostomum spathaceum were investigated at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10,000 microg/l. cercariae were exposed to metal mixtures of equal concentrations, metal mixtures of unequal concentrations, and a low-dose pretreatment followed by high-dose exposure mixtures. under control conditions as the cercarial population aged tail loss occurred naturally a few hours before death, wi ... | 2005 | 15482840 |
| eye fluke-induced cataract formation in fish: quantitative analysis using an ophthalmological microscope. | we examined the parasite-induced cataract formation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using slit-lamp microscopy to determine the relationship between cataract intensity and number of diplostomum spathaceum parasites that were established in the lens. cataract intensity increased significantly with parasite burden, but was also affected by the pattern of exposure to the parasite cercariae. the slit-lamp methodology proved useful in scoring the cataracts since it provides a 3-dimensional vie ... | 2004 | 15521636 |
| resistance against eye flukes: naïve versus previously infected fish. | a central issue in fish production is the influence of parasitic infections on fish health in fish farms and on survival prospects after fish-stocking into the wild. is it preferable to produce fish in infection-free conditions or to allow some infection to elicit resistance in fish? we explored the infection of totally naive and previously infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum in laboratory conditions. we found that up to 86.1% of the pres ... | 2005 | 15565463 |
| changes in survival characteristics of diplostomum spathaceum cercariae emerged from cadmium-exposed lymnaea stagnalis. | the effect of exposing lymnaea stagnalis (gastropoda: pulmonata), infected with diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomatidae), to 100 microg l(-1) cadmium for 7 days on survival characteristics (survival, tail loss, decaudized cercarial life-span) of emerged cercariae was investigated. exposure of l. stagnalis to cadmium resulted in significantly increased d. spathaceum cercarial survival and an inhibited tail loss compared to controls. the normal parallel relationship which exists over ti ... | 2005 | 15831114 |
| influence of rearing conditions on flavobacterium columnare infection of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | the influence of rearing conditions on flavobacterium columnare infection of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), was studied experimentally in the laboratory and at a fish farm. in experiment i, the effect of parasitic infection on columnaris disease was studied using f. columnare carrier fish. the fish were exposed to diplostomum spathaceum cercariae and a set of other stressors in order to induce clinical columnaris infection. parasitic infection and other stressors failed to induce ... | 2005 | 15892752 |
| parasite assemblages of crucian carp (carassius carassius)--is depauperate composition explained by lack of parasite exchange, extreme environmental conditions or host unsuitability? | recent studies on parasite communities have considered the factors which contribute to variability in parasite infections among populations of one host species. this paper examined parasite assemblages of crucian carp (carassius carassius) in a natural set-up of two distinctive environments inhabited by the same host species and differing in respect to composition of other fish species: ponds, where extreme conditions prevent other fish species from occurring and lakes, where crucian carp coexis ... | 2005 | 16145944 |
| susceptibility of eye fluke-infected fish to predation by bird hosts. | host manipulation by trophically transmitted parasites may predispose infected hosts to predation and in this way enhance parasite transmission. in most study systems, however, the evidence comes from laboratory studies, and therefore knowledge of the effect of manipulation on parasite transmission efficiency in the wild is still limited. here we examined the effect of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda) eye flukes on the susceptibility of fish intermediate hosts to predation by bird definitive h ... | 2006 | 16332291 |
| toxicity of cadmium and zinc mixtures to the decaudized cercarial life span of diplostomum spathaceum. | the effects of cadmium and zinc mixtures at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10,000 microg l(-1) on the life-span of decaudized cercarial bodies (cercariae that have shed their tails) of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda: diplostomatidae) was investigated. cercariae were exposed to metal mixtures of equal and unequal concentrations, and a low-dose pre-treatment followed by a high-dose exposure mixtures. metal mixtures demonstrated variable effects on decaudized cercariae either by increasing o ... | 2005 | 16336720 |
| helminth fauna of the yellow-legged gull larus cachinnans in galicia, north-west spain. | thirty-six helminth species were found in 324 gulls examined during june 1994 to february 1996 from different localities of galicia: 25 trematodes (brachylaima sp., brachylecithum microtesticulatum, cardiocephaloides longicollis, cryptocotyle lingua, cryptocotyle concavum, diplostomum spathaceum, echinostephilla virgula, galactosomum phalacrocoracis, gigantobilharzia acotylea, gymnophallus deliciosus, gynaecotyla longiintestinata, himasthla elongata, himasthla quissetensis, knipowitschiatrema ni ... | 2005 | 16336721 |
| evidence of enhanced bacterial invasion during diplostomum spathaceum infection in european grayling, thymallus thymallus (l.). | farmed grayling, thymallus thymallus (l.), are susceptible to atypical aeromonas salmonicida (aas) infections. interactions between bacteria and parasites were studied using grayling subjected to concomitant exposure to aas bacteria and the digenean parasite diplostomum spathaceum. atypical as was detected from fish by a combination of bacterial cultivation and polymerase chain reaction techniques. a detection level of 17 aas cells per 100 mg intestine tissue sample was obtained. concomitant bac ... | 2006 | 16436118 |
| dynamics of diplostomum spathaceum infection in snail hosts at a fish farm. | ecologically sustainable disease prevention in intensive monocultures, such as fish farming, is based on the knowledge of the ecology of parasites and the identification of the key proportion of host populations for parasite life cycles. in this paper, we examined the life cycle dynamics of the pathogenic trematode diplostomum spathaceum at a fish farm during a period of 1 year, focusing especially on the pattern of infection in the snail host (lymnaea stagnalis) population, which is the key pha ... | 2006 | 16565817 |
| climate warming and disease risks in temperate regions--argulus coregoni and diplostomum spathaceum as case studies. | the link between climate changes and disease risks from various pathogens has been increasingly recognized. the effect of climatic factors on host-parasite population dynamics is particularly evident in northern latitudes where the occurrence and transmission of parasites are strongly regulated by seasonality-driven changes in environmental temperatures. shortened winter periods would increase growth potential of many parasite populations. the ways in which climate warming could affect life hist ... | 2006 | 16768854 |
| parasites of sticklebacks (actinopterygii: gasterosteidae) from south-eastern baltic sea (poland). | a total of 142 individuals of gasterosteus aculeatus l. and 22 individuals of pungitius pungitius (l.) from several areas of the coastal waters of the gdańsk bay both brackish- and freshwater were examined for parasites. the survey was carried out within 1988-1991. six parasite species, namely: gyrodactylus arcuatus, apatemon gracilis, sphaerostomum bramae, phyllodistomumfolium, neoechinorhynchus rutili, and argulus foliaceus were recovered from sticklebacks caught in freshwater habitats; while ... | 2005 | 16838625 |
| parasitofauna of the nine-spined stickleback from the gulf of gdańsk and the mouth of dead vistula. | four species, one subspecies and one parasite marked to the genus were collected from the nine-spined stickleback pungitius pungitius l. from the gulf of gdańsk and the mouth of dead vistula. nine-spined stickleback was noted as a new host in polish coastal water for five parasites: glugea anomala (microsporidia), diplostomum spathaceum (digenea-metacercariae) and apatemon sp. (digenea-incysted metacercariae), hysterothylacium aduncum (nematoda-third stage larvae) and thersitina gasterostci (cop ... | 2000 | 16886342 |
| [helminths fauna of fishes in the mała panew river drainage basin]. | a parasitological investigation was made at 420 fishes from 10 species: perca fluviatilis l., gymnocephalus cernuus (l.), gobio gobio (l.), tinca tinca (l.), leuciscus idus (l), noemacheilus barbatulus (l.), lota lota (l.), leucaspisus delineatus (heckell 843), blicca biorkna (l.) and rhodeus sericeus amarus (bloch 1782). the fishes were caught over one year period (1995-1996) in the mała panew river drainage basin (south poland). in examined fishes the following parasite species were found: dip ... | 2000 | 16886354 |
| metazoa parasites of the invasive round goby apollonia melanostoma (neogobius melanostomus) (pallas) (gobiidae: osteichthyes) in the gulf of gdańsk, baltic sea, poland: a comparison with the black sea. | the known metazoa parasite fauna of the invasive round goby apollonia melanostoma (formerly neogobius melanostomus) consists of 12 species. the core of the parasite fauna comprises two species: cryptocotyle concavum and diplostomum spathaceum; secondary species are absent; satellite species include cercariae gen. sp. and ergasilus sieboldi; rare species are acanthocephalus lucii, anguillicola crassus, bothriocephalus sp., dichelyne minutus, hysterothylacium aduncum, pomphorhynchus laevis, piscic ... | 2007 | 17048001 |
| navigation within host tissues: cues for orientation of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda) in fish towards veins, head and eye. | cercariae of diplostomum spathaceum penetrate the skin of fish, and then migrate along blood vessels and tissues towards the head and the eye-lens. we studied their orientation behaviour in tail fins of guppies and in chemical concentration gradients within agar-filled choice chambers. in fins, they entered veins and orientated cranially, independent of the blood flow and living cells. in choice chambers, they were attracted by a small molecular fraction of fish serum, d-glucose (at 1, 10, and 1 ... | 2007 | 17316474 |
| ultraviolet b irradiation affects resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against bacterium yersinia ruckeri and trematode diplostomum spathaceum. | ultraviolet b (uvb) radiation is known to have various effects on the immune system of fish, but the effect on the actual disease resistance has remained largely unknown. here we studied the effect of uvb on the resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against a bacterium yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric red mouth disease, and a trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum, which causes cataracts in fish. the fish were exposed to uvb irradiation seven times in 14 days, and ... | 2007 | 17880522 |
| phenotypic variation in infectivity of diplostomum spathaceum cercariae within a population. | the present study examined phenotypic variation in infectivity of diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda) cercariae within a natural population. twelve infected lymnaea stagnalis were collected from the field, and the infectivity of cercariae from individual snails was assessed under constant laboratory conditions. at a water temperature of 16.3 c, the mean infectivity of cercariae from the snails varied between 55.5% and 87.5%. depending on the source of variation, this may have important ecological ... | 2007 | 18163370 |
| selection of the host's habitat by cercariae: from laboratory experiments to the field. | the distribution of cercariae was studied in 18-cm-sized cuvettes under different lighting conditions, in plexiglas cylinders (80 cm high) vertically placed in a pond, and when swimming freely in a pond. the vertical distribution and the effect of light intensity on it were relatively similar in the cuvettes, in the cylinders, and in the pond. each of the species (schistosoma mansoni, diplostomum spathaceum, echinostoma caproni, and pseudechinoparyphium echinatum) showed its individual distribut ... | 2008 | 18576700 |
| interactions among co-infecting parasite species: a mechanism maintaining genetic variation in parasites? | individuals of free-living organisms are often infected simultaneously by a community of parasites. if the co-infecting parasites interact, then this can add significantly to the diversity of host genotypexparasite genotype interactions. however, interactions between parasite species are usually not examined considering potential variation in interactions between different strain combinations of co-infecting parasites. here, we examined the importance of interactions between strains of fish eye ... | 2009 | 18957364 |
| manipulative parasites in the world of veterinary science: implications for epidemiology and pathology. | one of the most complex and least understood transmission strategies displayed by pathogenic parasites is that of manipulation of host behaviour. a wide variety of parasites alter their host's behaviour, including species of medical and veterinary importance, such as diplostomum spathaceum, echinococcus spp. and toxoplasma gondii. the manipulative ability of these parasites has implications for pathology and transmission dynamics. domestic animals are hosts for manipulative pathogens, either by ... | 2010 | 19243982 |
| host immunization shapes interspecific associations in trematode parasites. | 1. individuals of free-living organisms are commonly infected by multiple parasite species. under such circumstances, positive or negative associations between the species are possible because of direct or indirect interactions, details in parasite transmission ecology and host-mediated factors. one possible mechanism underlying these processes is host immunity, but its role in shaping these associations has rarely been tackled experimentally. 2. in this study, we tested the effect of host immun ... | 2009 | 19457020 |
| parasite-induced aggression and impaired contest ability in a fish host. | abstract: | 2010 | 20226098 |
| priming of host resistance to protect cultured rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss against eye flukes and parasite-induced cataracts. | in the present study, immunologically naive rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were experimentally exposed to a low-level diplostomum spathaceum (trematoda) infection to stimulate acquired resistance and, along with unexposed controls, were subsequently exposed to natural infection for 8 weeks. the priming of the host resistance, designed to simulate a procedure applicable in aquaculture, decreased the number of establishing parasites compared to untreated controls by the end of the experiment. t ... | 2010 | 20537029 |
| [helminth parasites of white bream (blicca bjoerkna l. 1758) from kocadere stream, bursa.] | aim of this study was to investigate the helminths and their monthly prevalence in 120 blicca bjoerkna (white bream) in the kocadere stream (bursa province) from february 2005 to january 2006. as a result, 98.3% of b. bjoerkna were found to be infected with one or more helminth species and a total of 5 different helminth species were identified. the distribution of these parasites in b. bjoerkna and the average prevalence (annually) were as follows: dactylogyrus sphyrna (24.2%), d. distinguendus ... | 2010 | 20597058 |
| the parasite community of the nase chondrostoma nasus (l. 1758) from austrian rivers. | between april 2003 and november 2006 a total of 191 individuals of the predominantly herbivorous fish species nase chondrostoma nasus (l. 1758) were examined for parasites from six river sites in austria. the following parasite taxa were recovered - ciliata: trichodina sp., chilodonella piscicola, ichthyophthirius multifiliis; myxozoa: myxobolus muelleri (cysts) and myxobolus sp. (cysts); monogenea: dactylogyrus vistulae, d. chondrostomi and dactylogyrus spp., gyrodactylus sp., diplozoon paradox ... | 2010 | 20831848 |
| the colonization of the invasive round goby neogobius melanostomus by parasites in new localities in the southwestern baltic sea. | the round goby neogobius melanostomus is a bottom-dwelling fish native for the ponto-caspian basin, which started to colonize the baltic sea since 1991. the parasites of this fish species in the southwestern baltic region are studied for the first time. the round goby in the sw baltic sea was infected with 12 parasite species: 1 species of microsporidia, 1 species of monogenea, 1 of cestoda, 3 species of trematoda, 3 species of nematoda, 2 of acanthocephala, and 1 species of bivalvia. microspori ... | 2011 | 21409440 |
| morphology, ultrastructure, genetics, and morphometrics of diplostomum sp. (digenea: diplostomidae) metacercariae infecting the european flounder, platichthys flesus (l.) (teleostei: pleuronectidae), off the northwest coast of portugal. | the morphology, ultrastructure, genetics, and morphometrics of a species of diplostomum von nordmann 1832 (digenea: diplostomidae), isolated from the european flounder (platichthys flesus (l.)) caught off the northwest coast of portugal, are characterized. the metacercarial stage was found unencysted in the lens capsule of the eye. light microscopical observations revealed the existence of some variability in specimen shape and size, with two morphotypes, referred to as "round" and "long", being ... | 2011 | 21626424 |
| [monoxenous and heteroxenous parasites of fish manipulate behavior of their hosts in different ways]. | adaptive host manipulation hypothesis is usually supported by case studies on trophically transmitted heteroxenous endoparasites. trematodes and cestodes are among efficient manipulators of fish, their common intermediate hosts. in this review paper, new data on modifications of host fish behavior caused by monoxenous ectoparasitic crustaceans are provided together with a review of effects caused by heteroxenous parasites. differences in modifications of host behavior caused by heteroxenous and ... | 2011 | 21786661 |
| metazoan parasites from herring (clupea harengus l.) as biological indicators in the baltic sea. | zoographical distribution of metazoan fish parasites in herring, clupea harengus, from the baltic sea was analysed in order to use them as potential biological indicators. a total of 210 herring from six different sampling sites were investigated, harbouring 12 different parasite species [five digeneans (d), one cestode (c), three nematodes (n) and three acanthocephalans (a)]. the distribution of the parasite species differed according to region, with a distinct gradient of decreasing species ri ... | 2014 | 25119368 |
| haematological characteristics associated with parasitism in bream, abramis brama orientalis. | a parasitological investigation was done on 175 specimens. infections of a. brama orientalis were analyzed according to the age and sex. the fish also were examined for evaluation changes of haematological parameters in relation to parasitic infection. four parasites were found, including-caryophyllaeus laticeps and ligula intestinalis (cestoda), diplostomum spathaceum (platyhelminthes) and trichodina sp. (ciliophora). among identified parasites maximum prevalence and mean intensity were related ... | 2014 | 25320488 |
| hematological parameters associated with parasitism in pike, esox lucius caught from anzali wetland. | this study involved 120 pike, esox lucius, captured from anzali wetland. parasite fauna were identified in captured fish. also, changes of haematological parameters were compared both infected and uninfected fish. parasitological inspections revealed the following infestations: skin: lernea cyprinacea, argulus foliaceus (crustacean) and tricodina sp. (ciliatea). gill: dactylogyrus sp. (digenea) and tetraonchus monenteron (monogenea). eye: diplostomum spathaceum (digenea). gut: eustrongylides exi ... | 2015 | 26064009 |
| molecular prospecting for european diplostomum (digenea: diplostomidae) reveals cryptic diversity. | we believe this study is the first attempt to address molecular prospecting for species diversity of diplostomum (digenea: diplostomidae) in europe. a database linking sequences from the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mitochondrial gene and from the internal transcribed spacer cluster (its1-5.8s-its2) of the rrna gene was generated for larval and adult parasites of snails, fish and gulls from central europe. analyses of the novel cox1 dataset revealed the presence of ... | 2013 | 23201234 |
| hematological characteristics associated with parasitism in pikeperch sander lucioperca (percidae) from anzali wetland. | a total of 120 sander lucioperca (percidae) were captured and investigated for parasites and also haematological parameters were analysed and compared between infected and uninfected fish. the haematological analysis showed reductions in haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell, whereas with blood cell (wbc) and lymphocyte significantly increased (p < 0.05) in infected fish, whereas with blood cell (wbc) and lymphocyte significantly increased (p < 0.05) in infected fish. parasitological inspecti ... | 2016 | 27876943 |
| investigation of parasites of pikes (esox lucius linnaeus, 1785) from chamkhale river, anzali and amirkelayeh wetlands, iran. | to investigate the health status, the parasite diversity and abundance were studied in three pike populations. for this purpose, totally 90 fish were caught from three natural habitats of pike including chamkhale river, anzali and amirkelayeh wetlands, iran. after biometry and age determination, fish were dissected and parasites were investigated in intestine, gill and eye. according to results, five parasite species were identified in whole body of pikes including eustrongylides exises, raphida ... | 2016 | 27605833 |
| occurrence and intensity of parasites in wels catfish, silurus glanis l. 1758 from amirkelayeh wetland, southwest of the caspian sea. | amirkelayeh international wetland with a surface area of 1,230 hectares and fifteen fish species is an important water resource in the southern part of the caspian sea. there is few reports on fish parasites of this area. in the present study, a total of 80 wels catfish, silurus glanis, were collected from april through july 2011. after recording biometric characteristics, common necropsy and parasitology methods were used. in the present study, a total of 441 individuals of seven parasite speci ... | 2016 | 27605796 |
| parasitic infection in various stages life of cultured acipenser persicus. | the present study was conducted to evaluate the status of the parasite fauna in acipenser persicus at different development stages, in order to find prevention protocols for parasitic diseases in this valuable species. for this purpose, sampling from each sex breeder, 10 egg samples, 5-day-old larvae (n = 20), 20-day-old larvae (n = 80) and fingerling of a. persicus (n = 60) released in earthen ponds were done. after the bioassay and preparing wet mount from the internal and external organs, ide ... | 2016 | 27226891 |
| biodiversity of trematodes in their intermediate mollusc and fish hosts in the freshwater ecosystems of europe. | we analysed two novel databases containing 2,380 and 8,202 host-parasite-locality records for trematode parasites of molluscs and fishes, respectively, to assess the biodiversity of trematodes in their intermediate mollusc and fish hosts in the freshwater environment in europe. the "mollusc" dataset covers large numbers of pulmonate (29 spp.), "prosobranch" (15 spp.) and bivalve (11 spp.) molluscs acting as first intermediate hosts for 171 trematode species of 89 genera and 35 families. of these ... | 2016 | 26898591 |
| complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear ribosomal rna operons of two species of diplostomum (platyhelminthes: trematoda): a molecular resource for taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of important fish pathogens. | the genus diplostomum (platyhelminthes: trematoda: diplostomidae) is a diverse group of freshwater parasites with complex life-cycles and global distribution. the larval stages are important pathogens causing eye fluke disease implicated in substantial impacts on natural fish populations and losses in aquaculture. however, the problematic species delimitation and difficulties in the identification of larval stages hamper the assessment of the distributional and host ranges of diplostomum spp. an ... | 2015 | 26084797 |
| integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic diversity of diplostomum spp. in lymnaeid snails from europe with a focus on the 'diplostomum mergi' species complex. | recent molecular studies have discovered substantial unrecognised diversity within the genus diplostomum in fish populations in europe and north america including three species complexes. however, data from the first intermediate host populations are virtually lacking. this study addresses the application of an integrative taxonomic approach to the cryptic species diversity of diplostomum spp. in natural lymnaeid snail populations in europe with a focus on the 'd. mergi' species complex. | 2015 | 26036245 |