| [new faunal and biological observations on ticks in abruzzo]. | ticks collected during the years 1975-76 in abruzzo (prov. l'aquila and chieti) italy are reported. the following species have been identified: ixodes canisuga, ixodes frontalis, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes ricinus, dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis sulcata, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus sanguineus, hyalomma marginatum. new hosts are: felis catus for ixodes canisuga; scolopax rusticola, motacilla flava, corvus cornix for ixodes frontalis; sciurus vulgaris for haemaphysalis punctata; garrul ... | 1976 | 1032325 |
| [serological studies of synanthropic birds for infection by m. avium]. | examination for m. avium contamination covered 702 specimens of the synanthropic birds of 6 species (hooded crows, daws, rooks, magpies, sparrows, starlings) which was carried out in 13 landscape-epizootic areas of the northern zone of the low volga region. contamination was studied by a serological test (ait) using the m. avium extract and dry avian tuberculin as an antigen in the parallel tests. it was found that 96 (23%) of the 416 specimens from the right bank of the volga and 65 (22.72%) of ... | 1992 | 1461906 |
| experimental infection of five species of raptors and of hooded crows with francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica. | sixteen raptors and three hooded crows were infected experimentally with francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica. the birds were infected parenterally or per os. one goshawk, one sparrow hawk and one hooded crow died during the experimental period, and the remaining 16 birds were killed 14-77 days after the first infection. francisella tularensis was not isolated from any bird. antibody levels against f. tularensis measured in nine birds varied from 0 to 1:1,280. in one goshawk with a titer o ... | 1988 | 3280839 |
| avian wildlife reservoir of campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, yersinia spp., and salmonella spp. in norway. | cloacal swabs from 540 wild-living birds were cultured for campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, yersinia spp., and salmonella spp. the carrier rates detected were as follows: c. fetus subsp. jejuni, 28.4%; yersinia spp., 1.2%; and salmonella spp., 0.8%. all birds were apparently healthy when captured. c. fetus subsp. jejuni was isolated from 11 of the 40 bird species examined. among birds inhabiting the city of oslo, the highest isolation rate was found in crows (corvus corone cornix) (89.8%), fol ... | 1983 | 6338824 |
| the incidence of salmonella bacteria in wild-living animals from denmark and in imported animals. | in a 6 year examination (1975-80) of 3036 game mammals and 3004 game birds from denmark, and of 684 warm-blooded animals of foreign origin, salmonella was found in 0.2% of danish mammals, 0.8% of danish game birds, and 0.1% of the animals of foreign origin. furthermore, salmonella was isolated from 16% of 605 mute swans which died from starvation during the winter 1978-79, and from 2.4% of 296 faeces samples from hooded crows. even though the occurrence of salmonella among danish cattle has been ... | 1981 | 7329784 |
| isolation and primary structure of a novel avian pancreatic polypeptide from five species of eurasian crow. | chicken pancreatic polypeptide is the prototype of the neuropeptide y (npy)/pp superfamily of regulatory peptides. this polypeptide was appended the descriptive term avian, despite the presence of some 8600 extant species of bird. additional primary structures from other avian species, including turkey, goose and ostrich, would suggest that the primary structure of this polypeptide has been highly-conserved during avian evolution. avian pancreatic polypeptides structurally-characterised to date ... | 1993 | 8234905 |
| capacity of birds for transitive inference: the solution of the gillan test by corvids and pigeons. | a system of four to five differentiations forming a series, in which the magnitude of the reinforcement (r) of each succeeding color stimulus was greater than the preceding by one unit, was formed in pigeons (columba livia l.) and crows (corvus corone cornix l.). the number of units of the r that was associated with each of the stimuli increased successively from stimulus pair to stimulus pair from one up to four to five (1st series) and from five to ten (2nd series). after the development of th ... | 1996 | 9000218 |
| [the characteristics of the morphological structure of the endbrain in the hooded crow (corvus corone cornix l.) and in the rock dove (columba livia) in relation to their development of elementary reasoning activities]. | the number of neurons in the endbrain [correction of forebrain] of two avian species--carrion crows and rock pigeons--was assessed. it was shown that the higher development of reasoning activity of crows is associated with greater number of cells in evolutionary new fields of hyperstriatum and greater number of cell complexes than in pigeons. | 1999 | 10512030 |
| a large outdoor radial maze for comparative studies in birds and mammals. | for a comparative neurobiological analysis of spatial learning and memory, a large outdoor eight-arm radial maze was constructed which permits behavioral assessment of many avian and mammalian species both from the laboratory or the wild, using the same metric space and session schedules. it consists of a central part of 250cm diameter, and has arms of 650cm length, 170cm height and 80cm width. in order to determine appropriate training schedules for comparison of different species, we tested fo ... | 2001 | 11166080 |
| phylogenetic relationships of three species of crows (corvidae, aves) based on the restriction site variation of nuclear ribosomal rna gene. | southern blot analysis of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) was carried out to examine phylogenetic relationships between three species of crows: corvus cornix, c. corone and c. macrorhynchos. in this purpose dna samples of birds were digested by 12 restriction enzymes (ecori, hindiii, psti, bamhi, drai, pvuii, kpni, xbai, bglii, bcli, saci and aati) and hybridized with the clones of mouse rdna probes (18s, 28s and int). based on the data obtained and gallus gallus restriction map as a standard the r ... | 2001 | 11589045 |
| salmonellae in avian wildlife in norway from 1969 to 2000. | postmortem records of wild-living birds in norway with laboratory-confirmed findings of salmonella infection were summarized for the period from 1969 to 2000. salmonella spp. were isolated from 470 birds belonging to 26 species. the salmonella-positive birds included 441 small passerines, 15 gulls, 5 waterfowl, 4 birds of prey, 3 doves, and 2 crows. the bullfinch (pyrrhula pyrrhula) was by far the most frequently recorded species (54% of the cases). salmonella enterica serover typhimurium was re ... | 2002 | 12406754 |
| [role of some wild birds and mammals in the natural foci of crimean haemorrhagic fever in stavropol' region]. | the results of the study on the role of some wild mammals and birds as feeding sources of for ticks hyalomma marginatum, the main vectors of crimean haemorrhagic fever virus in the stavropol territory, in the preimago phases of their development are presented. these phases (larvae and nymphs) were found on rooks, hooded crows, partridges, european brown hares and eared hedgehogs. the examination of domestic fowl resulted in finding larvae and nymphs in small amounts on turkeys. according to the ... | 2001 | 12718190 |
| isolation of west nile virus from hooded crow and rock pigeon in the nile delta. | | 1953 | 13134268 |
| [a strain of plasmodium elongatum in the gray crow (corvus cornix)]. | | 1961 | 13695638 |
| role of birds in transmission of classical swine fever virus. | active transmission of classical swine fever virus (csfv) was studied in six birds (five ravens, one hooded crow) and two laying hens. cloacal swabs, blood and organs of birds and hens as well as blood and organ samples of pigs which had been fed with faeces derived from csfv infected birds or which had come in contact with faeces of infected hens were negative for csfv. none of the animals seroconverted during the study. this result demonstrates that active virus transmission by these animals i ... | 2003 | 14535936 |
| characteristic features of metabolism of xenobiotics in the system of cytochrome p-450 in crow (corvus cornix) liver. | | 2005 | 15846976 |
| effect of stimulus orderability and reinforcement history on transitive responding in pigeons. | transitive responding in humans and non-human animals has attracted considerable attention because of its presumably inferential nature. in an attempt to replicate our earlier study with crows [lazareva, o.f., smirnova, a.a., bagozkaja, m.s., zorina, z.a., rayevsky, v.v., wasserman, e.a., 2004. transitive responding in hooded crows requires linearly ordered stimuli. j. exp. anal. behav. 82, 1-19], we trained pigeons to discriminate overlapping pairs of colored squares (a+ b-, b+ c-, c+ d-, and d ... | 2006 | 16460886 |
| hearing sensitivity and critical ratios of hooded crows (corvus corone cornix). | the hearing threshold and critical ratios were estimated psycho-acoustically for captive wild-caught hooded crows by a yes/no procedure and the method of constant stimuli. human subjects were tested in the same setup for direct comparison and to check for experimental artifacts. the hooded crows were found to have excellent low-frequency hearing capabilities compared to other passerine birds. their hearing sensitivity is very close to that of humans at and below 5.6 khz. the distribution of the ... | 2006 | 16521788 |
| comodulation detection differences in the hooded crow (corvus corone cornix), with direct comparison to human subjects. | envelope modulations have been shown important in determining the effectiveness of masking noises. for example, the threshold for detecting a signal flanked by maskers is lower if the maskers and the signal are modulated with different envelopes, rather than the same envelope (comodulation). this threshold change is called the comodulation detection difference (cdd). cdds were studied in two wild-caught hooded crows, using a 1.5 khz signal and two maskers at 0.9 and 2.1 khz, presented at an over ... | 2007 | 17407915 |
| measurements and predictions of hooded crow (corvus corone cornix) call propagation over open field habitats. | in a study of hooded crow communication over open fields an excellent correspondence is found between the attenuation spectra predicted by a "turbulence-modified ground effect plus atmospheric absorption" model, and crow call attenuation data. sound propagation predictions and background noise measurements are used to predict an optimal frequency range for communication ("sound communication window") from an average of crow call spectra predicted for every possible combination of the sender/rece ... | 2008 | 18177178 |
| serologic survey of potential vertebrate hosts for west nile virus in poland. | a survey for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv; genus ,flavivirus) was carried out by plaque-re-duction neutralization microtesting in 78 horses, 20 domestic chickens, and 97 wild birds belonging to 10 species from different areas in poland. specific antibodies were detected in five juvenile (hatching-year) birds collected in 2006: three white storks (ciconia ciconia) in a wildlife rehabilitation center (5.4% of all examined storks; the antibody titers in each bird were 1:320, 1:160, and 1:20), ... | 2008 | 18433332 |
| sarcocystis in the birds family corvidae with description of sarcocystis cornixi sp. nov. from the hooded crow (corvus cornix). | having studied 67 birds of six species of the family corvidae, sarcocystis cysts were found in 16 (23.9%) individuals belonging to three species. the highest prevalence of infection (35.9%) was determined in the hooded crow (corvus cornix). two types of sarcocysts, which were temporarily called cysts type i and type v, were determined in the corvids examined. by light microscope, type i cyst wall seemed to be thin (< 1.0 microm) and smooth. banana shaped cystozoites measured 6.0-8.0 microm in le ... | 2009 | 18855013 |
| intestinal spirochetes isolated from wild-living jackdaws, hooded crows and rooks (genus corvus): provisionally designated "brachyspira corvi" sp. nov. | intestinal spirochetes of genus brachyspira are commonly isolated from mammalian and avian hosts, and several species have been reported to cause enteric disease in pigs and birds. except for a previous publication on three isolates from corvid birds (order passeriformes, family corvidae, genus corvus), of which two are further studied in this paper, no other reports exist on brachyspira spp. of passerine birds. in this study, cloacal and intestinal swabs of small and large intestines were colle ... | 2008 | 18952187 |
| [animal reservoirs of human virulent microsporidian species]. | the main objective of the present study was to determined the occurrence of encephalitozoon intestinalis, e. hellem, e. cuniculi, and enterocytozoon bieneusi in poland in animal faecal using the fish (fluorescent in situ hybridization) and multiplex fish techniques. additional objectives included: (1) identification of animal hosts of microsporidia that are infectious to humans amongst free-ranging, captive, livestock and domestic animals; (2) a molecular analysis of randomly selected parasite i ... | 2009 | 19579789 |
| nucleotide divergence vs. gene expression differentiation: comparative transcriptome sequencing in natural isolates from the carrion crow and its hybrid zone with the hooded crow. | recent advances in sequencing technology promise to provide new strategies for studying population differentiation and speciation phenomena in their earliest phases. we focus here on the black carrion crow (corvus [corone] corone), which forms a zone of hybridization and overlap with the grey coated hooded crow (corvus [corone] cornix). however, although these semispecies are taxonomically distinct, previous analyses based on several types of genetic markers did not reveal significant molecular ... | 2010 | 20331778 |
| new records of digenean flukes (trematoda) in birds in poland. | eleven new records of digenean species are reported in birds in poland, i.e. tylodelphys immer found in gavia stellata, strigea vanderbrokae in pernis apivorus, echinostoma academica in numenius arquata, echinochasmus euryporus in buteo buteo, patagifer parvispinosus and petasiger grandivesicularis in tachybaptus ruficollis, notocotyloides petasatus in calidris alpina, plagiorchis arcuatus in corvus cornix, leyogonimus polyoon in gallinula chloropus and fulica atra, lyperosomum alaudae in sylvia ... | 2010 | 20450011 |
| redescription of sphaerirostris picae (acanthocephala: centrorhynchidae) from magpie, pica pica, in northern iran, with special reference to unusual receptacle structures and notes on histopathology. | adults of sphaerirostris picae (rudolphi, 1819) golvan, 1956 are described from european magpie, pica pica linnaeus (corvidae), collected in 2008 from wooded areas near the northern iranian town of tonekabon by the southern shores of the caspian sea. other specimens also were collected from corvus cornix linnaeus, corvus corone linnaeus, and corvus frugilegus linnaeus (corvidae) in the same location, as well as from some of these hosts in other locations. our specimens had 31-38 proboscis hook r ... | 2010 | 20557203 |
| corvid birds (corvidae) act as definitive hosts for sarcocystis ovalis in moose (alces alces). | epidemiological data and a unique phylogenetic position had suggested that sarcocystis ovalis in moose and red deer might use a definitive host other than canids, felids, or humans. corvid birds and rats were therefore evaluated as potential definitive hosts for this species in a small pilot study. four laboratory rats were each inoculated with 10 or 25 sarcocysts of s. ovalis isolated from moose, but no sarcocystis oocysts were detected in their intestinal mucosa upon euthanasia 2 to 3 weeks la ... | 2010 | 20697910 |
| prevalence of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and enteric helicobacter in domestic and free living birds in north-western italy. | in order to investigate the prevalence of some thermophilic campylobacter (c. jejuni and c. coli) and enteric helicobacter (h. pullorum and h. canadensis) in domestic and wild birds, a total of 278 bird caecal samples were analyzed over a 2 year period in north-western italy. samples were collected from poultry raised in intensive farming at the slaughterhouse (n=102, group a) and in small scale rural farms (n=60, group b) as well as from wild birds (n=116, group c). pcr amplifications were carr ... | 2010 | 20814861 |
| monitoring of west nile virus infections in germany. | west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between ornithophilic mosquitoes, mainly of the culex genus, and certain wild bird species. other bird species like ravens, jays and raptors are highly susceptible to the infection and may develop deadly encephalitis, while further species of birds are only going through subclinical infection. the objective of this study was to continue in years 2009-2011 the serological and molecular surveillance in wild birds in germ ... | 2012 | 22958253 |
| [ratio and composition of the plasmalogen and diacylated forms of phospholipids in subcellular fractions of the avian brain]. | studies have been made on the specific content of plasmalogen and diacylated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine in subcellular fractions (myelin, nuclei, microsomes, mitochondria, synaptosomes) from the brain of pigeons, as well as in the myelin fraction from the brain of the crow corvus cornix and the hawk accipiter gentelis. fatty acid composition and fatty aldehyde composition of these two main phospholipids of the brain were studied in the subcellular fractions obtaine ... | 2012 | 3376631 |
| outbreak of type c botulism in birds and mammals in the emilia romagna region, northern italy. | over a 7-day period beginning 8 august 2011, a large number of wild birds of several species were found dead or with neurologic clinical signs along the shore of crostolo stream, in the emilia romagna region, italy. twenty-eight mallards (anas platyrhynchos), two hooded crows (corvus corone cornix), and three coypus (myocastor coypus) were found moribund on the crostolo stream bank, collected, and sent to istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della lombardia e dell'emilia romagna, reggio emilia ... | 2013 | 24502738 |
| neospora caninum in crows from israel. | a cross-sectional neospora caninum seroprevalence study was performed on free ranging crows (corvus cornix, corvus monedula and corvus splendens) from israel in order to assess their exposure to this pathogen and evaluate their role as potential hosts or as sentinels of infection. using the modified agglutination test (mat) with a cutoff titer of 1:100, 30 out of 183 crows (16.4%) were found to be n. caninum seropositive. positive results were validated and confirmed by the indirect fluorescent ... | 2015 | 26359640 |
| isolation of sindbis virus from a hooded crow in germany. | sindbis virus (sinv) is an arbovirus that causes clinical symptoms, including arthritis, rash, and fever during acute human infections. in europe, sinv outbreaks are largely restricted to northern europe. intrigued by the isolation of sinv from mosquitoes in southwestern germany in 2009, we initiated a passive arbovirus-monitoring program in birds and analyzed a total of 685 samples. by this approach, we were able to detect a sinv in a hooded crow in germany for the first time. it was possible t ... | 2014 | 24575742 |
| molecular identification of nematode larvae different from those of the trichinella genus detected by muscle digestion. | although larvae of the genus trichinella are the most common parasite species detected in vertebrate muscles using artificial digestion, nematode larvae belonging to other genera are sometimes detected and incorrectly identified as trichinella. however, it is often very difficult to identify these larvae at the species, genus or family level using microscopy because of the absence of specific morphological characters or cuticle damage, and the only means of identification is pcr and sequencing o ... | 2013 | 23433986 |
| monitoring west nile virus (wnv) infection in wild birds in serbia during 2012: first isolation and characterisation of wnv strains from serbia. | west nile virus (wnv), a neurovirulent mosquito-transmissible zoonotic virus, has caused recent outbreaks in europe, including serbia from august until october 2012. although humans can be infected, birds are the main natural wnv reservoir. to assess wnv circulation in northern serbia, 133 wild birds were investigated. these comprised resident and migratory birds, collected between january and september 2012 in the vojvodina province. the birds belonged to 45 species within 27 families. blood se ... | 2013 | 24176657 |
| threat-sensitive anti-predator defence in precocial wader, the northern lapwing vanellus vanellus. | birds exhibit various forms of anti-predator behaviours to avoid reproductive failure, with mobbing-observation, approach and usually harassment of a predator-being one of the most commonly observed. here, we investigate patterns of temporal variation in the mobbing response exhibited by a precocial species, the northern lapwing (vanellus vanellus). we test whether brood age and self-reliance, or the perceived risk posed by various predators, affect mobbing response of lapwings. we quantified ag ... | 2016 | 27738383 |
| detection of cryptosporidium spp. in free ranging animals of tehran, iran. | cryptosporidium is a world widely distributed parasite which comparatively has a high prevalence in developing countries. the zoonotic potential of some cryptosporidium species has made the cryptosporidiosis a significant concern to physicians and veterinarians. the occurrence and zoonotic potential of cryptosporidium species in probable reservoir hosts for man infections was determined by examining faeces of symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. the aim of this study is to screen the presence o ... | 2016 | 27876975 |
| woodpigeons nesting in association with hobby falcons: advantages and choice rules. | many bird species nest in close association with other bolder and more aggressive birds which provide protection against nest predators. the woodpigeons, columba palumbus, that nest in poplar plantations in northern italy are found almost exclusively clumped around hobby, falco subbuteo, nests. woodpigeons settle in the area and build their nests after the hobby has started nesting. we carried out experiments with dummy nests and observations on woodpigeon nests. dummy woodpigeon nests placed ne ... | 1999 | 10053079 |
| explorative innovators and flexible use of social information in common ravens (corvus corax) and carrion crows (corvus corone). | innovation and social information use are influenced by individual characteristics, and are important for the creation and transmission of novel behavioral patterns. here, we investigated which individual factors predict innovation rates and social transmission of information in a comparative study with identically reared common ravens (corvus corax) and carrion crows (corvus corone corone; corvus corone cornix). in the innovation experiment (1), we presented the birds with a novel problem-solvi ... | 2016 | 27359074 |
| [corvidae are able to understand the logical structure in string-pulling tasks]. | the ability of the corvidae to understand the logical structure in string-pulling tasks was studied in a set of experiments with varied position of strings. it was demonstrated that some hooded crows (corvus cornix l.) and common ravens (corvus corax l.) successfully completed the tasks where the strings were not intersected but placed so that the bait was positioned opposite the forepart of the empty string. hooded crows also solved the task where the baits were attached to both strings, but on ... | 2011 | 21260978 |
| [comparative study of the ability to solve a string-pulling task in corvidae]. | the ability of hooded crows (corvus cornix l.) and common ravens (corvus corax l.) to pull up a bait suspended from a horizontal perch by a string was tested. it was shown that some birds of both species successfully solved the string-pulling task. considerable inter-individual and inter-species differences in task performance are discussed. | 2010 | 20737894 |
| mesopredators constrain a top predator: competitive release of ravens after culling crows. | although predator control programmes rarely consider complex competitive interactions among predators, it is becoming clear that removal of larger 'superior' competitors often releases the 'inferior' ones and can precipitate trophic cascades. in contrast, our study indicates that culling hooded crows corvus cornix appears to release a larger competitor, the common raven corvus corax. ravens ranged more widely, and the predation of artificial nests was significantly faster (although total predati ... | 2009 | 19570777 |
| covariation in levels of nucleotide diversity in homologous regions of the avian genome long after completion of lineage sorting. | closely related species may show similar levels of genetic diversity in homologous regions of the genome owing to shared ancestral variation still segregating in the extant species. however, after completion of lineage sorting, such covariation is not necessarily expected. on the other hand, if the processes that govern genetic diversity are conserved, diversity may potentially covary even among distantly related species. we mapped regions of conserved synteny between the genomes of two divergen ... | 2017 | 28202815 |
| [method of calculating the distance between the classes of the structural components of the forebrain birds]. | the method of calculating the distance between the classes of the structural components of the brain of birds. compared interclass distances of glia, neurons and neuroglial complexes in the forebrain hooded crow (corvus cornix) (a bird with a highly rational activity) and common crossbill (loxia curvirostra) (birds with a medium level of rational activity). | 2016 | 27263281 |
| sexual aggression by intruders in hooded crow corvus cornix. | the hooded crow corvus cornix is a west palaearctic, solitary nesting, monogamous corvid. in the breeding season, populations are characterized by a social organization wherein breeding pairs are territorial and non-breeding individuals, called floaters, live in flocks. during a study of the breeding ecology of the hooded crow, conducted in a protected flooded area, we monitored nests with video cameras. we recorded two separate incidents when intruders attacked a female at the nest. we believe ... | 2017 | 26843781 |
| transcriptomics of colour patterning and coloration shifts in crows. | animal coloration is one of the most conspicuous phenotypic traits in natural populations and has important implications for adaptation and speciation. changes in coloration can occur over surprisingly short evolutionary timescales, while recurrence of similar colour patterns across large phylogenetic distances is also common. even though the genetic basis of pigment production is well understood, little is known about the mechanisms regulating colour patterning. in this study, we shed light on ... | 2015 | 26302355 |
| [breeding dynamic of corvids in urbanized landscapes of the european east]. | on the basis of counting and mapping of nests of the rook, hooded crow, and magpie in kirov in 1975-2012, it was found that, under the conditions of an industrial city, rook colonies are highly unstable. the elimination of the private sector and neglected tree and scrub thickets leads to a reduction in the number of magpies nesting in the city. the nesting abundance of crows is limited by the quarter layout and placement of containers for household waste. | 2016 | 25720292 |
| the hooded crow (corvus cornix) as an environmental bioindicator species of heavy metal contamination. | this study aims to examine the possible presence of lead and cadmium in the liver and kidneys of hooded crows (corvus cornix). liver and kidneys of hooded crow carcasses were collected in province of cuneo (piedmont, italy) in order to detect lead and cadmium content. significant differences were found in lead and cadmium levels between areas of intensive cultivation versus areas where meadows are prevalent. moreover, age greatly influenced the burden of heavy metals, while sex did not seem to a ... | 2014 | 25149280 |
| anatomy and histology of the fibrocartilago humerocapsularis in some species of european wild birds. | the occurrence and structure of the fibrocartilago humerocapsularis (fhc) in the shoulders of 72 subjects of various species of wild birds were evaluated by gross dissection and histological examination with the purpose of increasing the body of knowledge regarding this structure and verifying the functional hypotheses submitted in the past in other species. the results showed that the fhc has a conical shape with a narrow cavity on the inside. the structure is heterogeneous in the various speci ... | 2014 | 24591392 |
| [solution of trap tube test by hooded crows (corvus cornix l.)]. | eight hooded crows (corvus cornix l.) were tested for their ability to use a piston (a stick with two attached clear plates between which the food is enclosed such that moving the stick would move the food) to get the reward out of a transparent tube avoiding a trap. six out of eight crows learned to use a piston to extract a food reward from a transparent non-trap tube. one out of these six birds successfully performed the task in which it had to avoid a trap to retrieve a reward, in the first ... | 2013 | 23659111 |
| functional morphology and integration of corvid skulls - a 3d geometric morphometric approach. | sympatric corvid species have evolved differences in nesting, habitat choice, diet and foraging. differences in the frequency with which corvid species use their repertoire of feeding techniques is expected to covary with bill-shape and with the frontal binocular field. species that frequently probe are expected to have a relatively longer bill and more sidewise oriented orbits in contrast to species that frequently peck. we tested this prediction by analyzing computed tomography scans of skulls ... | 2009 | 19128499 |
| an analysis of population genetic differentiation and genotype-phenotype association across the hybrid zone of carrion and hooded crows using microsatellites and mc1r. | the all black carrion crow (corvus corone corone) and the grey and black hooded crow (corvus corone cornix) meet in a narrow hybrid zone across europe. to evaluate the degree of genetic differentiation over the hybrid zone, we genotyped crows from the centre and edges of the zone, and from allopatric populations in northern (scotland-denmark-sweden) and southern europe (western-central northern italy), at 18 microsatellites and at a plumage candidate gene, the mc1r gene. allopatric and edge popu ... | 2009 | 19076276 |
| avian hind-limb digit length ratios measured from radiographs are sexually dimorphic. | sexual dimorphism in digit length ratios is well established in humans, and has been reported in other vertebrate species as well, including birds. the sign of sexual dimorphism in digit ratios may, however, vary both within and between vertebrate classes. it has been hypothesized that sex differences in digit ratios arise via differential prenatal exposure of the two sexes to steroids, which may affect the expression of the hox genes controlling the osteometric development of digits and appendi ... | 2008 | 18691377 |
| identification of 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci in european crow (corvus corone) from existing passerine loci. | the european crow (corvus corone) occurs in two subspecies (or species) with distinct plumage coloration: the black carrion crow (c. c. corone) and the grey and black hooded crow (c. c. cornix). we tested 42 passerine microsatellite loci for amplification in the european crow and identified 20 loci that were both polymorphic and easy to score. in 50 individuals sampled in the danish part of the species' pan-european hybrid zone, the number of alleles ranged between two and 21. one locus deviated ... | 2008 | 21585909 |
| [ultrastructural study of liver cells from rooks living in ecologically unfavorable areas]. | the ultrastructure of liver cells was studied in rooks (corvus frugilegus) living in radioactive and chemical contamination areas. the ultrastructure of liver cells from rook as well as jackdaw (corvus monedula) and hooded crow (corvus cornix) (corvidae family) from a conventionally clean area was studied as control. control hepatocytes proved to contain a great number of mitochondria, many of which were swollen and had clear matrix and disorganized cristae. the cristae nearly lacked glycogen an ... | 2016 | 16634429 |
| [conditioning of gray crows (corvus cornix l.) in a "giant" eight-arm radial maze]. | twelve adult hooded crows (corvus cornix) were trained to perform a standard radial-maze task in a giant eight-arm outdoor radial maze constructed at the "chistyi les" biological station (tver oblast) for comparative investigations of spatial memory in birds and mammals. the maze consists of a central part of 250 cm diameter, and has arms of 650 cm length, 170 cm height and 80 cm width. the examined hooded crows showed good task performance. errors (repeated visits to empty arms) were few in num ... | 2006 | 14959498 |
| [karyological study of some corvine birds (corvidae, aves)]. | karyotypes were studied in the hooded and carrion crows, their naturally occurred hybrids, the jungle crow, the azure-winged magpie (2n = 80 in all aforementioned birds), and the magpie (2n = 82). corvine birds of primorskii krai were karyotyped for the first time. in addition to the similarity in the diploid chromosome sets, corvine birds were shown to have a similar structure of karyotype: in all studied birds, 14 macrochromosomes (mchs) classified into three groups according to their size wer ... | 2001 | 11558237 |
| [phylogeographic carrion, hooded and jungle crows (aves, corvidae) from data on partial sequencing of the mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene]. | distribution of mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene haplotypes in two crow species was examined by means of sequencing of the 336-bp gene fragment. the topology of the nj and upgma trees showed that the carrion crow range was split into two parts due to the presence of significantly diverged ancestral lineage localized in the southeastern part of the range. the carrion crow populations, inhabiting a territory ranging from france to northern sakhalin, along with interspersed hooded crow populatio ... | 2000 | 11033783 |
| [teaching hooded crows (corvus cornix l.) the abstract rule of choice by the matching/oddity of the sample]. | six hooded crows (corvus cornix) were trained in alternative simultaneous matching-to-sample and oddity-from-sample tasks with visual stimuli. bird's ability to acquire the abstract same/different concept was investigated. for this purpose three stimulus sets of the following categories were used: color (black and white cards), shape (arabic numerals "1" and "2"), and numerousness (heterogeneous arrays of 1 or 2 elements). these three sets were used for training successively and repeatedly; each ... | 2006 | 9949535 |
| [the numerousness judgement by the hooded crow of a set consisting of 12-25 elements]. | | 2006 | 8726576 |
| residues of chlorinated pesticides in the eggs of karelian birds, 1989-90. | eggs (n = 52) of four aquatic bird species (larus canus, larus argentatus, larus ridibundus, sterna hirundo) and crow (corvus cornix), collected in southern karelia in 1989 and 1990, contained dde and lindane. the highest mean levels of these pollutants were in herring gull eggs and in common tern eggs. the lowest mean levels of pesticides were in crow eggs. in all eggs, dde concentrations were lower than the critical threshold and it seems, cannot influence reproductive success. | 1995 | 15091609 |
| growth and sex ratio of nestlings in two species of crows: how important is hatching asynchrony? | in experimental studies of avian hatching paterns offspring sex has been neglected. this may be a problem if nestling growth and mortality is sex biased, and if this bias is influenced by hatching spread. in a field study of two crow species, the magpie pica pica and the hooded crow corvus corone cornix, we manipulated hatching spread. both species have asynchronous hatching, and adult males are larger than females by 12-14%. the sex ratios obtained from the different experimental groups on day ... | 1992 | 28312269 |
| a model of clutch size determination in birds. | this paper tests the hypothesis that the timing and the size of bird clutches are determined by (1) a tendency to delay reproduction so that the female can store enough internal resources for laying a large clutch; (2) a tendency to breed early because survival of offspring late in the breeding season might be lower than early. these factors are approximated by linear functions in a model. the model predicts that there will be a correlation between early breeding females and those that have larg ... | 1982 | 28310516 |
| blood parasites in hooded crows (corvus corone cornix) in northwest italy. | haemoparasites and their effects on hooded crows (corvus corone cornix) are poorly studied. the aims are to evaluate the prevalence of haemoproteus spp./plasmodium spp. or leucocytozoon spp., to correlate this with gross and histopathological findings, and to investigate the association among infection and geographical origin, age, gender, parasite distribution and prevalence among organs. hooded crows (n = 47) were collected within a regional culling programme from 3 districts in the province o ... | 2016 | 27188825 |
| thermal emissivity of avian eggshells. | the hypothesis has been tested that evolution has resulted in lower thermal emissivity of eggs of birds breeding openly in cold climates than of eggs of birds that nest under protective covering or in warmer climates. directional thermal emissivity has been estimated from directional-hemispherical reflectance spectra. due to several methodological difficulties the absolute emissivity is not accurately determined, but differences between species are obvious. most notably, small waders of the genu ... | 2016 | 27033033 |
| tolerance and social facilitation in the foraging behaviour of free-ranging crows (corvus corone corone; c. c. cornix). | social foraging provides animals with opportunities to gain knowledge about available food. studies indicate that animals are influenced by social context during exploration and are able to learn socially. carrion and hooded crows, which are opportunistic generalists with flexible social systems, have so far received little focus in this area. we combined observational and experimental approaches to investigate social interactions during foraging and social influences on crow behaviour within a ... | 2014 | 25937686 |
| wall thickness of gas- and marrow-filled avian long bones: measurements on humeri, femora and tibiotarsi in crows (corvus corone cornix) and magpies (pica pica). | we studied how the ratio k of the internal to external diameter of gas- and marrow-filled avian long bones follows the biomechanical optima derived for tubular bones with minimum mass designed to fulfil various mechanical requirements. we evaluated radiographs of numerous humeri, femora and tibiotarsi in corvus corone cornix and pica pica. the k-values of the gas-filled humerus (k=0.78+/-0.03) and the marrow-filled femur (k=0.79+/-0.02) in corvus are practically the same, while k of the marrow-f ... | 2006 | 16084519 |
| ignorant hooded crows follow knowledgeable roost-mates to food: support for the information centre hypothesis. | communal roosting in birds may function to enhance foraging efficiency as explained by the information centre hypothesis, which predicts that successful foragers return from the roost to the rewarding food patch and that birds ignorant of this food follow knowledgeable roost-mates. we tested these predictions by exposing 34 radio-tagged, free-ranging, flock-living hooded crows (corvus corone cornix) to a novel experimental set-up mimicking a superfluous food patch with maximum temporal and spati ... | 2001 | 11345328 |
| aprocta matronensis in crows (corvus corone corone) from northern italy. | aprocta matronensis (nematoda, spirurida) has been found in the orbital cavities of carrion crows. hooded crows and crows from the hybrid crow zone in the studied areas were not infected. the parasite population showed the typical morphology described for this species. this is the first record of a. matronensis in crows in italy and in corvus corone corone. some hypotheses about the distribution of the parasites in crow populations are discussed. | 1992 | 1339982 |
| [relative numerousness judgements in crows and pigeons in the urgent comparison of stimuli earlier linked to different amounts of reinforcement]. | the ability of pigeons (colomba livia, l.) and crows (corvus corone cornix, l.) was studied to realize urgent numerousness judgement of reinforcement consisting of discrete elements (wheat grains and meal worm larvae, respectively). in the process of preliminary training the birds mastered the information about the conformity of the feeder colour with the definite number (1-9 for pigeons and 5-12 for crows) of reinforcement units at isolated presentation of feeders. in test at presentation of pa ... | 2006 | 1651621 |
| the genomic landscape underlying phenotypic integrity in the face of gene flow in crows. | the importance, extent, and mode of interspecific gene flow for the evolution of species has long been debated. characterization of genomic differentiation in a classic example of hybridization between all-black carrion crows and gray-coated hooded crows identified genome-wide introgression extending far beyond the morphological hybrid zone. gene expression divergence was concentrated in pigmentation genes expressed in gray versus black feather follicles. only a small number of narrow genomic is ... | 2014 | 24948738 |
| genetics. how carrion and hooded crows defeat linnaeus's curse. | | 2014 | 24948724 |
| an extensive candidate gene approach to speciation: diversity, divergence and linkage disequilibrium in candidate pigmentation genes across the european crow hybrid zone. | colouration patterns have an important role in adaptation and speciation. the european crow system, in which all-black carrion crows and grey-coated hooded crows meet in a narrow hybrid zone, is a prominent example. the marked phenotypic difference is maintained by assortative mating in the absence of neutral genetic divergence, suggesting the presence of few pigmentation genes of major effect. we made use of the rich phenotypic and genetic resources in mammals and identified a comprehensive pan ... | 2013 | 23881172 |
| transitive responding in hooded crows requires linearly ordered stimuli. | eight crows were taught to discriminate overlapping pairs of visual stimuli (a+ b-, b+ c-, c+ d-, and d+ e-). for 4 birds, the stimuli were colored cards with a circle of the same color on the reverse side whose diameter decreased from a to e (ordered feedback group). these circles were made available for comparison to potentially help the crows order the stimuli along a physical dimension. for the other 4 birds, the circles corresponding to the colored cards had the same diameter (constant feed ... | 2004 | 15484868 |
| [genetic variation of carrion and hooded crows and their hybrids based on rapd-pcr data]. | rapd-pcr analysis of genetic variability of carrion crows, hooded crows and their phenotypic hybrids from the zones of overlap of their areals and hybridization of parental forms in siberia has been carried out. according to rapd variability the following parameters were estimated for both species and their hybrids: genetical distances (dn), polymorphism (p95), mean expected heterozygosity (h(e)), gene fixation coefficient (fst) and the portion of interpopulation differentiation (gst). it was sh ... | 2008 | 15131967 |
| [analysis of the effect of a training regime for the correct choice of matched learning in gray crows]. | it was shown that a large set of training stimuli promotes abstract concept learning. these experiments were designed to assess whether an application of a large set of training stimuli would facilitate matching learning in crows. four hooded crows were trained with a set of 72 unique combinations of stimuli in two-alternative simultaneous matching tasks with stimuli of three different categories: achromatic color (white, light-grey, dark-grey, and black), shape (arabic numerals from 1 to 4 used ... | 2006 | 12889205 |
| prototype symbolization in hooded crows. | studies were undertaken to determine whether four crows previously trained to an image-based abstract selection rule could establish a relationship between the number of elements in a group and initially indifferent symbols (arabic numerals) and operate with these symbols, i.e., studies addressed the ability of these birds to symbolize. unlike other similar studies, there was no use of special development of associative connections between the symbols and the corresponding arrays of elements, bu ... | 2003 | 12774834 |
| [prototype symbolization in hooded crows]. | the ability in prototype symbolization was studied in four crows trained in matching concept. the experimental approach was characterized by the absence of direct training providing an association between the pictured arrays and arabic numerals. experimental sessions were divided into demonstrative and test phases. in the demonstrative phases, the sample and the reinforced stimulus belonged to the same category: if the sample was a pictured array, the reinforced stimulus was also the pictured ar ... | 2006 | 12013662 |
| use of number by crows: investigation by matching and oddity learning. | hooded crows were trained in two-alternative simultaneous matching and oddity tasks with stimulus sets of three different categories: color (black and white), shape (arabic numerals 1 and 2, which were used as visual shapes only), and number of elements (arrays of one and two items). these three sets were used for training successively and repeatedly; the stimulus set was changed to the next one after the criterion (80% correct or better over 30 consecutive trials) was reached with the previous ... | 2000 | 10784007 |
| transitive inference in hooded crows: preliminary data. | | 2016 | 10781324 |
| [numerousness judgement in hooded crows: generalization by the "more than" concept]. | four carrion crows were trained to choose the greater array from pairs of numerousness discriminanda in the range of 1-12. in the process of training all irrelevant attributes of the arrays (geometric form, size and color of elements, patterns of distribution) were varied. several control procedures were employed to make extraneous cues unlikely. in particular, in order to preclude the use of cumulative area or other magnitude cues the ratio of cumulative area of elements to their number was var ... | 2006 | 7645324 |
| molecular characterization of the re-emerging west nile virus in avian species and equids in israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease. | in this report we describe the molecular and pathological characteristics of west nile virus (wnv) infection that occurred during the summer and fall of 2018 in avian species and equines. wnv is reported in israel since the 1950s, with occasional outbreaks leading to significant morbidity and mortality in birds, high infection in horses and humans, and sporadic fatalities in humans. | 2020 | 33092614 |
| sindbis virus- a wild bird associated zoonotic arbovirus circulates in germany. | sindbis virus (sinv) is an arbovirus causing clinical symptoms such as arthritis, rash and fever following human infections in fennoscandia. its transmission cycle involves mosquito species as vectors as well as wild birds that act as natural reservoir hosts. in germany, sinv was first time observed in 2009 in different mosquito species in the upper rhine valley and one year later in a hooded crow in berlin. recently, sinv was also detected repeatedly at various locations in germany in the conte ... | 2019 | 31767092 |
| first molecular identification and subtype distribution of blastocystis sp. isolated from hooded crows (corvus cornix) and pigeons (columba livia) in tehran province, iran. | blastocystis is a common intestinal parasite among humans and animals such as non-human primates, pigs, cattle, birds, amphibians, and less frequently, rats, reptiles and insects. since blastocystis is a widely transmissible parasite between humans and mammals or birds, it is prominent to determine whether newly secluded non-human isolates are zoonotic. there are no comprehensive studies in iran assessing the prevalence and molecular identification of blastocystis infection in birds, especially ... | 2019 | 30711042 |
| neospora caninum infection in iran (2004-2020): a review. | knowledge on neosporosis and associated risk factors in different species of animals are so important for designing the control programs and reduce the economic losses globally. this literature review targeted for evaluating the infection rate of neospora caninum in animals in iran. until april 2020, all of published documents in the main english and persian-language databases were searched. a total number of 110 documents (english = 85 and persian = 25) were extracted. most of reports were sero ... | 2020 | 32929312 |
| parasitological and molecular survey of scattered parasitism by trichomonads in some avian species in iran. | outbreaks of avian trichomonosis are being reported worldwide; meanwhile, the genetic and virulence variations are under investigation. in this study, the occurrence and genetic variability of oral or faecal trichomonads among various avian species were investigated. samples obtained from either the oropharyngeal cavity, crop/oesophagus, droppings/cloaca, or conjunctival swabs of avian species were inspected for flagellates. phylogenetic analysis of partial its1-5.8s rrna-its2 sequences from sel ... | 2020 | 31486682 |
| characterization of chicken tumor necrosis factor-α, a long missed cytokine in birds. | tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine playing critical roles in host defense and acute and chronic inflammation. it has been described in fish, amphibians, and mammals but was considered to be absent in the avian genomes. here, we report on the identification and functional characterization of the avian ortholog. the chicken tnf-α (chtnf-α) is encoded by a highly gc-rich gene, whose product shares with its mammalian counterpart 45% homology in the extracellular part displayin ... | 2018 | 29719531 |
| monitoring of heavy metal burden in wild birds at eastern/north-eastern part of hungary. | concentrations of different heavy metals (as, cd, cr, cu, hg, pb, zn) were examined in the contour feathers of long-eared owl (asio otus), little owl (athene noctua), tawny owl (strix aluco), barn owl (tyto alba), eurasian sparrowhawk (accipiter nisus), rook (corvus frugilegus), hooded crow (corvus cornix), carrion crow (corvus corone), common buzzard (buteo buteo) and barn swallow (hirundo rustica). the samples were collected from the hortobágyi madárpark (bird hospital foundation) in hungary. ... | 2018 | 29249025 |
| extra-pair paternity as a strategy to reduce the costs of heterospecific reproduction? insights from the crow hybrid zone. | within hybrid zones of socially monogamous species, the number of mating opportunities with a conspecific can be limited. as a consequence, individuals may mate with a heterospecific (social) partner despite possible fitness costs to their hybrid offspring. extra-pair copulations with a conspecific may thus arise as a possible post hoc strategy to reduce the costs of hybridization. we here assessed the rate of extra-pair paternity in the hybrid zone between all-black carrion crows (corvus (coron ... | 2020 | 32069366 |
| crows (corvus corone ssp.) check contingency in a mirror yet fail the mirror-mark test. | mirror reflections can elicit various behavioral responses ranging from social behavior, which suggests that an animal treats its own reflection as a conspecific, to mirror-guided self-directed behaviors, which appears to be an indication for mirror self-recognition (msr). msr is scarcely spread in the animal kingdom. until recently, only great apes, dolphins, and elephants had successfully passed this test. the range of convergence was, however, expanded by an avian species, the eurasian magpie ... | 2020 | 31589059 |
| waste disposal sites as all-you-can eat buffets for carrion crows (corvus corone). | in cities and densely populated areas, several corvid species are considered nuisance animals. in austria, particularly carrion (corvus corone) and hooded crows (c. cornix) are regarded as pests by the general public that frequently cause damage to crops, feed on human waste, and thus spread trash. we conducted a detailed one-year field survey to estimate the abundance of carrion crows in relation to potential anthropogenic food sources and reference sites in the austrian rhine valley. our resul ... | 2019 | 31060242 |
| epistatic mutations under divergent selection govern phenotypic variation in the crow hybrid zone. | the evolution of genetic barriers opposing interspecific gene flow is key to the origin of new species. drawing from information on over 400 admixed genomes sourced from replicate transects across the european hybrid zone between all-black carrion crows and grey-coated hooded crows, we decipher the interplay between phenotypic divergence and selection at the molecular level. over 68% of plumage variation was explained by epistasis between the gene ndp and a ~2.8-megabase region on chromosome 18 ... | 2019 | 30911146 |
| counting crows: population structure and group size variation in an urban population of crows. | social complexity arises from the formation of social relationships like social bonds and dominance hierarchies. in turn, these aspects may be affected by the degree of fission-fusion dynamics, i.e., changes in group size and composition over time. whilst fission-fusion dynamics has been studied in mammals, birds have received comparably little attention, despite some species having equally complex social lives. here, we investigated the influence of environmental factors on aspects of fission-f ... | 2020 | 30846892 |
| epidemiologic survey on toxoplasma gondii and trichinella pseudospiralis infection in corvids from central italy. | free-ranging corvids-678 magpies (pica pica) and 120 hooded crows (corvus cornix) from nine protected areas of the pisa province (central italy)-were examined for toxoplasma gondii and trichinella pseudospiralis. the intracardiac blood clots from 651 magpies and 120 hooded crows were serologically examined for t. gondii. the dna extracted from the hearts of seropositive birds was then used to perform a nested pcr for the amplification of the t. gondii b1 gene and for genotyping for sag genetic m ... | 2020 | 32365814 |
| gross morphological, histological and scanning electron specifications of the oropharyngeal cavity of the hooded crow (corvus cornix pallescens). | the present study was carried out on the oropharyngeal cavity of the hooded crow to investigate the gross and microscopic structures via gross anatomy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (sem). the gross anatomy clarified the elongated triangular shape of the oropharyngeal cavity with a non-protruding tongue with a bifid apex. the lingual body contained median groove rostrally and separated caudally from the root by a transverse papillary crest. the laryngeal mound located posteri ... | 2020 | 32794280 |
| gross morphological features of the air sacs of the hooded crow (corvus cornix). | air sacs are considered to be one of the controlling factors of bird behaviour and habits in addition to their roles in ventilation, regulating body temperature, swimming and flight. as a scavenger and an omnivorous flight bird, air sacs of the hooded crow were the focus of this study. eight healthy, adult hooded crows were used to examine the morphological characteristics of the air sacs, which were examined grossly and with latex and cast preparations. in general, the morphological overview of ... | 2020 | 31617250 |
| full genome characterization of iranian h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from hooded crow (corvus cornix), 2017: the first report. | during 2014-2017 clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have spread worldwide. in 2016, an epidemic of hpaiv h5n8 in iran caused mass deaths among wild birds, and several commercial poultry farms and captive bird holdings were affected and continue to experience problems. several outbreaks were reported in 2017. one of them is related to hooded crow (corvus cornix) in a national park in esfahan province in 2017. whole genome sequencing and characterization have bee ... | 2019 | 31174704 |
| in situ quantification of individual mrna transcripts in melanocytes discloses gene regulation of relevance to speciation. | functional validation of candidate genes involved in adaptation and speciation remains challenging. here, we exemplify the utility of a method quantifying individual mrna transcripts in revealing the molecular basis of divergence in feather pigment synthesis during early-stage speciation in crows. using a padlock probe assay combined with rolling circle amplification, we quantified cell-type-specific gene expression in the histological context of growing feather follicles. expression of tyrosina ... | 2019 | 30718374 |
| molecular assessment of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in hooded crows (corvus cornix) in tehran, iran. | neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are two closely related protozoan parasites that have been detected from various species of bird hosts. however, little is known about the prevalence of n. caninum and t. gondii in crows. hence, we examined the molecular frequency of n. caninum and t. gondii in the brain samples of hooded crows (corvus cornix) that collected from different public parks of tehran, iran by nested-pcr method. we used the primers targeting the nc5 and gra6 genes for detection o ... | 2018 | 30017081 |