| initial characteristics of koi herpesvirus and development of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the virus in koi, cyprinus carpio koi. | since 1998, episodes of mass mortality have occurred in populations of common carp cyprinus carpio carpio in israel and in populations of koi cyprinus carpio koi in israel and the usa. a herpesvirus isolated from infected fish has been shown in experimental studies to induce disease and mortality similar to those observed in outbreaks at infected farms. initial characteristics of the virus show that it is clearly different from herpesvirus cyprini (chv), the most commonly known herpesvirus from ... | 2002 | 12005231 |
| molecular comparison of isolates of an emerging fish pathogen, koi herpesvirus, and the effect of water temperature on mortality of experimentally infected koi. | koi herpesvirus (khv) has been associated with devastating losses of common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi (cyprinus carpio koi) in north america, europe, israel and asia. a comparison of virion polypeptides and genomic restriction fragments of seven geographically diverse isolates of khv indicated that with one exception they represented a homogeneous group. a principal environmental factor influencing the onset and severity of disease is water temperature. optimal growth of khv in a koi ... | 2003 | 13679599 |
| efficient vaccine against the virus causing a lethal disease in cultured cyprinus carpio. | we have isolated a virus, which causes a mortal disease in cultured ornamental koi and common carps (cyprinus carpio) in many countries worldwide. this unclassified virus, which causes nephritis and gill necrosis, and so has been given the name carp nephritis and gill necrosis virus (cngv), has a morphology resembling the herpes virus, but bears a genomic dna of ca 250-300 kbp. so far, both others and we have been unable to find cngv-dna sequences possessing a significant similarity to known dna ... | 2003 | 14585675 |
| koi herpesvirus in wild fish. | | 2003 | 14601802 |
| pathogenesis of acute viral disease induced in fish by carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus. | a lethal disease of koi and common carp (species cyprinus carpio) has afflicted many fish farms worldwide since 1998, causing severe financial losses. morbidity and mortality are restricted to common carp and koi and appear in spring and autumn, when water temperatures are 18 to 28 degrees c. we have isolated the virus causing the disease from sick fish, propagated it in koi fin cell culture, and shown that virus from a single clone causes lethal disease in carp and koi upon infection. intraperi ... | 2004 | 15308746 |
| detection of koi herpesvirus in common carp, cyprinus carpio l., by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a novel method that amplifies dna with high specificity and rapidity under isothermal conditions. in this study, using the lamp method, a protocol for koi herpes virus (khv) detection in common carp was designed. a set of four primers, two inner and two outer, were designed based on the sequence of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of khv. time and temperature conditions for detection of khv were optimized for 60 min at 65 degrees c. the detection li ... | 2004 | 15482423 |
| concentrations of a koi herpesvirus (khv) in tissues of experimentally infected cyprinus carpio koi as assessed by real-time taqman pcr. | the koi herpesvirus (khv) is a herpes-like virus now recognized as a worldwide cause of mortality among populations of koi cyprinus carpio koi and common carp cyprinus carpio carpio. temperature is a key factor influencing virus replication both in cell culture and in the tissues of experimentally infected fish. genomic dna sequences were used to optimize a rapid real-time taqman pcr assay to detect and quantify khv dna as found in the tissues of virus-exposed fish. the assay allowed analytical ... | 2004 | 15521316 |
| description of an as yet unclassified dna virus from diseased cyprinus carpio species. | numerous deaths of koi and common carp (cyprinus carpio) were observed on many farms throughout israel, resulting in severe financial losses. the lethal viral disease observed is highly contagious and extremely virulent, but morbidity and mortality are restricted to koi and common carp populations. diseased fish exhibit fatigue and gasping movements in shallow water. infected fish had interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis as well as petechial hemorrhages in the liver and other symptoms that w ... | 2005 | 15681400 |
| cloning of the koi herpesvirus (khv) gene encoding thymidine kinase and its use for a highly sensitive pcr based diagnosis. | outbreaks with mass mortality among common carp cyprinus carpio carpio and koi cyprinus carpio koi have occurred worldwide since 1998. the herpes-like virus isolated from diseased fish is different from herpesvirus cyprini and channel catfish virus and was accordingly designated koi herpesvirus (khv). diagnosis of khv infection based on viral isolation and current pcr assays has a limited sensitivity and therefore new tools for the diagnosis of khv infections are necessary. | 2005 | 15774009 |
| koi herpesvirus represents a third cyprinid herpesvirus (cyhv-3) in the family herpesviridae. | the sequences of four complete genes were analysed in order to determine the relatedness of koi herpesvirus (khv) to three fish viruses in the family herpesviridae: carp pox herpesvirus (cyprinid herpesvirus 1, cyhv-1), haematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus of goldfish (cyprinid herpesvirus 2, cyhv-2) and channel catfish virus (ictalurid herpesvirus 1, ichv-1). the genes were predicted to encode a helicase, an intercapsomeric triplex protein, the dna polymerase and the major capsid protein. the re ... | 2005 | 15914843 |
| detection and sequence analysis of dna polymerase and major envelope protein genes in koi herpesviruses derived from cyprinus carpio in gunma prefecture, japan. | koi herpesvirus (khv), which is believed to be an emerging virus, causes fatal diseases in carps. since the 1990s, the presence of khv has been confirmed in several countries. in japan, from 2003 to 2004, large outbreaks of khv infection in farmed carps resulted in the death of numerous fishes. from april to may 2004, we collected 43 dead or dying carps exhibiting typical symptoms of khv infection in gunma prefecture. to conduct a molecular epidemiologic study of khv in our prefecture, we amplif ... | 2005 | 16125879 |
| an inexpensive and rapid diagnostic method of koi herpesvirus (khv) infection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | koi herpesvirus (khv) affects both juvenile and adult common carp and koi, and is especially lethal to fry. the high mortalities caused by the disease have had a negative impact on the international koi trade. different diagnostic techniques have been used to detect khv, including: isolation of the virus in cell culture, electron microscopy, several pcr tests, elisa and in situ hybridisation. all of these methods are time consuming, laborious and require specialised equipment. | 2005 | 16216123 |
| detection of carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus in fish droppings. | carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus (cngv) is an unclassified large dna virus that morphologically resembles members of the herpesviridae but contains a large (ca. approximately 280-kbp) linear double-stranded dna. this virus has also been named koi herpesvirus, koi herpes-like virus, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3. cngv is the cause of a lethal disease that afflicts common carp and koi. by using immunohistochemistry, molecular analysis, and electron microscopy we previously demonstr ... | 2005 | 16269770 |
| [koi herpesvirus disease]. | koi herpesvirus (khv) disease emerged at the late 1990s, and has rapidly spread to the world. in japan, khv disease first occurred at october 2003. the disease resulted in mass mortality of wild carp as well as cultured carp. until now, khv-infected carp were found in 42 out of 47 prefectures in japan. only carp cyprinus carpio is susceptible to khv, while goldfish, closely-related species to carp, is not. the affected carp swim lethargically. sunken eyes and gill necrosis are frequently noticed ... | 2005 | 16308541 |
| reactivation of koi herpesvirus infections in common carp cyprinus carpio. | two co-habitation studies with common carp were conducted to determine whether latent infections of koi herpesvirus (khv) exist. fish were exposed to khv using 2 different temperature profiles, which induced low and high initial mortality. subsequently, certain groups of fish were co-habited with naive fish while others were not. koi herpesvirus was reactivated in fish from 3 of the 5 experimental tanks. reactivation of the virus occurred regardless of the initial mortality associated with the v ... | 2005 | 16385803 |
| detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative pcr diagnostic method. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is a pathogen of goldfish carassius auratus auratus l. that causes herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) disease. the disease is associated with necrosis of hematopoietic tissues and anemia with high mortality. we have developed a real time 5'-nuclease pcr method (taqman) that quantitatively detects cyhv-2 with a linear response over 8 logs of target concentration. the coefficient of variability on replicate samples tested on different days was 13% and the cal ... | 2006 | 16724557 |
| cyprinid herpes virus-3 (cyhv-3) bears genes of genetically distant large dna viruses. | a large dna virus, designated koi herpes virus (khv), carp interstitial nephritis gill necrosis virus (cngv) and cyprinid herpes virus-3 (cyhv-3), causes massive mortality of carp. morphologically, the virus resembles herpes viruses, but it contains a genome of ca 295 kbp, larger than that of any herpesviridae member. interestingly, three cyhv-3 genes, thymidylate monophosphate kinase (tmpk), ribonucleotide reductase and thymidine kinase, which are involved in deoxynucleotide tri-phosphate synth ... | 2006 | 16860321 |
| an unusual koi herpesvirus associated with a mortality event of common carp cyprinus carpio in new york state, usa. | koi herpesvirus (khv), a highly contagious and lethal virus that affects both koi (cyprinus carpio koi) and common carp (cyprinus carpio), was isolated in 1998 from two outbreaks of koi suffering mass mortality in new york state, usa, and in israel. the disease had been described as early as 1996 in europe. in july 2004, this virus was found associated with a mass mortality event in wild common carp in the chadakoin river, new york, usa (42 degrees 07' n, 79 degrees w). affected fish typically s ... | 2006 | 17092898 |
| detection of koi herpesvirus dna in river water in japan. | | 2007 | 17241406 |
| persistence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in infected cultured carp cells. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), previously designated carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus or koi herpesvirus, is the cause of a worldwide mortal disease of koi and carp. morphologically, the virus resembles herpesviruses, yet it bears a genome of 277 to 295 kbp, which is divergent from most of the genomic sequences available in genbank. the disease afflicts fish in the transient seasons, when the water temperature is 18 to 28 degrees c, conditions which permit virus propagation ... | 2007 | 17301126 |
| genome sequences of three koi herpesvirus isolates representing the expanding distribution of an emerging disease threatening koi and common carp worldwide. | since the mid-1990s, lethal infections of koi herpesvirus (khv) have been spreading, threatening the worldwide production of common carp and koi (both cyprinus carpio). the complete genome sequences of three khv strains from japan, the united states, and israel revealed a 295-kbp genome containing a 22-kbp terminal direct repeat. the finding that 15 khv genes have clear homologs in the distantly related channel catfish virus (ictalurid herpesvirus 1) confirms the proposed place of khv in the fam ... | 2007 | 17329333 |
| susceptibility of cyprinid cultured cells to cyprinid herpesvirus 3. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is a highly contagious and lethal virus that affects ornamental koi and common carp worldwide. however, it is not yet known whether other cyprinids are infected and/or harbor the virus. here, we report that cultured cells derived from common carp, koi, silver carp and goldfish allow cyhv-3 propagation, while cyprinid cells derived from fathead minnow and non-cyprinid cells derived from the channel catfish ovary are resistant to cyhv-3 infection. interestingly, the epitheli ... | 2007 | 17497237 |
| morphogenesis of koi herpesvirus observed by electron microscopy. | koi herpesvirus (khv or cyprinid herpesvirus 3) was inoculated onto three fish cell lines derived from carp, cyprinus carpio l., and the process of virion formation observed with electron microscopy. essentially, similar features of virus particles were observed in all three cell lines. the nucleus of infected cells was characterized by margination of chromatin and often contained many capsids of about 110 nm in diameter with varying morphology. the morphological variation of the capsids was ver ... | 2007 | 18034678 |
| detection of koi herpes virus (cyhv-3) in goldfish, carassius auratus (l.), exposed to infected koi. | | 2008 | 18086036 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) dna in infected fish tissues by nested polymerase chain reaction. | diagnostic tests with high analytical sensitivity are required to detect cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) in carriers that have been implicated in the dissemination of this important disease of koi and common carp cyprinus carpio. a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test was developed to detect cyhv-3 dna in tissues of infected fish. the 2-round pcr amplified 529 and 379 bp segments of the cyhv-3 gene coding for the major capsid protein using specific external and internal primers, respectiv ... | 2007 | 18159669 |
| managing the koi herpesvirus disease outbreak in indonesia and the lessons learned. | in 2002, the suspected koi herpesvirus (khv) outbreak in indonesia was investigated by an international emergency disease control task force organized by naca immediately following a request for assistance by the government of indonesia. the task force gained immediate support from aciar, aahri, fao, centex-thailand, intervet, stirling university, and the university of california. the task force findings revealed the involvement of an infectious agent, an analogy with khv outbreaks, its introduc ... | 2007 | 18306515 |
| cloning of the koi herpesvirus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome demonstrates that disruption of the thymidine kinase locus induces partial attenuation in cyprinus carpio koi. | koi herpesvirus (khv) is the causative agent of a lethal disease in koi and common carp. in the present study, we describe the cloning of the khv genome as a stable and infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone that can be used to produce khv recombinant strains. this goal was achieved by the insertion of a loxp-flanked bac cassette into the thymidine kinase (tk) locus. this insertion led to a bac plasmid that was stably maintained in bacteria and was able to regenerate virions when ... | 2008 | 18337580 |
| identification of envelope protein porf81 of koi herpesvirus. | koi herpesvirus (khv), an emerging pathogen causing mass mortality in koi and common carp, possesses the largest known herpesvirus genome of 295 kbp predicted to encode 156 different proteins. however, none of them has been identified or functionally characterized up to now. in this study, a rabbit antiserum was prepared against a bacterial fusion protein that permitted detection of the predicted type iii membrane protein encoded by orf81 of khv. in western blot analyses, the abundant orf81 gene ... | 2008 | 18343829 |
| antibody response and resistance of cyprinus carpio immunized with cyprinid herpes virus 3 (cyhv-3). | cyhv-3 (cyprinid herpesvirus-3) is a large dna virus that causes a fatal disease in koi and common carp. infection with wild type or attenuated virus induces an immune response that renders the fish resistant to further virus challenges. the kinetics and affinity of the antibody response in immune fish depend on the temperature of the water. virus-inoculated fish produce anti-cyhv-3 antibodies, which gradually decrease during 280 days post infection to a level slightly above that of naïve fish. ... | 2008 | 18534721 |
| koi herpesvirus outbreaks. | | 2008 | 18705076 |
| histopathological and ultrastructural features of koi herpesvirus (khv)-infected carp cyprinus carpio, and the morphology and morphogenesis of khv. | epizootics of koi herpesvirus (khv) cause mass mortalities in koi carp and common carp worldwide. we used a newly developed 'per-gill infection' procedure with live khv, and then conducted detailed histopathological and ultrastructural studies of khv-infected cells including an examination of the morphology and morphogenesis of khv. the primary target of khv was respiratory epithelial cells of the gill lamellae, and release of virions from infected epithelial cells resulted in a systemic infecti ... | 2008 | 18714678 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 dna in river water during and after an outbreak. | the disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) brings catastrophic damages to cultivated carp and koi and to natural carp populations; however, the dynamics of the virus in environmental waters are unclear. in july 2007, cyhv-3 dna was detected in a dead common carp collected from the yura river in kyoto prefecture, japan, and this was followed by mass mortality. we collected water samples at eight sites along the yura river for 3 months immediately after confirmation of the disease outbr ... | 2009 | 19013729 |
| the order herpesvirales. | the taxonomy of herpesviruses has been updated by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv). the former family herpesviridae has been split into three families, which have been incorporated into the new order herpesvirales. the revised family herpesviridae retains the mammal, bird and reptile viruses, the new family alloherpesviridae incorporates the fish and frog viruses, and the new family malacoherpesviridae contains a bivalve virus. three new genera have been created in the f ... | 2009 | 19066710 |
| the major portal of entry of koi herpesvirus in cyprinus carpio is the skin. | koi herpesvirus (khv), recently designated cyprinid herpesvirus 3, is the causative agent of a lethal disease in koi and common carp. in the present study, we investigated the portal of entry of khv in carp by using bioluminescence imaging. taking advantage of the recent cloning of the khv genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac), we produced a recombinant plasmid encoding a firefly luciferase (luc) expression cassette inserted in the intergenic region between open reading frame (orf) 1 ... | 2009 | 19153228 |
| development of virus concentration methods for detection of koi herpesvirus in water. | | 2009 | 19226420 |
| antibody response of two populations of common carp, cyprinus carpio l., exposed to koi herpesvirus. | common carp, cyprinus carpio l., exposed to koi herpesvirus (khv) may become persistently infected and populations containing such virus-infected individuals may transmit the virus to other fish when co-habited. detection of virus-infected fish in a population is thus critical to surveillance and control programmes for khv. a study was therefore designed to detect anti-khv serum antibodies, with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in common carp following experimental exposures to khv under va ... | 2009 | 19236553 |
| resistance of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 is influenced by major histocompatibility (mh) class ii b gene polymorphism. | the role of mh class ii b (cyca-dab1-like) genes in resistance of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv) was analysed. the material consisted of 934 fish from six carp crosses. fish were challenged with cyhv-3 at an age of 7 and 10 months. during challenge experiments the peak of mortality caused by cyhv-3 was observed at days 8-12 p.i. and the overall cumulative mortality reached 79.9%. among six cyca-dab1-like genotypes, reveale ... | 2009 | 19328856 |
| development of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in goldfish. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) has been associated with epidemic mortality among cultured populations of goldfish carassius auratus. as the principal target tissues are hematopoietic cells in the kidney and spleen, the disease is designated herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (hvhn). originally described from japan, the virus is present in at least five other countries and probably has a global distribution in goldfish. preventing the further spread of the virus via control programs that exploit ... | 2009 | 19485127 |
| distribution of the introduced cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in a wild population of common carp, cyprinus carpio l. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), which causes a lethal disease in common carp, cyprinus carpio l., and koi, c. carpio koi, first occurred in lake biwa, japan in 2004. to elucidate distribution of cyhv-3 in a wild common carp population, we conducted a pcr survey of cyhv-3 among such fish in lake biwa in 2006. only 6% (1/18) of the common carp smaller than 300 mm were positive with pcr, whereas 31% (18/58) of fish larger than 300 mm were positive. to evaluate their past exposure to cyhv-3 infecti ... | 2009 | 19500210 |
| rapid, sensitive and simple detection method for koi herpesvirus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | new methods were developed for the detection of koi herpesvirus (khv, cyhv-3) by lamp, which were compared with the pcr for specificity and sensitivity. we designed two primer sets targeting a specific sequence within the 9/5 pcr amplicon (9/5 lamp) and the upper region of the sphi-5 pcr amplicon (sphi-5 lamp), including a sequence highly conserved among the strains. the amplification was monitored in real-time based on the increase in turbidity, with magnesium pyrophosphate as the by-product. t ... | 2009 | 19563396 |
| comparison of the resistance of selected families of common carp, cyprinus carpio l., to koi herpesvirus: preliminary study. | | 2009 | 19602097 |
| immunocapture and direct binding loop mediated isothermal amplification simplify molecular diagnosis of cyprinid herpesvirus-3. | loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay is used for rapid diagnosis of cyprinid herpesvirus-3, formerly designated koi herpesvirus (khv), with comparable sensitivity to pcr. to reduce the time required for the lamp assay, an immunocapture (ic) and direct binding (db) techniques were developed to exclude the dna extraction step in molecular diagnostic procedures of the virus. both techniques were evaluated by using pcr and cyhv-3-lamp assays. the db-lamp/pcr assays were more sensitive ... | 2009 | 19651160 |
| seasonal distribution of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in lake biwa, japan. | the seasonal distribution of the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) in lake biwa, japan, was investigated. cyhv-3 was distributed all over the lake 5 years after the first outbreak. the mean concentration of cyhv-3 in water showed annual oscillation, with a peak in the summer and a trough in winter. our results suggested that cyhv-3 is present at high density in reductive environments, such as reed zones and turbid or eutrophic water. | 2009 | 19734343 |
| detection of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (rgnnv) causes high mortality in marine fish larvae cultured in china. to control better an outbreak of this virus, a rapid, specific and sensitive detection method based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) was developed. a set of four primers, two outer and two inner, was designed from rgnnv genome rna. the lamp reaction mix was optimized. the method was specific as no cross-reaction was observed between white spot syndrome virus, koi herp ... | 2010 | 19755132 |
| loop mediated isothermal amplification combined with nucleic acid lateral flow strip for diagnosis of cyprinid herpes virus-3. | an improved loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of cyprinid herpes virus-3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpes virus (khv), was developed. the lower detection limit of the cyhv-3-lamp assay is 10 fg dna which equivalent to 30 copies of cyhv-3 genome. nucleic acid lateral flow assay was used for visual detection of the lamp products. the lamp- nucleic acid lateral flow assay relies on dna hybridization technology and antigen-antibody reac ... | 2010 | 19781627 |
| investigation on the diagnostic sensitivity of molecular tools used for detection of koi herpesvirus. | previous and new pcrs for khv detection were compared by estimation of their sensitivity in recognizing khv dna in plasmids, cell culture extracted khv dna and total dna obtained from field tissue samples. a modified real-time pcr (gilad et al., 2004), combined with an internal control system (ic2, hoffmann et al., 2006) in a duplex assay, was used as a "gold standard". the lowest reliably determined virus concentration between, 5 and 10 khv dna genomic equivalents, was found by real-time pcr (g ... | 2010 | 19819263 |
| the genome of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 encodes 40 proteins incorporated in mature virions. | koi herpesvirus, also known as cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), is the aetiological agent of an emerging and mortal disease in common and koi carp. cyhv-3 virions present the characteristic morphology of other members of the order herpesvirales, being composed of an envelope, a capsid containing the genome and a tegument. this study identified cyhv-3 structural proteins and the corresponding encoding genes using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches. in additi ... | 2010 | 19846671 |
| koi herpesvirus: distribution and prospects for control in england and wales. | koi herpesvirus (khv) causes a highly virulent disease affecting carp, cyprinus carpio l., and poses a serious socio-economic threat to the uk carp industry. this study aimed to determine the geographic distribution and prevalence of khv exposed fish in england and wales through elisa antibody testing. only three of the 82 farms sampled produced positive results, suggesting fish farms provide a relatively safe source of fish. of the 71 'high-risk' fisheries tested, 26 were positive. all eight ge ... | 2010 | 19878413 |
| quantification of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in environmental water by using an external standard virus. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), a lethal dna virus that spreads in natural lakes and rivers, infects common carp and koi. we established a quantification method for cyhv-3 that includes a viral concentration method and quantitative pcr combined with an external standard virus. viral concentration methods were compared using the cation-coated filter and ultrafiltration methods. the recovery of virus-like particles was similar for the two methods (cation-coated filter method, 44%+/-19%, n=3; ultr ... | 2010 | 19915032 |
| complete genome sequence and taxonomic position of anguillid herpesvirus 1. | eel herpesvirus or anguillid herpesvirus 1 (anghv1) frequently causes disease in freshwater eels. the complete genome sequence of anghv1 and its taxonomic position within the family alloherpesviridae were determined. shotgun sequencing revealed a 249 kbp genome including an 11 kbp terminal direct repeat that contains 7 of the 136 predicted protein-coding open reading frames. twelve of these genes are conserved among other members of the family alloherpesviridae and another 28 genes have clear ho ... | 2010 | 20016040 |
| susceptibility of koi x crucian carp and koi x goldfish hybrids to koi herpesvirus (khv) and the development of khv disease (khvd). | hybrids of koi, cyprinus carpio x crucian carp, carassius carassius and koi x goldfish, carassius auratus, proved to be susceptible to koi herpesvirus (khv, syn. cyhv-3) and developed khv disease (khvd). while hybrids of koi x goldfish were partly resistant to mortality following infection by immersion, most koi x crucian carp hybrids died after bath infection. khv dna was detected in dead fish but also in all surviving animals by different polymerase chain reactions (pcrs). according to these r ... | 2010 | 20102462 |
| characterization of austrian koi herpesvirus samples based on the orf40 region. | using a pcr that amplifies a region of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene, an epidemic spread of koi herpesvirus (khv) was determined in koi carps in austria in 2007. a total of 15 virus samples from different locations in austria were analyzed to determine their genetic relatedness following pcr and nucleic acid sequencing of the open reading frame 40 (orf40) region of the khv genome. orf40-specific pcr amplification products that were obtained from tissue samples shared 100% nucleotide sequence id ... | 2010 | 20377015 |
| snp discovery and development of genetic markers for mapping innate immune response genes in common carp (cyprinus carpio). | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in immune response genes have been reported as markers for susceptibility to infectious diseases in human and livestock. a disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is highly contagious and virulent in common carp (cyprinus carpio). with the aim to develop molecular tools for breeding cyhv-3-resistant carp, we have amplified and sequenced 11 candidate genes for viral disease resistance including tlr2, tlr3, tlr4ba, tlr7, tlr9, tlr21, tlr22, myd88, t ... | 2010 | 20420915 |
| assessing the impact of climate change on disease emergence in freshwater fish in the united kingdom. | a risk framework has been developed to examine the influence of climate change on disease emergence in the united kingdom. the fish immune response and the replication of pathogens are often correlated with water temperature, which manifest as temperature ranges for infection and clinical diseases. these data are reviewed for the major endemic and exotic disease threats to freshwater fish. increasing water temperatures will shift the balance in favour of either the host or pathogen, changing the ... | 2010 | 20561287 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 dna in lake plankton. | the disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) severely impacts the natural freshwater ecosystem and damages carp and koi farming, however, the pathway of cyhv-3 transmission remains unclear. it is possible that the virus adheres to plankton, which then facilitate viral movement and transmission, and therefore, it is hypothesised that plankton are involved in the disease dynamics. in this study, plankton were collected at eight sites in the iba-naiko lagoon; we detected and quantified cyh ... | 2011 | 20692005 |
| transmission of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) from goldfish to naïve common carp by cohabitation. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) has spread worldwide and has had a major impact on koi and common carp production. previous studies on the host range of the cyhv-3 found that fish species other than koi and common carp are fully resistant to natural virus exposure. recently, cyhv-3 was detected in goldfish (carassius auratus auratus) that were in contact with cyhv-3 infected koi. in the present study, a specific rt-pcr product was amplified from the viral thymidine kinase gene in gills, intestin ... | 2011 | 20723951 |
| transmission dynamics of an emerging infectious disease in wildlife through host reproductive cycles. | emerging infectious diseases are major threats to wildlife populations. to enhance our understanding of the dynamics of these diseases, we investigated how host reproductive behavior and seasonal temperature variation drive transmission of infections among wild hosts, using the model system of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) disease in common carp. our main findings were as follows: (1) a seroprevalence survey showed that cyhv-3 infection occurred mostly in adult hosts, (2) a quantitative assay ... | 2011 | 20740025 |
| mass mortality associated with koi herpesvirus in wild common carp in canada. | koi herpesvirus (khv) was identified as being associated with more than one mortality event affecting common carp in canada. the first was an extensive mortality event that occurred in 2007 in the kawartha lakes region, ontario, affecting lakes scugog and pigeon. fish had branchial necrosis and hepatic vasculitis with an equivocal interstitial nephritis. several fish also had branchial columnaris. subsequent mortality events occurred in 2008 in additional bodies of water in south-central ontario ... | 2010 | 20966274 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3. | the recently designated cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is an emerging agent that causes fatal disease in common and koi carp. since its emergence in the late 1990s, this highly contagious pathogen has caused severe financial losses in common and koi carp culture industries worldwide. in addition to its economic role, recent studies suggest that cyhv-3 may have a role in fundamental research. cyhv-3 has the largest genome among viruses in the order herpesvirales and serves as a model for mutagen ... | 2010 | 21122210 |
| generation of monoclonal antibodies specific for orf68 of koi herpesvirus. | outbreaks of koi herpesvirus (khv) infection in carp are still a serious problem worldwide. khv is closely related to other two cyprinid herpesviruses, pox herpesvirus (chv) and haematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus (cyhv-2) in goldfish. in this study, two major khv antigenic proteins (orf62 and orf68) were identified by immunoscreening using a khv-specific polyclonal antibody, and then monoclonal antibodies were generated for immunodiagnostic studies. after screening hybridoma cells, one mab agai ... | 2010 | 21134694 |
| the role of live fish movements in spreading koi herpesvirus throughout england and wales. | | 2010 | 21155075 |
| isolation and characterization of koi herpesvirus (khv) from indonesia: identification of a new genetic lineage. | koi herpesvirus (khv) is the aetiological agent of an emerging disease (khvd) associated with mass mortalities in koi and common carp and reported from at least 30 countries. we report the first isolation of khv from koi and common carp in indonesia and initial characterization of the isolates. clinical signs, histopathology and virion morphology are similar to those of isolates from other countries. phylogenetic analyses using the thymidine kinase gene amplified from each isolate and from carp ... | 2010 | 21158870 |
| generation and characterization of koi herpesvirus recombinants lacking viral enzymes of nucleotide metabolism. | koi herpesvirus (khv) causes a fatal disease in koi and common carp, but no reliable and genetically characterized vaccines are available up to now. therefore, we generated khv recombinants possessing deletions within the viral ribonucleotide reductase (rnr), thymidine kinase (tk), dutpase, or tk and dutpase genes, and their corresponding rescuants. all khv mutants were replication competent in cultured cells. whereas plaque sizes and titers of rnr-negative khv were reduced, replication of the o ... | 2011 | 21387205 |
| investigation of koi herpesvirus latency in koi. | koi herpesvirus (khv) has recently been classified as a member of the family of alloherpesviridae within the order of herpesvirales. one of the unique features of herpesviridae is latent infection following a primary infection. however, khv latency has not been recognized. to determine if latency occurs in clinically normal fish from facilities with a history of khv infection or exposure, the presence of the khv genome was investigated in healthy koi by pcr and southern blotting. khv dna, but no ... | 2011 | 21389134 |
| investigation of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 genetic diversity by a multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3), or koi herpesvirus (khv), is responsible for high mortalities in aquaculture of both common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. the complete genomes of three cyhv-3 isolates showed more than 99% of dna sequence identity, with the majority of differences located in short tandem repeats, also called vntr (variable number of tandem repeats). by targeting these variations, eight loci were selected for genotyping cyhv-3 by multi ... | 2011 | 21392536 |
| skin mucus of cyprinus carpio inhibits cyprinid herpesvirus 3 binding to epidermal cells. | abstract: cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a mortal and highly contagious disease in common and koi carp. the skin is the major portal of entry of cyhv-3 in carp after immersion in water containing the virus. in the present study, we used in vivo bioluminescence imaging to investigate the effect of skin mucus removal and skin epidermis lesion on cyhv-3 entry. physical treatments inducing removal of the mucus up to complete erosion of the epidermis were applied on a de ... | 2011 | 21816061 |
| nationwide cyprinid herpesvirus 3 contamination in natural rivers of japan. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) disease is a significant threat for common and koi carp cultivators and for freshwater ecosystems. to determine the prevalence of cyhv-3 in japanese rivers, a nationwide survey of all national class-a rivers was undertaken in the summer of 2008. the virus was concentrated from river water samples using the cation-coated filter method. cyhv-3 dna was detected in 90 rivers, representing 90% of 103 successfully analysed rivers. more than 100,000 copies of cyhv-3 dna ... | 2011 | 21723573 |
| koi herpesvirus epizootic in cultured carp and koi, cyprinus carpio l., in taiwan. | koi herpesvirus (khv) poses a significant threat to cultured koi and common carp, both cyprinus carpio l. since the first reported case in israel in 1998, khv has rapidly spread worldwide. this study investigates the spread of khv to taiwan by collecting 49 cases of suspected common carp and koi infections from 2003 to 2005 for analysis. clinical signs included lethargy, anorexia, increased respiratory movements and uncoordinated swimming. hyperaemia, haemorrhage on body surface and necrotic gil ... | 2011 | 21675996 |
| characterization of a new cell line from caudal fin of koi, cyprinus carpio koi, and first isolation of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in china. | a new continuous cell line (kcf-1) from caudal fin of koi, cyprinus carpio koi, was developed and sub-cultured more than 100 passages since the present study was initiated in march 2006. kcf-1 predominantly consisted of short fibroblast-like cells and grew well in dulbecco's modified eagle medium (dmem) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (fbs). chromosome analysis revealed that 56% of the kcf-1 cells maintained normal diploid chromosome number (2n=100) at passage 82. using the kcf-1 cell l ... | 2011 | 21839788 |
| herpesviruses that infect fish. | herpesviruses are host specific pathogens that are widespread among vertebrates. genome sequence data demonstrate that most herpesviruses of fish and amphibians are grouped together (family alloherpesviridae) and are distantly related to herpesviruses of reptiles, birds and mammals (family herpesviridae). yet, many of the biological processes of members of the order herpesvirales are similar. among the conserved characteristics are the virion structure, replication process, the ability to establ ... | 2011 | 22163339 |
| reservoirs of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) dna in sediments of natural lakes and ponds. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a lethal dna virus that infects common carp and koi. it has caused outbreak of the disease within both aquaculture and natural environmental ecosystems. however, there is not enough understanding of the distribution of cyhv-3 in the natural environments, partly because there is no suitable quantification method. in this study, we tested cyhv-3 extraction methods from sediment and then compared its abundance between sediment and water using real-time pcr. sedime ... | 2011 | 21983526 |
| rapid detection and identification of viral and bacterial fish pathogens using a dna array-based multiplex assay. | fish diseases can be caused by a variety of diverse organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa, and pose a universal threat to the ornamental fish industry and aquaculture. the lack of rapid, accurate and reliable means by which fish pathogens can be detected and identified has been one of the main limitations in fish pathogen diagnosis and fish disease management and has consequently stimulated the search for alternative diagnostic techniques. here, we describe a method based on ... | 2011 | 21988358 |
| identification and localization of the structural proteins of anguillid herpesvirus 1. | abstract: many of the known fish herpesviruses have important aquaculture species as their natural host, and may cause serious disease and mortality. anguillid herpesvirus 1 (anghv-1) causes a hemorrhagic disease in european eel, anguilla anguilla. despite their importance, fundamental molecular knowledge on fish herpesviruses is still limited. in this study we describe the identification and localization of the structural proteins of anghv-1. purified virions were fractionated into a capsid-teg ... | 2011 | 21975111 |
| The alloherpesviral counterparts of interleukin 10 in European eel and common carp. | Viral interleukin 10 (IL-10) like open reading frames have been identified in several pox- and herpesviruses, including the fish herpesviruses Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). European eel (Anguilla anguilla) IL-10 was sequenced, in order to compare European eel and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) IL-10 with their alloherpesviral counterparts. Homology between the virus and host IL-10 amino acid sequences is low, which is confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Ho ... | 2011 | 21907290 |
| gene expression analysis of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) lines during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection yields insights into differential immune responses. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv), is the etiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease in common and koi carp. this study aimed to determine the genetic basis underlying the common carp immune response to the cyhv-3 virus. two common carp lines (r3 and k) were infected with cyhv-3 by immersion. the r3 line presented a 20% higher survival rate compared to the k line and significantly lower viral loads as measured at day 3 post infection (p.i.). microarray ... | 2011 | 22212509 |
| the il-10 homologue encoded by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is essential neither for viral replication in vitro nor for virulence in vivo. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), a member of the family alloherpesviridae, is the causative agent of a lethal disease in common and koi carp. cyhv-3 orf134 encodes an interleukin-10 (il-10) homologue. the present study was devoted to this orf. transcriptomic analyses revealed that orf134 is expressed as a spliced gene belonging to the early-late class. proteomic analyses of cyhv-3 infected cell supernatant demonstrated that the orf134 expression product is one of the most abundant proteins of th ... | 2013 | 23865540 |
| companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals. | companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ... | 2016 | 27522300 |
| identification and characterization of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) encoded micrornas. | micrornas (mirnas) are a class of small non-coding rnas involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. some viruses encode their own mirnas and these are increasingly being recognized as important modulators of viral and host gene expression. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a highly pathogenic agent that causes acute mass mortalities in carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. here, bioinformatic analyses of the cyhv-3 genome suggested the presence of non-cons ... | 2015 | 25928140 |
| a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio). | a rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) detection in gibel carp was developed. following cloning and sequencing of the putative dna helicase gene of cyhv-2 isolate from china, a set of four specific primers was designed based on the sequence. the mgcl2 concentration and the reaction temperature were optimized to 6 mm, 64°c, respectively. lamp products were detected by visual inspection of a color change due to addition of sybr ... | 2014 | 24574914 |
| development of mrna-specific rt-pcr for the detection of koi herpesvirus (khv) replication stage. | an mrna-specific reverse transcription (rt)-pcr primer set spanning the exon junction of a spliced putative terminase gene in the koi herpesvirus (khv) was developed to detect the replicating stage of the virus. the proposed rt-pcr amplified a target gene from the rna template, but not from a dna template extracted from common carp brain (ccb) cells infected with khv. in addition, the rt-pcr did not amplify the target gene of templates extracted from specific cell lines infected with either cyhv ... | 2012 | 22885509 |
| coordinated and sequential transcription of the cyprinid herpesvirus-3 annotated genes. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is the cause of a fatal disease in carp and koi fish. the disease is seasonal and appears when water temperatures range from 18 to 28°c. cyhv-3 is a member of the alloherpesviridae, a family in the herpesvirales order that encompasses mammalian, avian and reptilian viruses. cyhv-3 is a large double-stranded dna (dsdna) herpesvirus with a genome of approximately 295kbp, divergent from other mammalian, avian and reptilian herpesviruses, but bearing several genes sim ... | 2012 | 22841491 |
| diagnostic validation of three test methods for detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3). | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease in koi and common carp. the disease is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. three tests-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr), conventional pcr (cpcr) and virus isolation by cell culture (vi)-were validated to assess their fitness as diagnostic tools for detection of cyhv-3. test performance metrics of diagnostic accuracy were sensitivity (dse) and specificity (dsp). repeatability and ... | 2017 | 28262633 |
| conserved fever pathways across vertebrates: a herpesvirus expressed decoy tnf-α receptor delays behavioral fever in fish. | both endotherms and ectotherms (e.g., fish) increase their body temperature to limit pathogen infection. ectotherms do so by moving to warmer places, hence the term "behavioral fever." we studied the manifestation of behavioral fever in the common carp infected by cyprinid herpesvirus 3, a native carp pathogen. carp maintained at 24°c died from the infection, whereas those housed in multi-chamber tanks encompassing a 24°c-32°c gradient migrated transiently to the warmest compartment and survived ... | 2017 | 28182952 |
| transcriptomic analysis of common carp anterior kidney during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection: immunoglobulin repertoire and homologue functional divergence. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) infects koi and common carp and causes widespread mortalities. while the virus is a significant concern for aquaculture operations in many countries, in australia the virus may be a useful biocontrol agent for pest carp. however, carp immune responses to cyhv-3, and the molecular mechanisms underpinning resistance, are not well understood. here we used rna-seq on carp during different phases of cyhv-3 infection to detect the gene expression dynamics of both host a ... | 2017 | 28148967 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 as a potential biological control agent for carp (cyprinus carpio) in australia: susceptibility of non-target species. | carp (cyprinus carpio l.) is a pest species in australian waterways, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is being considered as a potential biological control (biocontrol) agent. an important consideration for any such agent is its target specificity. in this study, the susceptibility to cyhv-3 of a range of non-target species (nts) was tested. the nts were as follows: 13 native australian, and one introduced, fish species; a lamprey species; a crustacean; two native amphibian species (tadpole a ... | 2016 | 28026008 |
| ultrastructural analysis of sequential cyprinid herpesvirus 3 morphogenesis in vitro. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is an alloherpesvirus, and it is the aetiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease. although the complex morphogenic stages of the replication cycle of cyhv-3 were shown to resemble that of other members of the herpesvirales, detailed analysis of the sequence and timing of these events was not definitively determined. this study describes these features through a time course using cyprinid cell cultures (kf-1 and ccb) infected with cyhv-3 (khv isolate, h361) and a ... | 2016 | 28025825 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and its evolutionary future as a biological control agent for carp in australia. | biological invasions are a major threat to global biodiversity. australia has experienced many invasive species, with the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) a prominent example. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) has been proposed as a biological control (biocontrol) agent for invasive carp in australia. safety and efficacy are critical factors in assessing the suitability of biocontrol agents, and extensive host-specificity testing suggests that cyhv-3 is safe. efficacy depends on the relationship b ... | 2016 | 27931224 |
| emergence of carp edema virus in cultured ornamental koi carp, cyprinus carpio koi, in india. | a disease outbreak was reported in adult koi, cyprinus carpio koi, from a fish farm in kerala, india, during june 2015. the clinical signs were observed only in recently introduced adult koi, and an existing population of fish did not show any clinical signs or mortality. microscopic examination of wet mounts from the gills of affected koi revealed minor infestation of dactylogyrus sp. in a few koi. in bacteriological studies, only opportunistic bacteria were isolated from the gills of affected ... | 2016 | 27902384 |
| can water disinfection prevent the transmission of infectious koi herpesvirus to naïve carp? - a case report. | hygienic measures such as disinfection are important tools for the maintenance of fish health in aquaculture. while little information is available on the disinfection of water intended for fish containment, huwa-san(®) , a disinfectant used in food and water industries, was used for daily treatment at concentrations of approximately 60 ppm over a total period of 3 months (experiment 1) with a 3-week treatment-free interval after 2 months (experiment 2). during this period, koi herpesvirus (khv) ... | 2016 | 27862001 |
| detection of orf6 protein associated with latent khv infection. | koi herpesvirus (khv) is highly pathogenic to cyprinus carpio. khv can also become latent in recovered fish and reactivate from latency under stressful conditions. understanding khv latency is important for development of strategies against herpesvirus latent infection. our previous studies found khv orf6 mrna is detectable during latent infection. in this study, orf6 protein expression was investigated by a polyclonal antibody specific to orf6 peptide. positive staining by an immunofluorescence ... | 2017 | 27771562 |
| validation of a serum neutralization test for detection of antibodies specific to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in infected common and koi carp (cyprinus carpio). | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a serious infective, notifiable disease affecting common carp and varieties. in survivors, infection is generally characterized by a subclinical latency phase with restricted viral replication. the cyhv-3 genome is difficult to detect in such carrier fish that represent a potential source of dissemination if viral reactivation occurs. in this study, the analytical and diagnostic performance of an alternative serum neutralization (sn) m ... | 2016 | 27716953 |
| targeted genomic enrichment and sequencing of cyhv-3 from carp tissues confirms low nucleotide diversity and mixed genotype infections. | koi herpesvirus disease (khvd) is an emerging disease that causes mass mortality in koi and common carp, cyprinus carpio l. its causative agent is cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv). although data on the pathogenesis of this deadly virus is relatively abundant in the literature, still little is known about its genomic diversity and about the molecular mechanisms that lead to such a high virulence. in this context, we developed a new strategy for sequencing full- ... | 2016 | 27703859 |
| draining and liming of ponds as an effective measure for containment of cyhv-3 in carp farms. | infections of common carp cyprinus carpio and koi, its coloured morphotypes, with the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) can induce severe clinical signs and increased mortality in affected stocks. this may significantly challenge the economic basis of carp farming in central europe. to limit virus spread in carp farms, effective disinfection measures for ponds stocked with infected populations are required. in the traditional european pond aquaculture of carp, draining and liming of ponds with qui ... | 2016 | 27503923 |
| rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in latently infected koi by recombinase polymerase amplification. | since the emergence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), outbreaks have been devastating to common carp cyprinus carpio and koi (a variant of common carp), leading to high economic losses. current diagnostics for detecting cyhv-3 are limited in sensitivity and are further complicated by latency. here we describe the detection of cyhv-3 by recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa). the rpa assay can detect as low as 10 copies of the cyhv-3 genome by an isothermal reaction and yields results in ap ... | 2016 | 27485254 |
| identification and expression analysis of cellular and viral micrornas in cyhv3-infected kcf-1 cells. | micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas with approximately 22 nucleotides (nt) that are encoded by a diverse range of metazoan eukaryotes, plants and viruses. cyhv-3 (cyprinid herpesvirus-3) is a member of the alloherpesviridae virus family and has caused severe economic losses for the common carp and koi carp fishery industries. in this study, a total of 15,987,652 clean reads were generated from a cdna library of cyhv-3-infected kcf-1 (koi caudal fin) cells using high-throughput sequencin ... | 2016 | 27476971 |
| the amino-terminal domain of orf149 of koi herpesvirus is preferentially targeted by igm from carp populations surviving infection. | recombinantly expressed fragments of the protein encoded by orf149 (porf149), a structural protein from the common- and koi-carp-infecting cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) that was previously shown to be antigenic, were used to obtain evidence that its amino-terminal part contains immunodominant epitopes in fish populations that survived the infection. to obtain such evidence, nonspecific binding of carp serum tetrameric igm had to be overcome by a novel elisa protocol (rec2-elisa). rec2-elisa in ... | 2016 | 27383208 |
| [research advances in cyprinid herpesvirus 3]. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the causative agent of an extremely contagious and aggressive disease afflicting common corp cyprinus carpio l. termed koi herpesvirus disease (khvd). since it was first reported in 1997, the virus has spread worldwide rapidly, leading to enormous financial losses in industries based on common carp and koi carp. this review summarizes recent advances in cyhv-3 research on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and control of khvd. | 2016 | 27295892 |
| concentration of carp edema virus (cev) dna in koi tissues affected by koi sleepy disease (ksd). | carp edema virus (cev), the causative agent of 'koi sleepy disease' (ksd), appears to be spreading worldwide and to be responsible for losses in koi, ornamental varieties of the common carp cyprinus carpio. clinical signs of ksd include lethargic behaviour, swollen gills, sunken eyes and skin alterations and can easily be mistaken for other diseases, such as infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3). to improve the future diagnosis of cev infection and to provide a tool to better explore th ... | 2016 | 27225208 |
| identification and expression analysis of the sting gene, a sensor of viral dna, in common carp cyprinus carpio. | stimulator of interferon gene (sting) was identified and characterized from common carp cyprinus carpio. the sting messenger (m)rna encoded a polypeptide of 402 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 46·184 kda and an isoelectronic point of 6·08. the deduced protein of sting contained a signal peptide, three transmembrane motifs in the n-terminal region and four putative motifs (rxr) found in resident endoplasmic reticulum proteins. mrna expression of sting was present in twelve investi ... | 2016 | 27001661 |
| first detection of koi herpesvirus from koi, cyprinus carpio l. experiencing mass mortalities in iran: clinical, histopathological and molecular study. | koi herpesvirus (khv) is the aetiological agent of an emerging disease (khvd) associated with mass mortalities in koi and common carp and reported from at least 30 countries. we report the first detection of khv from koi in iran using clinical, histopathological and molecular studies. khv-infected fish showed reduced swimming activity, sunken eyes and increased mucus production on skin and fins. on post-mortem examination, gill necrosis was observed in the majority of fish. histopathologically, ... | 2016 | 26813421 |