| ralstonia taiwanensis sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of mimosa species and sputum of a cystic fibrosis patient. | a polyphasic taxonomic study, including 16s rdna sequence analysis, dna-dna hybridizations, dna base ratio determinations, amplified 165 rdna restriction analysis, whole-cell protein analyses and extensive biochemical characterization, was conducted to clarify the relationships of eight isolates from root nodules of mimosa species and one isolate from sputum of a cystic fibrosis patient. all nine isolates were classified as a novel ralstonia species, for which the name ralstonia taiwanensis sp. ... | 2001 | 11594603 |
| changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts. | as of february 2003, bacteria that form nitrogen-fixing symbiotic associations with legumes have been confirmed in 44 species of 12 genera. phylogenies of these taxa containing legume symbionts based on the comparative analysis of 16s rdna sequences show that they are not clustered in one lineage but are distributed in the classes alphaproteobacteria and betaproteobacteria, and dispersed over the following nine monophyletic groups, being intermingled with other taxa that do not contain legume sy ... | 2003 | 12949698 |
| legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation by beta-proteobacteria is widespread in nature. | following the initial discovery of two legume-nodulating burkholderia strains (l. moulin, a. munive, b. dreyfus, and c. boivin-masson, nature 411:948-950, 2001), we identified as nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts at least 50 different strains of burkholderia caribensis and ralstonia taiwanensis, all belonging to the beta-subclass of proteobacteria, thus extending the phylogenetic diversity of the rhizobia. r. taiwanensis was found to represent 93% of the mimosa isolates in taiwan, indicating that ... | 2003 | 14645288 |
| nodulation of mimosa spp. by the beta-proteobacterium ralstonia taiwanensis. | several beta-proteobacteria have been isolated from legume root nodules and some of these are thought to be capable of nodulating and fixing n2. however, in no case has there been detailed studies confirming that they are the active symbionts. here, ralstonia taiwanensis lmg19424, which was originally isolated from mimosa pudica nodules, was transformed to carry the green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter gene before being used to inoculate axenically-grown seedlings of m. pudica and m. diplotr ... | 2003 | 14651338 |
| wautersia gen. nov., a novel genus accommodating the phylogenetic lineage including ralstonia eutropha and related species, and proposal of ralstonia [pseudomonas] syzygii (roberts et al. 1990) comb. nov. | comparative 16s rdna sequence analysis indicates that two distinct sublineages, with a sequence dissimilarity of >4 % (bootstrap value, 100 %), exist within the genus ralstonia: the ralstonia eutropha lineage, which comprises ralstonia basilensis, ralstonia campinensis, r. eutropha, ralstonia gilardii, ralstonia metallidurans, ralstonia oxalatica, ralstonia paucula, ralstonia respiraculi and ralstonia taiwanensis; and the ralstonia pickettii lineage, which comprises ralstonia insidiosa, ralstoni ... | 2004 | 15023939 |
| phylogeny based on 16s rdna and nifh sequences of ralstonia taiwanensis strains isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules of mimosa pudica, in india. | bacterial symbionts present in the indeterminate-type nitrogen (n)-fixing nodules of mimosa pudica grown in north and south india showed maximum similarity to ralstonia taiwanensis on the basis of carbon-source utilization patterns and 16s rdna sequence. isolates from the nodules of m. pudica from north india and south india showed identical ardra (amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis) patterns with sau3ai and rsai, but alui revealed dimorphy between the north indian and south indian iso ... | 2004 | 15213739 |
| characterization of phenol and trichloroethene degradation by the rhizobium ralstonia taiwanensis. | ralstonia taiwanensis is a root nodule bacterium originally isolated from mimosa sp. in southern taiwan. some strains of r. taiwanensis demonstrated the ability to grow on medium containing phenol as the sole carbon source, especially strain tj86, which was able to survive and grow at phenol concentrations of up to 900 mg/l. the dependence of the phenol degradation rate on the phenol concentration can be described by haldane's model with a low ks (the apparent half-saturation constant) of 5.46 m ... | 2004 | 15380556 |
| taxonomy of the genus cupriavidus: a tale of lost and found. | dna-dna hybridization experiments and an evaluation of phenotypic characteristics, dna base ratios and 16s rrna gene sequences demonstrated that wautersia eutropha (davies 1969) vaneechoutte et al. 2004, the type species of the genus wautersia, is a later synonym of cupriavidus necator makkar and casida 1987, the type species of the genus cupriavidus. in conformity with rules 15, 17, 23a and 37a(1) of the international code of nomenclature of bacteria, the genus name cupriavidus has priority ove ... | 2004 | 15545472 |
| phenol degradation and toxicity assessment upon biostimulation to an indigenous rhizobium ralstonia taiwanensis. | this study provides a first attempt from a toxicological perspective to put forward, in general terms and explanations, combined toxic interactions and biostimulation strategy upon nutrient medium to ralstonia taiwanensis for bioremediation. dose-response analysis clearly revealed that most of the supplemented nutrients tested (except for gluconic acid) synergistically interact with chronic toxicity to phenol, especially at low doses. acute toxicity based upon adaptation lag is a more appropriat ... | 2005 | 16080687 |
| proof that burkholderia strains form effective symbioses with legumes: a study of novel mimosa-nodulating strains from south america. | twenty mimosa-nodulating bacterial strains from brazil and venezuela, together with eight reference mimosa-nodulating rhizobial strains and two other beta-rhizobial strains, were examined by amplified rrna gene restriction analysis. they fell into 16 patterns and formed a single cluster together with the known beta-rhizobia, burkholderia caribensis, burkholderia phymatum, and burkholderia tuberum. the 16s rrna gene sequences of 15 of the 20 strains were determined, and all were shown to belong t ... | 2005 | 16269788 |
| beta-rhizobia from mimosa pigra, a newly discovered invasive plant in taiwan. | a total of 191 rhizobial isolates from the root nodules of three geographically separate populations of the invasive plant mimosa pigra in taiwan were examined using amplified rdna restriction analysis, 16s rdna sequences, protein profiles and elisa. of these, 96% were identified as burkholderia and 4% as cupriavidus taiwanensis. the symbiosis-essential genes noda and nifh were present in two strains of burkholderia (pas44 and ptk47), and in one of c. taiwanensis (pas15). all three could nodulat ... | 2005 | 16313648 |
| optimal biostimulation strategy for phenol degradation with indigenous rhizobium ralstonia taiwanensis. | this study provides a first attempt from a perspective of gaden's classification of fermentation and phase-plane to put forward phenol degradation using various augmented nutrient media for biostimulation. it aimed to identify the most promising nutrient source(s) to attenuate synergistic interactions with phenol for optimal phenol degradation. therefore, the growth association of phenol degradation using various nutrient media in place of combined toxic interactions was established via gaden's ... | 2007 | 16844294 |
| burkholderia phymatum is a highly effective nitrogen-fixing symbiont of mimosa spp. and fixes nitrogen ex planta. | * the ability of burkholderia phymatum stm815 to effectively nodulate mimosa spp., and to fix nitrogen ex planta, was compared with that of the known mimosa symbiont cupriavidus taiwanensis lmg19424. * both strains were equally effective symbionts of m. pudica, but nodules formed by stm815 had greater nitrogenase activity. stm815 was shown to have a broader host range across the genus mimosa than lmg19424, nodulating 30 out of 31 species, 21 of these effectively. lmg19424 effectively nodulated o ... | 2007 | 17176403 |
| characterization and application of a rolling-circle-type plasmid from cupriavidus taiwanensis. | two small cryptic plasmids, ptj86-1 and ptj86-2, identified in cupriavidus taiwanensis strain tj86, were detected and characterized. complete sequencing of ptj86-1 and ptj86-2 revealed these plasmids to be 2221 and 2229bp in length with a gc content of 61.7% and 61.6%, respectively. both plasmids harbored four open reading frames (orf1, 2, 3 and 4). only the predicted orf1 gene product of both plasmids (436 amino acids) was homologous to rep proteins previously identified on plasmids replicated ... | 2007 | 17196653 |
| metal biosorption capability of cupriavidus taiwanensis and its effects on heavy metal removal by nodulated mimosa pudica. | a novel metal biosorption system consisting of the symbiotic combination of an indigenous metal-resistant rhizobial strain, cupriavidus taiwanensis tj208, and its host plant mimosa pudica has been developed for the removal of heavy-metal pollutants. free-living c. taiwanensis tj208 cells were able to adsorb 50.1, 19.0, and 19.6 mg/g of pb, cu, and cd, respectively. after nodulation via inoculation with strain tj208, the metal uptake ability of m. pudica markedly increased, as the nodulated m. pu ... | 2008 | 17624667 |
| genome sequence of the beta-rhizobium cupriavidus taiwanensis and comparative genomics of rhizobia. | we report the first complete genome sequence of a beta-proteobacterial nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legumes, cupriavidus taiwanensis lmg19424. the genome consists of two chromosomes of size 3.42 mb and 2.50 mb, and a large symbiotic plasmid of 0.56 mb. the c. taiwanensis genome displays an unexpected high similarity with the genome of the saprophytic bacterium c. eutrophus h16, despite being 0.94 mb smaller. both organisms harbor two chromosomes with large regions of synteny interspersed by speci ... | 2008 | 18490699 |
| toxicity assessment upon augmented biostimulation source to indigenous rhizobium cupriavidus taiwanensis. | this novel-attempt study used chemostat pulse technique (cpt) and transient dynamics of dissolved oxygen (do) in cstr to quantify stimulating or inhibitory effects of augmented nutrient sources in the presence of phenol upon cupriavidus taiwanensis r186. with injected augmented nutrients, phenol degradation performance of r186 was directly dependent on combined toxicity between phenol and the augmented substrate and the biodegradability of phenol. the findings indicated that although phenol was ... | 2009 | 18684558 |
| burkholderia spp. are the most competitive symbionts of mimosa, particularly under n-limited conditions. | bacteria isolated from mimosa nodules in taiwan, papua new guinea, mexico and puerto rico were identified as belonging to either the alpha- or beta-proteobacteria. the beta-proteobacterial burkholderia and cupriavidus strains formed effective symbioses with the common invasive species mimosa diplotricha, m. pigra and m. pudica, but the alpha-proteobacterial rhizobium etli and r. tropici strains produced a range of symbiotic phenotypes from no nodulation through ineffective to effective nodulatio ... | 2009 | 19040456 |
| optimal exponential feeding strategy for dual-substrate biostimulation of phenol degradation using cupriavidus taiwanensis. | the exponential feeding strategy (efs) of dual substrates (i.e., phenol and glycerol) was applied to optimize the overall performance of phenol degradation by cupriavidus taiwanensis r186. addition of a second substrate (e.g., glycerol) could stimulate the phenol biodegradation efficiency of strain r186. hence, a feasible efs was developed for fed-batch phenol biodegradation using the dual-substrate biostimulation technique. the phenol degradation kinetics was well characterized with proposed mo ... | 2009 | 19285800 |
| experimental evolution of a plant pathogen into a legume symbiont. | rhizobia are phylogenetically disparate alpha- and beta-proteobacteria that have achieved the environmentally essential function of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. ample evidence indicates that horizontal transfer of symbiotic plasmids/islands has played a crucial role in rhizobia evolution. however, adaptive mechanisms that allow the recipient genomes to express symbiotic traits are unknown. here, we report on the experimental evolution of a pathogenic ralstonia solanacea ... | 2010 | 20084095 |
| phylogenetic relationships and diversity of β-rhizobia associated with mimosa species grown in sishuangbanna, china. | in order to investigate the genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with various exotic and invasive species in tropical mainland china, 116 bacterial isolates were obtained from mimosa root nodules collected from sishuangbanna and yuanjiang districts of yunnan province. isolated rhizobia were characterized by rflp analysis of 16s rrna genes, sds-page of whole-cell proteins and box-pcr. most of the isolated strains were identified as β-rhizobia belonging to diverse populations of burkholderia a ... | 2011 | 20228206 |
| functional expression of phacab genes from cupriavidus taiwanensis strain 184 in escherichia coli for polyhydroxybutyrate production. | polyhydroxyalkanoates are polyesters synthesized by numerous microorganisms. these polyesters are biodegradable and have similar properties to those of conventional plastics. cupriavidus taiwanensis strain 184 is phylogenetically related to the well-known polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) producer ralstonia eutropha (cupriavidus necator) and is also shown to be able to accumulate significant amounts of phb. in this study, we cloned the phb synthesis genes (phacab) from c. taiwanensis 184 into escherichi ... | 2010 | 20556541 |
| cupriavidus taiwanensis bacteroids in mimosa pudica indeterminate nodules are not terminally differentiated. | the beta-rhizobium cupriavidus taiwanensis forms indeterminate nodules on mimosa pudica. c. taiwanensis bacteroids resemble free-living bacteria in terms of genomic dna content, cell size, membrane permeability, and viability, in contrast to bacteroids in indeterminate nodules of the galegoid clade. bacteroid differentiation is thus unrelated to nodule ontogeny. | 2011 | 21257807 |
| screening and evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate-producing strains from indigenous isolate cupriavidus taiwanensis strains. | polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha) is a biodegradable material with many potential biomedical applications, including medical implants and drug delivery. this study developed a system for screening production strains in order to optimize pha production in cupriavidus taiwanensis 184, 185, 186, 187, 204, 208, 209 and pseudomona oleovorans atcc 29347. in this study, sudan black b staining, infrared (ir) and gas chromatography (gc) analysis indicated that the best strain for pha synthesis is c. taiwanensis ... | 2011 | 21339985 |
| Effects of Different Substrate Composition on Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate by Recombinant Escherichia coli. | Cupriavidus necator is well known for its ability to accumulate polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). When supplemented with propionic acid (or sodium propionate) in the growth medium, the bacterium is also able to synthesize polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV). In order to increase the fraction of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) in PHBV, we cloned the propionate permease gene prpP from C. necator and the propionyl-CoA synthase gene prpE from Cupriavidus taiwanensis and transformed into an Escherichia co ... | 2011 | 22203393 |
| genetic diversity of mimosa pudica rhizobial symbionts in soils of french guiana: investigating the origin and diversity of burkholderia phymatum and other beta-rhizobia. | the genetic diversity of 221 mimosa pudica bacterial symbionts trapped from eight soils from diverse environments in french guiana was assessed by 16s rrna pcr-rflp, rep-pcr fingerprints, as well as by phylogenies of their 16s rrna and reca housekeeping genes, and by their nifh, noda and nodc symbiotic genes. interestingly, we found a large diversity of beta-rhizobia, with burkholderia phymatum and burkholderia tuberum being the most frequent and diverse symbiotic species. other species were als ... | 2011 | 22093060 |
| the type 3 protein secretion system of cupriavidus taiwanensis strain lmg19424 compromises symbiosis with leucaena leucocephala. | cupriavidus taiwanensis forms proficient symbioses with a few mimosa species. inactivation of a type iii protein secretion system (t3ss) had no effect on mimosa pudica but allowed c. taiwanensis to establish chronic infections and fix nitrogen in leucaena leucocephala. unlike what was observed for other rhizobia, glutamate rather than plant flavonoids mediated transcriptional activation of this atypical t3ss. | 2012 | 22865066 |
| transient hypermutagenesis accelerates the evolution of legume endosymbionts following horizontal gene transfer. | horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is an important mode of adaptation and diversification of prokaryotes and eukaryotes and a major event underlying the emergence of bacterial pathogens and mutualists. yet it remains unclear how complex phenotypic traits such as the ability to fix nitrogen with legumes have successfully spread over large phylogenetic distances. here we show, using experimental evolution coupled with whole genome sequencing, that co-transfer of imuabc error-prone dna polymerase genes ... | 2014 | 25181317 |
| isolation and characterization of pah-degrading bacteria from the eastern province, saudi arabia. | contaminated sediment samples were collected from the eastern province, saudi arabia for isolation of pyrene- and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria by enrichment method. four isolates were morphologically characterized as gram-negative rod strains and 16s rrna sequence analysis revealed the isolates as closely related to pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. citronellolis, ochrobactrum intermedium and cupriavidus taiwanensis. degradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) by the latter three stra ... | 2017 | 27912917 |
| experimental evolution of rhizobia may lead to either extra- or intracellular symbiotic adaptation depending on the selection regime. | experimental evolution is a powerful approach to study the process of adaptation to new environments, including the colonization of eukaryotic hosts. facultative endosymbionts, including pathogens and mutualists, face changing and spatially structured environments during the symbiotic process, which impose diverse selection pressures. here, we provide evidence that different selection regimes, involving different times spent in the plant environment, can result in either intra- or extracellular ... | 2016 | 27770459 |
| cupriavidus nantongensis sp. nov., a novel chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium isolated from sludge. | a gram-stain-negative, aerobic, coccoid to small rod-shaped bacterium, designated x1t, was isolated from sludge collected from the vicinity of a pesticide manufacturer in nantong, jiangsu province, china. based on 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, strain x1t belonged to the genus cupriavidus, and was most closely related to cupriavidus taiwanensis lmg 19424t (99.1 % 16s rrna gene sequence similarity) and cupriavidus alkaliphilus lmg 26294t (98.9 %). strain x1t showed 16s rrna gene sequence simila ... | 2016 | 27001671 |
| bioaccumulation and biosorption of cd(2+) and zn(2+) by bacteria isolated from a zinc mine in thailand. | the three bacteria, tsukamurella paurometabola a155, pseudomonas aeruginosa b237, and cupriavidus taiwanensis e324, were isolated from soils collected from a zinc mine in tak province, thailand. among these bacteria, p. aeruginosa b237 and c. taiwanensis e324 were tolerant of both cadmium and zinc, while t. paurometabola a155 was highly tolerant of zinc only. bioaccumulation experiment revealed that cd(2+) and zn(2+) were mainly adsorbed on the cell walls of these bacteria rather than accumulate ... | 2015 | 26300116 |
| isolation and characterization of a highly efficient chlorpyrifos degrading strain of cupriavidus taiwanensis from sludge. | in this study, a highly effective chlorpyrifos (cp)-degrading bacterium (termed strain x1) was isolated from the sludge of drain outlet of a chlorpyrifos manufacturer. strain x1 was identified as cupriavidus taiwanensis based upon the analysis of the 16s rdna gene and biochemical characteristics, which is capable of transforming cp into 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (tcp), and the resulting tcp was further metabolized when performed in an aqueous medium. degradation experiments were carried out un ... | 2015 | 25470743 |
| shaping bacterial symbiosis with legumes by experimental evolution. | nitrogen-fixing symbionts of legumes have appeared after the emergence of legumes on earth, approximately 70 to 130 million years ago. since then, symbiotic proficiency has spread to distant genera of α- and β-proteobacteria, via horizontal transfer of essential symbiotic genes and subsequent recipient genome remodeling under plant selection pressure. to tentatively replay rhizobium evolution in laboratory conditions, we previously transferred the symbiotic plasmid of the mimosa symbiont cupriav ... | 2014 | 25105803 |
| changes in the proteome of the cadmium-tolerant bacteria cupriavidus taiwanensis kku2500-3 in response to cadmium toxicity. | cupriavidus taiwanensis kku2500-3 is a cadmium (cd)-tolerant bacterial strain that was previously isolated from rice fields contaminated with high levels of cd. in 500 μmol/l cdcl2, the kku2500-3 strain grew slower and with a more prolonged lag-phase than when grown in the absence of cd. a proteomic approach was used to characterize the protein expression in the cd-tolerant bacteria c. taiwanensis kku2500-3 during growth under cd stress. when compared with the untreated cells, a total of 982 dif ... | 2014 | 24588385 |
| biochemical and structural studies of nadh-dependent fabg used to increase the bacterial production of fatty acids under anaerobic conditions. | major efforts in bioenergy research have focused on producing fuels that can directly replace petroleum-derived gasoline and diesel fuel through metabolic engineering of microbial fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. typically, growth and pathway induction are conducted under aerobic conditions, but for operational efficiency in an industrial context, anaerobic culture conditions would be preferred to obviate the need to maintain specific dissolved oxygen concentrations and to maximize the proporti ... | 2014 | 24212572 |
| the geographical patterns of symbiont diversity in the invasive legume mimosa pudica can be explained by the competitiveness of its symbionts and by the host genotype. | variations in the patterns of diversity of symbionts have been described worldwide on mimosa pudica, a pan-tropical invasive species that interacts with both α and β-rhizobia. in this study, we investigated if symbiont competitiveness can explain these variations and the apparent prevalence of β- over α-rhizobia. we developed an indirect method to measure the proportion of nodulation against a gfp reference strain and tested its reproducibility and efficiency. we estimated the competitiveness of ... | 2014 | 24131520 |
| exploration and prediction of interactions between methanotrophs and heterotrophs. | methanotrophs can form the basis of a methane-driven food web on which heterotrophic microorganisms can feed. in return, these heterotrophs can stimulate growth of methanotrophs in co-culture by providing growth additives. however, only a few specific interactions are currently known. we incubated nine methanotrophs with 25 heterotrophic strains in a pairwise miniaturized co-cultivation setup. through principal component analysis and k-means clustering, methanotrophs and heterotrophs could be gr ... | 2013 | 24012541 |
| cadmium-tolerant bacteria reduce the uptake of cadmium in rice: potential for microbial bioremediation. | we selected 24 bacterial isolates that could tolerate up to 2500 µm cdcl2 from the soil of rice fields downstream from a zinc-mineralized area contaminated with a high level of cadmium (cd). in the presence of 500 µm cdcl2, all isolates grew slower and with a prolonged lag-phase compared to in the absence of cd. cd-binding capacity was high and ranged from 6.38 to 9.38 log[cd(atom)]/cell. the stability of cd complexes in bacteria was affected by 1mm edta. in 500 µm cdcl2, all isolates produced 0 ... | 2013 | 23731867 |
| genomics-driven discovery of taiwachelin, a lipopeptide siderophore from cupriavidus taiwanensis. | a genome mining study led to the identification of a previously unrecognised siderophore biosynthesis gene cluster in the nitrogen-fixing bacterium cupriavidus taiwanensis lmg19424. based upon predicted structural residues, a convenient strategy for an nmr-assisted isolation of the associated metabolite was designed. the structure of the purified siderophore, taiwachelin, was fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and chemical derivatisation. | 2012 | 22972004 |
| bacterial swimming, swarming and chemotactic response to heavy metal presence: which could be the influence on wastewater biotreatment efficiency? | fixed-bed reactors are usually designed for wastewater biotreatments, where the biofilm establishment and maintenance play the most important roles. biofilm development strictly relies on different types of bacterial motility: swimming, swarming, and chemotaxis, which can be altered by the microenvironment conditions. the aim of this work is to do an integrated study on the effects of cu(ii), cd(ii), zn(ii) and cr(vi) on swimming, swarming and chemotaxis of pseudomonas veronii 2e, delftia acidov ... | 2012 | 22806721 |
| biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids is essential for effective symbioses between betarhizobia and mimosa pudica. | burkholderia phymatum stm815 and cupriavidus taiwanensis lmg19424 are betaproteobacterial strains that can effectively nodulate several species of the large legume genus mimosa. a tn5 mutant, derived from b. phymatum stm815 (km60), and another derived from c. taiwanensis lmg19424 (km184-55) induced fix(-) nodules on mimosa pudica. the tn5-interrupted genes of the mutants showed strong homologies to ilve, which encodes a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, and leuc, which encodes the larg ... | 2012 | 22556357 |
| biodiversity of mimosa pudica rhizobial symbionts (cupriavidus taiwanensis, rhizobium mesoamericanum) in new caledonia and their adaptation to heavy metal-rich soils. | rhizobia are soil bacteria able to develop a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legumes. they are taxonomically spread among the alpha and beta subclasses of the proteobacteria. mimosa pudica, a tropical invasive weed, has been found to have an affinity for beta-rhizobia, including species within the burkholderia and cupriavidus genera. in this study, we describe the diversity of m. pudica symbionts in the island of new caledonia, which is characterized by soils with high heavy metal content, especi ... | 2012 | 22512707 |