| broth micro-dilution method for determining the susceptibility of escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). | a broth micro-dilution method was used to examine the susceptibility of escherichia coli (n = 110) and staphylococcus aureus (n = 105) to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). the detergent tween 80 was used successfully to enhance the solubility of tea tree oil in the test medium. the mic90 of tea tree oil for e. coli was 0.25% while for s. aureus it was 0.50%. | 1995 | 7630326 |
| antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia. | tea tree oil, or the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia, is becoming increasingly popular as a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent. the antimicrobial activity of eight components of tea tree oil was evaluated using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. attempts were also made to overcome methodological problems encountered with testing compounds which have limited solubility in aqueous media. after assessing media with and without solubilizing agents, the disc diffusion method ... | 1995 | 7730203 |
| susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia. | all 66 isolates of staphylococcus aureus tested were susceptible to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia, or tea tree oil, in disc diffusion and modified broth microdilution methods. of the isolates tested, 64 were methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) and 33 were mupirocin-resistant. the mic and mbc for 60 australian isolates were 0.25% and 0.50%, respectively. comparable results were obtained by co-workers in britain using similar methods. these in-vitro results suggest tea tree oil ma ... | 1995 | 7782258 |
| toxicity of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia or tea tree oil. | | 1995 | 7897762 |
| [allergic contact eczema due to 'tea tree' oil]. | in four patients, three women aged 45, 29 and 52 years and a man aged 45 years, allergic contact dermatitis due to 'tea tree' oil was diagnosed. the case of the man was published before. 'tea tree' oils are essential oils distilled from the leaves of myrtaceous trees and shrubs occurring in australia and south-east asia. the 'tea tree' oil available in the netherlands is distilled from the melaleuca alternifolia and mainly contains eucalyptol. eucalyptol is probably the most important allergen. | 1994 | 8183387 |
| comparison of two topical preparations for the treatment of onychomycosis: melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and clotrimazole. | the prevalence of onychomycosis, the most frequent cause of nail disease, ranges from 2% to 13%. standard treatments include debridement, topical medications, and systemic therapies. this study assesses the efficacy and tolerability of topical application of 1% clotrimazole solution compared with that of 100% melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. | 1994 | 8195735 |
| susceptibility of transient and commensal skin flora to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). | the purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of a range of transient and commensal skin flora to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia, or tea tree. | 1996 | 8806995 |
| in-vitro activity of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia against streptococcus spp. | | 1996 | 8836821 |
| antifungal activity of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro. | the in vitro antifungal activity of tea oil, the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia, has been evaluated against 26 strains of various dermatophyte species, 54 yeasts, among them 32 strains of candida albicans and other candida sp. as well as 22 different malassezia furfur strains. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of tea tree oil were measured by agar dilution technique. tea tree oil was found to be able to inhibit growth of all clinical fungal isolates. for the investigated dermatoph ... | 1996 | 9055360 |
| in vitro susceptibility of malassezia furfur to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia. | the susceptibility of 64 malassezia furfur isolates to melaleuca alternifolia oil was determined. the minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of isolates was 0.25% by agar dilution and 0.12% by broth dilution. these data indicate that tea tree oil may be useful in the treatment of skin conditions involving m. furfur. | 1997 | 9402533 |
| australian tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil poisoning in three purebred cats. | | 1998 | 9576358 |
| 1998 william j. stickel bronze award. antifungal activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea-tree) oil against various pathogenic organisms. | tea-tree oil (oil of melaleuca alternifolia) has recently received much attention as a natural remedy for bacterial and fungal infections of the skin and mucosa. as with most naturally occurring agents, claims of effectiveness have been only anecdotal; however, several published studies have recently demonstrated tea-tree oil's antibacterial activity. this study was conducted to determine the activity of tea-tree oil against 58 clinical isolates: candida albicans (n = 10), trichophyton rubrum (n ... | 1998 | 9791953 |
| in-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against candida spp. | the in-vitro activity of a range of essential oils, including tea tree oil, against the yeast candida was examined. of the 24 essential oils tested by the agar dilution method against candida albicans atcc 10231, three did not inhibit c. albicans at the highest concentration tested, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil. sandalwood oil had the lowest mic, inhibiting c. albicans at 0.06%. melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil was investigated for activity against 81 c. albicans isolates and 33 non-albicans ca ... | 1998 | 9848442 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of lactobacilli and organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis to melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. | | 1999 | 10094671 |
| influence of organic matter, cations and surfactants on the antimicrobial activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. | the effect of some potentially interfering substances and conditions on the antimicrobial activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil was investigated. agar and broth dilution methods were used to determine minimum inhibitory and cidal concentrations of tea tree oil in the presence and absence of each potentially interfering substance. activity was determined against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and candida albicans. minimum inhibitory or cidal concentrations differed from control ... | 1999 | 10196749 |
| microsatellite variation and assessment of genetic structure in tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia-myrtaceae). | analysis of five microsatellite loci in 500 melaleuca alternifolia individuals produced 98 alleles that were useful for population genetic studies. considerable levels of observed heterozygosity were recorded (ho = 0.724), with approximately 90% of the variability being detected within populations. a low level of selfing (14%) was suggested to be the principal cause of excess homozygosity in a number of populations (overall fis = 0.073). this study showed low levels of inbreeding in certain popu ... | 1999 | 10327658 |
| the mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). | the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. its mode of action against the gram-negative bacterium escherichia coli ag100, the gram-positive bacterium staphylococcus aureus nctc 8325, and the yeast candida albicans has been investigated using a range of methods. we report that exposing these organisms to minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations of tea tree oil inhibited respiration and increased the permeabil ... | 2000 | 10735256 |
| cooling the burn wound: evaluation of different modalites. | a study was undertaken to investigate the cooling and healing effect of different modalities: melaleuca alternifolia hydrogel (levtrade international (pty) ltd.) was compared with tap water as a coolant following application onto a fresh deep partial thickness hot water burn in a porcine model. four identical circular scalds were created on the backs of 10 pigs. one wound was not treated and served as a control. the other 3 wounds were either cooled with tap water (15 degrees c) or had melaleuca ... | 2000 | 10741593 |
| selection of resistance to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia in staphylococcus aureus. | | 2000 | 10747839 |
| the outer membrane of pseudomonas aeruginosa nctc 6749 contributes to its tolerance to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). | pseudomonas aeruginosa is less susceptible to the antimicrobial properties of tea tree oil than many bacteria and its tolerance is considered to be due to its outer membrane. polymyxin b nonapeptide (pmbn), which has no antibacterial action, was used to permeabilize the outer membrane. the addition of pmbn to ps. aeruginosa nctc 6749 markedly increased this organism's susceptibility to tea tree oil and to its normally inert hydrocarbons, p-cymene and gamma-terpinene. | 2000 | 10792649 |
| in vitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on leishmania major and trypanosoma brucei. | the effect of different essential oils as well as of isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on the viability of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei, promastigotes of leishmania major and human hl-60 cells was evaluated using the almar blue assay. of the 12 essential oils and 8 terpenes investigated, only three essential oils, melissa officinalis (balmmint) oil, thymus vulgaris (thyme) oil, and melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil were about 50-fold and 80-fold more toxic to bloodstream forms of ... | 2000 | 10865458 |
| melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits germ tube formation by candida albicans. | the effect of tea tree oil (tto) on the formation of germ tubes by candida albicans was examined. two isolates were tested for germ tube formation (gtf) in the presence of tto concentrations (% v/v) ranging from 0.25% (1/2 minimum inhibitory concentration [mic]) to 0.004% (1/128 mic). gtf at 4 h in the presence of 0.004 and 0.008% (both isolates) and 0.016% (one isolate) tto did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from controls. at all other concentrations at 4 h, gtf differed significantly from ... | 2000 | 11092382 |
| pharmacological and antimicrobial studies on different tea-tree oils (melaleuca alternifolia, leptospermum scoparium or manuka and kunzea ericoides or kanuka), originating in australia and new zealand. | three different species of myrtaceae growing in australia and new zealand are known as 'tea-tree': the australian tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia), the new zealand manuka (leptospermum scoparium) and kanuka (kunzea ericoides). all three essential oils are used by aromatherapists, although only melaleuca has been tested for toxicity, and its antimicrobial effects studied. the pharmacology and antimicrobial activity of the three 'tea-tree' oils was determined using guinea-pig ileum, skeletal musc ... | 2000 | 11114000 |
| terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. | to evaluate potential antiinflammatory properties of tea tree oil, the essential oil steam distilled from the australian native plant, melaleuca alternifolia. | 2000 | 11131302 |
| can tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil prevent mrsa? | | 2000 | 11149307 |
| [antimicrobial effects of tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia) on oral microorganisms]. | the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi. in this study the bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal/fungicidal activity of a tea tree oil solution, of a new tea tree oil (tebodont) and the respective placebo-gel, of a chlorhexidindigluconate-solution and of plakout was tested in vitro against ten different oral microorganisms. minimum inhibitory concentrations were in the ... | 2000 | 11374358 |
| the water-soluble components of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) suppress the production of superoxide by human monocytes, but not neutrophils, activated in vitro. | to evaluate the regulatory properties of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) on the production of oxygen derived reactive species by human peripheral blood leukocytes activated in vitro. | 2001 | 11392609 |
| interactions between components of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia. | this study compared the antimicrobial activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil with that of some of its components, both individually and in two-component combinations. | 2001 | 11556915 |
| in vitro activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against bacterial and candida spp. isolates from clinical specimens. | this study investigates the in vitro activity of tea tree oil (tto) against a range of wild strains of microorganisms isolated from clinical specimens of leg ulcers and pressure sores. the antimicrobial effectiveness of tto is determined in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) or minimum fungicidal concentration (mfc). the isolates include methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), s. aureus, faecal streptococci, beta-haemolytic st ... | 2001 | 11575735 |
| in vitro activity of tea tree oil against candida albicans mycelial conversion and other pathogenic fungi. | the antifungal activity of melaleuca alternifolia maiden (myrtaceae) essential oil against yeasts (candida spp., schizosaccharomyces pombe, debaryomyces hansenii) and dermatophytes (microsporum spp. and tricophyton spp.) is reported. we focused on the ability of tea tree oil to inhibit candida albicans conversion from the yeast to the pathogenic mycelial form. moreover we carried out broth microdilution test and contact tests to evaluate the killing time. m. alternifolia essential oil inhibited ... | 2001 | 11589479 |
| [quality evaluation of essential oils]. | essential oils on the market were analyzed using gc-ms and the main ingredients of each essential oil were quantified. analysis of the essential oil of lavandula officinalis (lavender oil) showed that each sample had a different ratio of the contents of main ingredients, such as linalool, linalyl acetate, and camphor. in addition, some commercial lavender oils were analyzed by gc-ms for comparison with the lavandula flagrans (lavandin oil) and the reference standard. as a result of this analysis ... | 2002 | 11905050 |
| mechanism of action of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy. | the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. the mechanisms of action of tea tree oil and three of its components, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, and alpha-terpineol, against staphylococcus aureus atcc 9144 were investigated. treatment with these agents at their mics and two times their mics, particularly treatment with terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol, reduced the viability of s. aureus. none of the agents caused lysis, as determined by measure ... | 2002 | 12019108 |
| antifungal effect of australian tea tree oil on malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canines suffering from cutaneous skin disease. | the lipophilic yeast malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal skin flora of most warm-blooded organisms. in a number of surveys it could be demonstrated that this yeast species might be involved in different skin diseases like seborrhoeic dermatitis, especially in dogs and cats. in order to look for an alternative therapeutic agent to the commonly used antimycotic and antiseptic synthetic substances the in vitro activity of australian tea tree oil, the essential oil of melaleuca alternifol ... | 2002 | 12070905 |
| in vitro activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi. | the in vitro activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against dermatophytes (n = 106) and filamentous fungi (n = 78) was determined. tea tree oil mics for all fungi ranged from 0.004% to 0.25% and minimum fungicidal concentrations (mfcs) ranged from <0.03% to 8.0%. time-kill experiments with 1-4 x mfc demonstrated that three of the four test organisms were still detected after 8 h of treatment, but not after 24 h. comparison of the susceptibility to tea tree oil of germinated and non-ge ... | 2002 | 12161399 |
| bioactivity of backhousia citriodora: antibacterial and antifungal activity. | backhousia citriodora products are used as bushfoods and flavorings and by the aromatherapy industry. the antimicrobial activity of 4 samples of b. citriodora oil, leaf paste, commercial tea (0.2 and 0.02 g/ml), and hydrosol (aqueous distillate) were tested against 13 bacteria and 8 fungi. little or no activity was found to be associated with the leaf tea and hydrosol, respectively. leaf paste displayed antimicrobial activity against 7 bacteria including clostridium perfringens, pseudomonas aeru ... | 2003 | 12502388 |
| antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. | to compare the antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil, garlic, and chlorhexidine solutions against oral microorganisms. | 2002 | 12553397 |
| anti-aspergillus activities of plant essential oils and their combination effects with ketoconazole or amphotericin b. | the essential oils from cedrus atlantica, styrax tonkinensis, juniperus communis, lavandula angustifolia, melaleuca alternifolia, pelargonium graveolens, pogesternon patchouli and rosmarinus officinalis were analyzed by gc-ms. antifungal activities of the oils were investigated by disk diffusion assay and the broth dilution method against aspergillus niger and a. flavus. the effects of geraniol and the essential oil fraction from p. graveolens on the antifungal activity of amphotericin b and ket ... | 2003 | 12785735 |
| antifungal activity of the components of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. | to investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of the components of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. | 2003 | 12969301 |
| [effect of mouthwashing with tea tree oil on plaque and inflammation]. | the tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia) has antiseptic, fungicide and bactericide effects. the efficiency against oral bacteria was also evident. xylitol is known for counterattacking the cariogenic effect caused by the streptococcus mutans. less plaque was developed during the time of the study. | 2003 | 14567294 |
| susceptibility of oral bacteria to melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. | the in vitro activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against 161 isolates of oral bacteria from 15 genera was determined. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbc) ranged from 0.003 to 2.0% (v/v). mic90 values were 1.0% (v/v) for actinomyces spp., lactobacillus spp., streptococcus mitis and streptococcus sanguis, and 0.1% (v/v) for prevotella spp. isolates of porphyromonas, prevotella and veillonella had the lowest mics and mbcs, and isolates ... | 2003 | 14622345 |
| terpinen-4-ol, the main component of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits the in vitro growth of human melanoma cells. | the search for innovative therapeutic approaches based on the use of new substances is gaining more interest in clinical oncology. in this in vitro study the potential anti-tumoral activity of tea tree oil, distilled from melaleuca alternifolia, was analyzed against human melanoma m14 wt cells and their drug-resistant counterparts, m14 adriamicin-resistant cells. both sensitive and resistant cells were grown in the presence of tea tree oil at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.03%. both the ... | 2004 | 15009716 |
| antifungal effects of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on candida albicans, candida glabrata and saccharomyces cerevisiae. | the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of tea tree oil and its components against candida albicans, candida glabrata and saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 2004 | 15140856 |
| acaricidal activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: in vitro sensitivity of sarcoptes scabiei var hominis to terpinen-4-ol. | to compare the acaricidal activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil (tto) and some of its individual active components on the itch mite sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. | 2004 | 15148100 |
| tolerance of pseudomonas aeruginosa to melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil is associated with the outer membrane and energy-dependent cellular processes. | the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) and its components have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi and viruses. the mechanism(s) by which pseudomonas aeruginosa nctc 10662 maintains a decreased susceptibility to tea tree oil and components was investigated. | 2004 | 15254026 |
| anti-inflammatory effects of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes. | the fungicidal and bactericidal actions of the essential oil (eo) of melaleuca alternifolia seem well established, but their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects remain unclear. in this study, we investigated in vitro the possible role of whole m. alternifolia eo as a modulator of the oxidative response, i.e. reactive oxygen species (ros) production, of leukocytes (monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns)) in humans. | 2004 | 15493453 |
| staphylococcus aureus and wounds: a review of tea tree oil as a promising antimicrobial. | antibiotic-resistant bacteria continue to be a major health concern worldwide. in particular, staphylococcus aureus, both methicillin-resistant and -sensitive, are of concern in their ability to cause difficult skin and underlying tissue infections. melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil), an essential oil, has demonstrated promising efficacy in treating these infections. tea tree oil has been used for centuries as a botanical medicine, and has only in recent decades surfaced in the scientific ... | 2004 | 15525915 |
| effect of essential oil concentration on the ph of nutrient and iso-sensitest broth. | the role of ph on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils has not been well studied. the effect of four essential oils: backhousia citriodora, melaleuca alternifolia, lavandula angustifolia and santalum spicatum (0.1% to 10%) on the ph of two commonly used media, nutrient broth and iso-sensitest broth, was therefore undertaken. small (less than 0.5 ph units) but statistically significant differences between the ph of the two media followed the addition of m. alternifolia, l. angustifolia an ... | 2004 | 15597315 |
| isolation and partial characterisation of a putative monoterpene synthase from melaleuca alternifolia. | melaleuca alternifolia (cheel) is an australia native tree harvested for its monoterpene-rich, essential oil. monoterpene synthases (e.c. 4.2.3.20) were partially purified from the flush growth of the commercially important, high terpinen-4-ol chemotype of m. alternifolia. the purified fractions produced an acyclic monoterpene, linalool that is not present in the essential oil. to further characterise the monoterpene synthase, a cdna library was constructed and 500 expressed sequence tags (ests) ... | 2004 | 15694281 |
| formulation and evaluation of an effective ph balanced topical antimicrobial product containing tea tree oil. | the effect of ph on the antimicrobial activity of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil formulations was studied. microemulsions, liposomal dispersions, multiple emulsions and a colloidal bed of sterile clay were formulated using 5% w/w of tea tree oil. a number of formulations were prepared at various ph values (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0). thermal stability studies showed that the formulations were stable for more than eight months. agar dilution tests showed mics of 1.0% v/v s. aureus and s. ... | 2005 | 15801675 |
| acaricidal properties of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia cheel (tea tree oil) against nymphs of ixodes ricinus. | the aim of the study was to examine the acaricidal effect of essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil, tto) at different doses (4, 6, 8 and 10 microl) and for different exposure times (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) on nymphs of ixodes ricinus. a dose of 8 microl tto was lethal for more than 70% of ticks when inhaled and this effect was enhanced when the dose was increased to 10 microl (> 80%). the effect was correlated with the duration of exposure of ticks to tto, with a significant effe ... | 2005 | 15817219 |
| tea tree oil: in vitro efficacy in otitis externa. | the purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of organisms causing otitis externa (oe) to the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia, or tea tree oil (tto). | 2005 | 15845191 |
| the antimutagenic activity of lavandula angustifolia (lavender) essential oil in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. | essential oils from melaleuca alternifolia (tea-tree oil) and lavandula angustifolia (lavender oil) are commonly used to treat minor health problems. tea-tree oil possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and is increasingly used for skin problems. lavender oil, traditionally used as an antiseptic agent, is now predominantly used as a relaxant, carminative, and sedative in aromatherapy. despite their growing use no data are available on their mutagenic potential. in this study, after dete ... | 2005 | 15907354 |
| antibacterial activity of essential oils from australian native plants. | to date, of the australian essential oils, only tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) and eucalyptus spp. have undergone extensive investigation. in this study a range of australian essential oils, including those from anethole anisata, callistris glaucophyllia, melaleuca spp. and thyptomine calycina, were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity. m. alternifolia was also included for comparison purposes. activity was determined using standard disc diffusion assays with each oil assayed at 100%, ... | 2005 | 16161028 |
| effect of australian tea tree oil on gyrodactylus spp. infection of the three-spined stickleback gasterosteus aculeatus. | gyrodactylus spp. infections of commercially farmed fishes are responsible for significant economic losses. existing treatments have proved uneconomic, stressful to the fishes, and ecologically damaging. essential oils are naturally occurring compounds that exhibit a wide range of anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities. this study explored the possibility of using australian tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil (tto) to treat gyrodactylus spp. infection on the three-spined stickleback gaster ... | 2005 | 16175965 |
| a clinical study: melaleuca, manuka, calendula and green tea mouth rinse. | a novel mouthrinse (ind 61,164) containing essential oils and extracts from four plant species (melaleuca alternifolia, leptospermum scoparium, calendula officinalis and camellia sinensis) were tested. this study aimed to evaluate the safety, palatability and preliminary efficacy of the rinse. fifteen subjects completed the phase i safety study. seventeen subjects completed the phase ii randomized placebo-controlled study. plaque was collected, gingival and plaque indices were recorded (baseline ... | 2005 | 16317652 |
| the effect of german chamomile (marticaria recutita l.) extract and tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia l.) oil used as irrigants on removal of smear layer: a scanning electron microscopy study. | to compare the cleaning effectiveness of chamomile hydroalcoholic extract and tea tree oil to 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (naocl) solution as an intracanal irrigant for the removal of the smear layer. | 2006 | 16507072 |
| potential anti-inflammatory effects of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on human peripheral blood leukocytes. | the fungicidal and bactericidal actions of the essential oil (eo) of melaleuca alternifolia seem well established, but their anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects remain unclear. this study investigated in vitro the possible role of whole melaleuca alternifolia eo as a modulator of the inflammatory/non-specific immune response by exploring the chemotaxis and kinetic radical oxygen species (ros) production of leukocytes and cytokine secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in ... | 2006 | 16619364 |
| susceptibility of pseudomonads to melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and components. | thirty isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa, 15 isolates of pseudomonas putida and 11 isolates of pseudomonas fluorescens were tested for susceptibility to tea tree oil (tto), the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia, and the components terpinen-4-ol, alpha-terpineol, cineole, gamma-terpinene and rho-cymene. | 2006 | 16735435 |
| in vitro antimycoplasmal activity of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. | | 2006 | 16787951 |
| interaction of tea tree oil with model and cellular membranes. | tea tree oil (tto) is the essential oil steam-distilled from melaleuca alternifolia, a species of northern new south wales, australia. it exhibits a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and an antifungal activity. only recently has tto been shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of multidrug resistant (mdr) human melanoma cells. it has been suggested that the effect of tto on tumor cells could be mediated by its interaction with the plasma membrane, most likely by inducing a reorganization of lip ... | 2006 | 16854063 |
| melaleuca alternifolia essential oil possesses potent anti-staphylococcal activity extended to strains resistant to antibiotics. | melaleuca alternifolia cheel essential oil (tto) and its major component terpinen-4-ol were examined against a large number of clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus to establish their anti-staphylococcal activities. classic and established procedures were used to study m.i.c., time-kill curves, synergism and mutational frequency. the anti-staphylococcal activity of terpinen-4-ol and tto were superior to those of antibiotics belonging to the major families (all the tested drugs are for topic ... | 2006 | 17026838 |
| habituation to sub-lethal concentrations of tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia) is associated with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics in human pathogens. | to investigate the effect of sub-lethal challenge with tea tree oil (tto) on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of significant human pathogens and commensals. | 2007 | 17071952 |
| in vivo activity of terpinen-4-ol, the main bioactive component of melaleuca alternifolia cheel (tea tree) oil against azole-susceptible and -resistant human pathogenic candida species. | recent investigations on the antifungal properties of essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia cheel (tea tree oil, tto) have been performed with reference to the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. however, there is a lack of in vivo data supporting in vitro results, especially regarding the antifungal properties of tto constituents. thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the in vitro and the in vivo anti-candida activity of two critical bioactive constituents of tto, terpinen-4-ol and 1,8- ... | 2006 | 17083732 |
| in vitro antifungal activity of the tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil and its major components against plant pathogens. | the aim of this study was to examine the effect of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tto) and its principal components on four cereal-pathogenic fungi. | 2007 | 17576222 |
| 25 years of natural product r&d with new south wales agriculture. | following recent nsw government restructuring, the department of agriculture now exists in a composite form along with forestry, fisheries and minerals in the new nsw department of primary industries. this paper outlines some of the highlights of secondary metabolite r&d accomplished in the 25 years since the essential oil research unit was transferred from the museum of applied arts & sciences, sydney to nsw agriculture's wollongbar agricultural institute on the nsw north coast. the essential o ... | 2005 | 18007515 |
| role of the mexab-oprm efflux pump of pseudomonas aeruginosa in tolerance to tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil and its monoterpene components terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and alpha-terpineol. | using a series of efflux mutants of pseudomonas aeruginosa, the mexab-oprm pump was identified as contributing to this organism's tolerance to the antimicrobial agent tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil and its monoterpene components terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and alpha-terpineol. these data show that a multidrug efflux system of p. aeruginosa can extrude monoterpenes and related alcohols. | 2008 | 18192403 |
| in vitro and in vivo activity of melaleuca alternifolia mixed with tissue conditioner on candida albicans. | the aim of this study was to identify in vitro and in vivo activity of melaleuca alternifolia oil mixed with different tissue conditioners on the candida albicans strain. | 2008 | 18280967 |
| medicinal plant treatments for fleas and ear problems of cats and dogs in british columbia, canada. | research conducted in 2003/2004 documented and validated (in a non-experimental way) ethnoveterinary medicines used by small-scale, organic livestock farmers in british columbia (bc), canada. interviews were conducted with 60 participants who were organic farmers or holistic medicinal/veterinary practitioners. a workshop was held with selected participants to discuss the plant-based treatments. this paper reports on the medicinal plants used for fleas in cats and dogs. fleas and flies are treate ... | 2008 | 18563443 |
| frequencies of resistance to melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and rifampicin in staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and enterococcus faecalis. | this study was conducted to determine the frequencies at which single-step mutants resistant to tea tree oil and rifampicin occurred amongst the gram-positive organisms staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and enterococcus faecalis. for tea tree oil, resistance frequencies were very low at <10(-9). single-step mutants resistant to tea tree oil were undetectable at two times the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) for s. aureus rn4220 and derivative mutator strains or at 3 x mic f ... | 2008 | 18571379 |
| changes in antibiotic susceptibility in staphylococci habituated to sub-lethal concentrations of tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia). | to investigate the effect of sub-lethal challenge with tea tree oil (tto) on the antibiotic resistance profiles of staphylococci. | 2008 | 18778374 |
| successful topical treatment of hand warts in a paediatric patient with tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia). | tea tree oil (tto) (melaleuca alternifolia) has been used recently as an effective topical application for the treatment of skin infections due to a variety of aetiological microbial agents, including mainly bacterial infections. we detail the first report in the peer-reviewed literature of the successful treatment with tto of a paediatric patient with warts on her right middle finger. tto was applied topically once daily to the lesions for 12 days, with a successful outcome, including complete ... | 2008 | 18940708 |
| laboratory evaluation of aromatic essential oils from thirteen plant species as candidate repellents against leptotrombidium chiggers (acari: trombiculidae), the vector of scrub typhus. | scrub typhus, a rickettsial disease transmitted by several species of leptotrombidium chiggers (larvae), is endemic in many areas of asia. the disease is best prevented by the use of personal protective measures, including repellents. in this study commercially produced aromatic, essential oils of 13 plant species and ethanol (control) were tested in the laboratory for repellency against host-seeking chiggers of leptotrombidium imphalum vercammen-grandjean and langston (acari: trombiculidae). a ... | 2009 | 19009361 |
| effects of tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil on staphylococcus aureus in biofilms and stationary growth phase. | tea tree oil (tto) is known for its antimicrobial activity. in this study, we determined whether tto is effective against staphylococcus aureus in biofilms and how tto activity is affected by the s. aureus growth phase. all clinical strains tested were killed by tto both as planktonic cells and as biofilms. the minimum biofilm eradication concentration was usually two times higher than the minimum bactericidal concentration, yet it was never higher than 1% v/v. the fastest killing of biofilm occ ... | 2009 | 19095413 |
| the antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. | due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance, alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapy are needed. this study aims to investigate the in vitro pharmacological interactions between essential oils (considered valuable as natural therapeutic treatments) and conventional antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin/amphotericin b) when used in combination. | 2009 | 19187494 |
| determination of legionella pneumophila susceptibility to melaleuca alternifolia cheel (tea tree) oil by an improved broth micro-dilution method under vapour controlled conditions. | the aim of this study was to determine the in vitro activity of melaleuca alternifolia cheel (tea tree) oil (tto) against 22 strains of legionella pneumophila of different serogroup and source of isolation. both a standard broth micro-dilution method, with slight modifications, and a micro-atmosphere diffusion method were used. furthermore, we have established a simple sealing procedure in the micro-dilution method to determine the antibacterial activity of tto against legionella in aqueous phas ... | 2009 | 19264101 |
| formulation study of tea tree oil patches. | the antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties of tea tree oil (tto), the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia are well documented. in order to optimize its therapeutic activity, tto patches were designed. the aim of this work was the formulation of monolayer patches containing tto. moreover, the performance of oleic acid (oa) as a skin penetration enhancer in patches was evaluated. terpinen-4-ol (t4ol), the main component of tto, was the marker used to evaluate tto skin perme ... | 2009 | 19370891 |
| antifungal activity of tea tree oil from melaleuca alternifolia against trichophyton equinum: an in vivo assay. | dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic molds, some of which are responsible for ringworm. among them trichophyton equinum, which mostly infects equids, can cause extensive outbreaks in stud farms. the conventional treatment of equine trichophytosis is topic, based upon medicated shampoos to reduce the spread of infection among the animals. nevertheless the popularity of phytotherapy is at an all-time peak, and the interest for natural alternatives or complements to convent ... | 2009 | 19403294 |
| comparison of bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of 13 essential oils against strains with varying sensitivity to antibiotics. | to compare the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of 13 chemotyped essential oils (eo) on 65 bacteria with varying sensitivity to antibiotics. | 2008 | 19552780 |
| synergism and postantibiotic effect of tobramycin and melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli. | the application of antimicrobial combinations may address the rising resistance to established classes of both systemic and topical agents and their clinical relevance is related to the presence of a significant postantibiotic effect (pae). we investigated the effectiveness in vitro of the association between tobramycin and tea tree oil (tto) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the minimal inhibitory concentrations, the bacterial killing and the pae of tobramycin and tto were deter ... | 2010 | 19699074 |
| inhibition of group a streptococcal infection by melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil concentrate in the murine model. | to investigate the effect of a water-soluble melaleuca alternifolia concentrate (mac) on group a streptococcus (gas; streptococcus pyogenes)-induced necrotizing fasciitis. | 2010 | 19709334 |
| in vitro antiviral activity of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. | to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tto) and its main components, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, p-cymene, terpinolene and alpha-terpineol. | 2009 | 19843207 |
| are commercially available essential oils from australian native plants repellent to mosquitoes? | while the use of topical insect repellents, particularly those containing synthetic active ingredients such as deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), are a mainstay in personal protection strategies emphasized in public health messages, there is a growing demand in the community for alternative repellents, particularly those of botanical origin and thus deemed to be "natural." this study evaluated the repellency of essential oils from 11 australian native plants in 5% v/v formulations against aed ... | 2009 | 19852219 |
| the in vitro antibiofilm activity of selected culinary herbs and medicinal plants against listeria monocytogenes. | the antibiofilm activity of extracts obtained from selected herbs, spices, beverages and commercially important medicinal plants was investigated on listeria monocytogenes. | 2010 | 19874481 |
| anxiolytic-like effect of sweet orange aroma in wistar rats. | aromatherapy is the use of essential oils as an alternative treatment for medical purposes. despite the lack of sufficient scientific proof, it is considered a holistic complementary therapy employed to enhance comfort and decrease distress. citrus fragrances have been particularly used by aromatherapists for the treatment of anxiety symptoms. based on this claim, the present study investigated the effects of citrus sinensis (sweet orange) essential oil on wistar, male rats evaluated in the elev ... | 2010 | 20211673 |
| inhibition of established subcutaneous murine tumour growth with topical melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. | systemic toxicity coupled with long treatment regimes of approved topical chemotherapeutic agents such as imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) are limiting. there is now more focus on the potential use of topical terpene agents as skin cancer treatments. here, we show for the first time that topical melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil (tto), abundant in terpenes, has in vivo antitumour activity. | 2010 | 20577741 |
| in vitro synergistic antibacterial action of certain combinations of gentamicin and essential oils. | the aim of this study was to verify the existence of synergistic antibacterial effect between four essential oils (aniba rosaeodora, melaleuca alternifolia, origanum vulgare, and pelargonium graveolens) individually combined with the antibacterial drug gentamicin. we investigated the effectiveness in vitro of the association of essential oil/gentamicin, against fifteen different strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. the antibacterial effects of these oils in combination with genta ... | 2010 | 20666717 |
| activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on influenza virus a/pr/8: study on the mechanism of action. | our previous study demonstrated that melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil (tto) had an interesting antiviral activity against influenza a in mdck cells. in fact, when we tested tto and some of its components, we found that tto had an inhibitory effect on influenza virus replication at doses below the cytotoxic dose; terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, and alfa-terpineol were the main active components. the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of tto and its active components aga ... | 2010 | 21095205 |
| evaluation of commercial essential oil samples on the growth of postharvest pathogen monilinia fructicola (g. winter) honey. | to assess the effect of several commercial essential oils samples australian lemon myrtle (backhousia citriodora), cinnamon bark (cinnamomum zeylanicum), oregano (origanum vulgare), thyme oil (thymus vulgaris), clove bud (eugenia caryophyllata), valerian (valeriana officinalis) and australian tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia) on mycelium growth and spore germination of monilinia fructicola. the effectiveness of lemon myrtle essential oil as a fumigant for the control of brown rot in nectarin ... | 2011 | 21294758 |
| composition, and antimicrobial and remarkable antiprotozoal activities of the essential oil of rhizomes of aframomum sceptrum k. schum. (zingiberaceae). | the essential oil from the rhizomes of aframomum sceptrum (zingiberaceae) was analyzed by gc/ms, and its major constituents were found to be β-pinene (12.7%), caryophyllene oxide (10.0%), and cyperene (6.0%). the oil was also evaluated for antimicrobial activities, in comparison with β-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, and the leaf essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (myrtaceae). the a. sceptrum essential oil exhibited bacteriostatic activity against the gram-positive bacteria bacillus subtilis, ... | 2011 | 21480511 |
| uncontrolled, open-label, pilot study of tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil solution in the decolonisation of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus positive wounds and its influence on wound healing. | many complementary and alternative products are used to treat wounds. the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia, tea tree oil, has proven antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, may be useful in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) decolonisation regimens and is reputed to have 'wound-healing' properties, but more data are required to support these indications. the primary aim of this uncontrolled case series was to assess whether a tea tree oil solution used in a wound c ... | 2011 | 21564552 |
| antibiofilm activity of selected plant essential oils and their major components. | the aim of the study was to examine the antibiofilm activity of selected essential oils (eo): lavandula angustifblia (leo), melaleuca alternifolia (tto), melissa officinalis (meo) and some of their major constituents: linalool, linalyl acetate, alpha-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol. biofilms were formed by staphylococcus aureus atcc 29213 and escherichia coli nctc 8196 on the surface of medical biomaterials (urinary catheter, infusion tube and surgical mesh). ttc reduction assay was used for the evalua ... | 2011 | 21630572 |
| effects of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil and the major monoterpene component terpinen-4-ol on the development of single- and multistep antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility. | this study examined the effect of subinhibitory melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil on the development of antibiotic resistance in staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli. frequencies of single-step antibiotic-resistant mutants were determined by inoculating bacteria cultured with or without subinhibitory tea tree oil onto agar containing 2 to 8 times the mic of each antibiotic and with or without tea tree oil. whereas most differences in resistance frequencies were relatively min ... | 2011 | 22083482 |
| Insecticidal and repellent effects of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil against Lucilia cuprina. | Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the effect of tea tree oil (TTO) from Melaleuca alternifolia (terpinen-4-ol chemotype) against different stages of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. When applied to wool, 3% TTO formulation repelled gravid female L. cuprina and prevented oviposition for six weeks. Formulations containing 1% TTO caused 100% mortality of L. cuprina eggs and 1st instar larvae and 2.5% TTO caused mortality of most second and third instar larvae in agar feeding ... | 2011 | 21899953 |
| survey of the antimicrobial activity of commercially available australian tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil products in vitro. | the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of a range of commercially available tea tree oil (tto) products and to evaluate whether formulation plays a significant part in their antiseptic activity. | 2011 | 21854197 |
| Toxicity of essential and non-essential oils against the chewing louse, Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus. | The toxicity of six plant essential oils to the chewing louse, Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus collected from donkeys, was examined in laboratory bioassays. The oils examined were: tea-tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), peppermint (Mentha piperita), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere), clove bud (Eugenia caryophyllata) and camphor (Cinnamomum camphora). All except camphor oil showed high levels of toxicity, with significant dose-dependent mortality and ... | 2011 | 22177577 |
| α-terpineol induces fatty liver in mice mediated by the amp-activated kinase and sterol response element binding protein pathway. | the use of herbal medicines in disease prevention and treatment is growing rapidly worldwide, without careful consideration of safety issues. α-terpineol is a monoterpene alcoholic component of melaleuca alternifolia, salvia officinalis and carthamus tinctorius that is used widely as a flavor and essential oil in food. the present study showed that α-terpineol induces fatty liver via the amp-activated protein kinase (ampk)-mtor-sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (srebp-1) pathway. α-ter ... | 2012 | 23274539 |
| exploring the anti-burkholderia cepacia complex activity of essential oils: a preliminary analysis. | in this work we have checked the ability of the essential oils extracted from six different medicinal plants (eugenia caryophyllata, origanum vulgare, rosmarinus officinalis, lavandula officinalis, melaleuca alternifolia, and thymus vulgaris) to inhibit the growth of 18 bacterial type strains belonging to the 18 known species of the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc). these bacteria are opportunistic human pathogens that can cause severe infection in immunocompromised patients, especially those ... | 2014 | 24701243 |
| comparison of antimicrobial activity of essential oils, plant extracts and methylparaben in cosmetic emulsions: 2 months study. | the aim of the study was to compare the preservative effectiveness of plant extracts (matricaria chamomilla, aloe vera, calendula officinalis) and essential oils (lavandulla officinalis, melaleuca alternifolia, cinnamomum zeylanicum) with methylparaben in cosmetic emulsions against skin microflora during 2 months of application by volunteers. cosmetic emulsions with extracts (2.5 %), essential oils (2.5 %), methylparaben (0.4 %) or placebo were tested by 40 volunteers during 2 months of treatmen ... | 2014 | 24891745 |
| antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant group a streptococci. | in the present study, we have evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from origanum vulgare, thymus vulgaris, lavandula angustifolia, mentha piperita, and melaleuca alternifolia against 32 erythromycin-resistant [mininum inhibitory concentration (mic) ≥1 μg/ml; inducible, constitutive, and efflux-mediated resistance phenotype; erm(tr), erm(b), and mef(a) genes] and cell-invasive group a streptococci (gas) isolated from children with pharyngotonsillitis in italy. over the pa ... | 2015 | 25784902 |
| melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. | complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. this essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. the primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. this review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial ... | 2006 | 16418522 |