| isolation of rio bravo and a hitherto undescribed agent, tamana bat virus, from insectivorous bats in trinidad, with serological evidence of infection in bats and man. | | 1978 | 626270 |
| genome sequence analysis of tamana bat virus and its relationship with the genus flavivirus. | tamana bat virus (tabv, isolated from the bat pteronotus parnellii) is currently classified as a tentative species in the genus flavivirus: we report here the determination and analysis of its complete coding sequence. low but significant similarity scores between tabv and member-viruses of the genus flavivirus were identified in the amino acid sequences of the structural, ns3 and ns5 genes. a series of cysteines located in the envelope protein and the most important enzymatic domains of the vir ... | 2002 | 12237426 |
| detection of rna from a novel west nile-like virus and high prevalence of an insect-specific flavivirus in mosquitoes in the yucatan peninsula of mexico. | as part of our ongoing surveillance efforts for west nile virus (wnv) in the yucatan peninsula of mexico, 96,687 mosquitoes collected from january through december 2007 were assayed by virus isolation in mammalian cells. three mosquito pools caused cytopathic effect. two isolates were orthobunyaviruses (cache valley virus and kairi virus) and the identity of the third infectious agent was not determined. a subset of mosquitoes was also tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (r ... | 2009 | 19141845 |
| identification and analysis of putative promoter motifs in flavivirus genome. | the genus flavivirus comprises medically significant pathogenic virus; causing several infections in humans worldwide. flavivirus genomes are 10-11 kb approximately and encode both structural and non structural region. the non structural region plays fundamental role in the stability, regulation and cell cycle of virus. the complete genomes of 26 flavivirus were used for identification of promoter motifs through in silico approaches. the promoter sequences were encoded in merely 16 viruses and 1 ... | 2008 | 19238240 |
| virus-host coevolution: common patterns of nucleotide motif usage in flaviviridae and their hosts. | virus-host biological interaction is a continuous coevolutionary process involving both host immune system and viral escape mechanisms. flaviviridae family is composed of fast evolving rna viruses that infects vertebrate (mammals and birds) and/or invertebrate (ticks and mosquitoes) organisms. these host groups are very distinct life forms separated by a long evolutionary time, so lineage-specific anti-viral mechanisms are likely to have evolved. flaviviridae viruses which infect a single host l ... | 2009 | 19617912 |
| novel flaviviruses detected in different species of mosquitoes in spain. | abstract we report the characterization of three novel flaviviruses isolated in spain. marisma mosquito virus, a novel mosquito borne virus, was isolated from ochlerotatus caspius mosquitoes; spanish ochlerotatus flavivirus and spanish culex flavivirus, two novel insect flaviviruses, were isolated from oc. caspius and culex pipiens, respectively. during this investigation, we designed a sensitive rt-nested polymerase chain reaction method that amplifies a 1019bp fragment of the flavivirus ns5 ... | 2011 | 22022811 |
| Molecular evolution of the insect-specific flaviviruses. | There has been an explosion in the discovery of 'insect-specific' flaviviruses and/or their related sequences in natural mosquito populations. Herein we review all 'insect-specific' flaviviral sequences currently available and conduct phylogenetic analyses of both the 'insect-specific' flaviviruses and available sequences of the entire genus Flavivirus. We show that there is no statistical support for virus-mosquito co-divergence, suggesting that the 'insect-specific' flaviviruses may have under ... | 2011 | 22012464 |
| bat airway epithelial cells: a novel tool for the study of zoonotic viruses. | bats have been increasingly recognized as reservoir of important zoonotic viruses. however, until now many attempts to isolate bat-borne viruses in cell culture have been unsuccessful. further, experimental studies on reservoir host species have been limited by the difficulty of rearing these species. the epithelium of the respiratory tract plays a central role during airborne transmission, as it is the first tissue encountered by viral particles. although several cell lines from bats were estab ... | 2014 | 24454736 |
| biological transmission of arboviruses: reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends. | among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for transmission. field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components of this unique mode of transmission, virus, vector, and vertebrate host, have produced an enormous amount of valuable information that may be found in numerous publications. however, despite many reviews on specific viruses, diseases, or interests, a systematic approach to organizing the available information on all f ... | 0 | 16223950 |
| ecuador paraiso escondido virus, a new flavivirus isolated from new world sand flies in ecuador, is the first representative of a novel clade in the genus flavivirus. | a new flavivirus, ecuador paraiso escondido virus (epev), named after the village where it was discovered, was isolated from sand flies (psathyromyia abonnenci, formerly lutzomyia abonnenci) that are unique to the new world. this represents the first sand fly-borne flavivirus identified in the new world. epev exhibited a typical flavivirus genome organization. nevertheless, the maximum pairwise amino acid sequence identity with currently recognized flaviviruses was 52.8%. phylogenetic analysis o ... | 2015 | 26355096 |
| new insights into flavivirus evolution, taxonomy and biogeographic history, extended by analysis of canonical and alternative coding sequences. | to generate the most diverse phylogenetic dataset for the flaviviruses to date, we determined the genomic sequences and phylogenetic relationships of 14 flaviviruses, of which 10 are primarily associated with culex spp. mosquitoes. we analyze these data, in conjunction with a comprehensive collection of flavivirus genomes, to characterize flavivirus evolutionary and biogeographic history in unprecedented detail and breadth. based on the presumed introduction of yellow fever virus into the americ ... | 2015 | 25719412 |
| novel flaviviruses from mosquitoes: mosquito-specific evolutionary lineages within the phylogenetic group of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. | novel flaviviruses that are genetically related to pathogenic mosquito-borne flaviviruses (mbfv) have been isolated from mosquitoes in various geographical locations, including finland. we isolated and characterized another novel virus of this group from finnish mosquitoes collected in 2007, designated as ilomantsi virus (ilov). unlike the mbfv that infect both vertebrates and mosquitoes, the mbfv-related viruses appear to be specific to mosquitoes similar to the insect-specific flaviviruses (is ... | 2014 | 25108382 |
| rapid evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder as a potential driving force for biological divergence in flaviviruses. | protein structure is commonly regarded to be conserved and to dictate function. most proteins rely on conformational flexibility to some degree. are regions that convey conformational flexibility conserved over evolutionary time? can changes in conformational flexibility alter protein function? here, the evolutionary dynamics of structurally ordered and disordered (flexible) regions are investigated genome-wide in flaviviruses, revealing that the amount and location of structural disorder fluctu ... | 0 | 23418179 |
| detection of a new insect flavivirus and isolation of aedes flavivirus in northern italy. | during recent years, numerous novel 'insect flaviviruses' have been discovered in natural mosquito populations. in a previous study we described the presence of flavivirus dna sequences integrated in aedes albopictus (asian tiger mosquito) populations from northern italy in 2007. | 2012 | 23043958 |
| serologic evidence of flavivirus infection in bats in the yucatan peninsula of mexico. | we captured 140 bats of seven species in merida city in the yucatan peninsula of mexico in 2010. serum was collected from each bat and assayed by plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) using six flaviviruses: west nile virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, and dengue viruses 1-4. flavivirus-specific antibodies were detected in 26 bats (19%). the antibody-positive bats belonged to three species: the pallas's long-tongued bat (glossophaga soricina), jamaican fruit bat (artibeus jamaicensis), a ... | 0 | 23778622 |
| identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis. | theiler's disease is an acute hepatitis in horses that is associated with the administration of equine blood products; its etiologic agent has remained unknown for nearly a century. here, we used massively parallel sequencing to explore samples from a recent theiler's disease outbreak. metatranscriptomic analysis of the short sequence reads identified a 10.5-kb sequence from a previously undescribed virus of the flaviviridae family, which we designate "theiler's disease-associated virus" (tdav). ... | 2013 | 23509292 |
| replication of west nile virus, rabensburg lineage in mammalian cells is restricted by temperature. | the genus flavivirus currently consists of approximately 80 single-strand positive-sense rna viruses. these replicate in a range of hosts including myriad vertebrate, insect, and tick species. as a consequence of this broad host range, the majority of flaviviruses can be propagated in most vertebrate and insect cell cultures. this ability to infect arthropods and vertebrates usually is essential for maintenance of these viruses in nature. but recently, there has been the discovery of a number of ... | 2012 | 23241081 |
| noncoding subgenomic flavivirus rna: multiple functions in west nile virus pathogenesis and modulation of host responses. | flaviviruses are a large group of positive strand rna viruses transmitted by arthropods that include many human pathogens such as west nile virus (wnv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), yellow fever virus, dengue virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. all members in this genus tested so far are shown to produce a unique subgenomic flavivirus rna (sfrna) derived from the 3' untranslated region (utr). sfrna is a product of incomplete degradation of genomic rna by the cell 5'-3' exoribonucleas ... | 2014 | 24473339 |
| detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal rattus norvegicus in new york city. | norway rats (rattus norvegicus) are globally distributed and concentrate in urban environments, where they live and feed in closer proximity to human populations than most other mammals. despite the potential role of rats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases, the microbial diversity present in urban rat populations remains unexplored. in this study, we used targeted molecular assays to detect known bacterial, viral, and protozoan human pathogens and unbiased high-throughput sequencing to identify ... | 2014 | 25316698 |
| identification and analysis of putative promoter motifs in bovine herpes virus. | the purpose of this study is to identify and analyse the putative promoter motifs in the bovine herpes virus which causes several diseases in cattle worldwide including bovine mastitis with large economic impact on dairy industry. bovine mastitis caused due to virus is often neglected as bacterial infections are held mainly responsible for the disease. therefore, in this in silico investigation with all the existing experimental data a total of 147 promoter were identified along with their seque ... | 2012 | 23275714 |
| family level phylogenies reveal modes of macroevolution in rna viruses. | despite advances in understanding the patterns and processes of microevolution in rna viruses, little is known about the determinants of viral diversification at the macroevolutionary scale. in particular, the processes by which viral lineages assigned as different "species" are generated remain largely uncharacterized. to address this issue, we use a robust phylogenetic approach to analyze patterns of lineage diversification in five representative families of rna viruses. we ask whether the pro ... | 2010 | 21173251 |
| structural and functional analyses of a conserved hydrophobic pocket of flavivirus methyltransferase. | the flavivirus methyltransferase (mtase) sequentially methylates the n7 and 2'-o positions of the viral rna cap (gpppa-rna → m(7)gpppa-rna → m(7)gpppam-rna), using s-adenosyl-l-methionine (adomet) as a methyl donor. we report here that sinefungin (sin), an adomet analog, inhibits several flaviviruses through suppression of viral mtase. the crystal structure of west nile virus mtase in complex with sin inhibitor at 2.0-å resolution revealed a flavivirus-conserved hydrophobic pocket located next t ... | 2010 | 20685660 |
| Tembusu virus in ducks, china. | In China in 2010, a disease outbreak in egg-laying ducks was associated with a flavivirus. The virus was isolated and partially sequenced. The isolate exhibited 87%-91% identity with strains of Tembusu virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Ntaya virus group. These findings demonstrate emergence of Tembusu virus in ducks. | 2011 | 22000358 |
| relationship of sars-cov to other pathogenic rna viruses explored by tetranucleotide usage profiling. | the exact origin of the cause of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is still an open question. the genomic sequence relationship of sars-cov with 30 different single-stranded rna (ssrna) viruses of various families was studied using two non-standard approaches. both approaches began with the vectorial profiling of the tetra-nucleotide usage pattern v for each virus. in approach one, a distance measure of a vector v, based on correlation coefficient was devised to construct a relationsh ... | 2003 | 14499005 |
| unexpected inheritance: multiple integrations of ancient bornavirus and ebolavirus/marburgvirus sequences in vertebrate genomes. | vertebrate genomes contain numerous copies of retroviral sequences, acquired over the course of evolution. until recently they were thought to be the only type of rna viruses to be so represented, because integration of a dna copy of their genome is required for their replication. in this study, an extensive sequence comparison was conducted in which 5,666 viral genes from all known non-retroviral families with single-stranded rna genomes were matched against the germline genomes of 48 vertebrat ... | 2010 | 20686665 |
| structure and functionality in flavivirus ns-proteins: perspectives for drug design. | flaviviridae are small enveloped viruses hosting a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome. besides yellow fever virus, a landmark case in the history of virology, members of the flavivirus genus, such as west nile virus and dengue virus, are increasingly gaining attention due to their re-emergence and incidence in different areas of the world. additional environmental and demographic considerations suggest that novel or known flaviviruses will continue to emerge in the future. nevertheless, u ... | 2010 | 19945487 |
| isolation and phylogenetic analysis of mucambo virus (venezuelan equine encephalitis complex subtype iiia) in trinidad. | in the 1950s and 1960s, alphaviruses in the venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) antigenic complex were the most frequently isolated arboviruses in trinidad. since then, there has been very little research performed with these viruses. herein, we report on the isolation, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses of mucambo virus (mucv; vee complex subtype iiia), including 6 recently isolated from culex (melanoconion) portesi mosquitoes and 11 previously isolated in trinidad and brazil. results show ... | 2009 | 19631956 |
| constancy and diversity in the flavivirus fusion peptide. | flaviviruses include the mosquito-borne dengue, japanese encephalitis, yellow fever and west nile and the tick-borne encephalitis viruses. they are responsible for considerable world-wide morbidity and mortality. viral entry is mediated by a conserved fusion peptide containing 16 amino acids located in domain ii of the envelope protein e. highly orchestrated conformational changes initiated by exposure to acidic ph accompany the fusion process and are important factors limiting amino acid change ... | 2008 | 18275613 |
| bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. | bats (order chiroptera, suborders megachiroptera ["flying foxes"] and microchiroptera) are abundant, diverse, and geographically widespread. these mammals provide us with resources, but their importance is minimized and many of their populations and species are at risk, even threatened or endangered. some of their characteristics (food choices, colonial or solitary nature, population structure, ability to fly, seasonal migration and daily movement patterns, torpor and hibernation, life span, roo ... | 2006 | 16847084 |
| universal primers that amplify rna from all three flavivirus subgroups. | species within the flavivirus genus pose public health problems around the world. increasing cases of dengue and japanese encephalitis virus in asia, frequent outbreaks of yellow fever virus in africa and south america, and the ongoing spread of west nile virus throughout the americas, show the geographical burden of flavivirus diseases. flavivirus infections are often indistinct from and confused with other febrile illnesses. here we review the specificity of published primers, and describe a n ... | 2008 | 18218114 |
| phylogeny of the genus flavivirus. | we undertook a comprehensive phylogenetic study to establish the genetic relationship among the viruses of the genus flavivirus and to compare the classification based on molecular phylogeny with the existing serologic method. by using a combination of quantitative definitions (bootstrap support level and the pairwise nucleotide sequence identity), the viruses could be classified into clusters, clades, and species. our phylogenetic study revealed for the first time that from the putative ancesto ... | 1998 | 9420202 |
| characterization of a novel flavivirus from mosquitoes in northern europe that is related to mosquito-borne flaviviruses of the tropics. | a novel flavivirus was isolated from mosquitoes in finland, representing the first mosquito-borne flavivirus from northern europe. the isolate, designated lammi virus (lamv), was antigenically cross-reactive with other flaviviruses and exhibited typical flavivirus morphology as determined by electron microscopy. the genomic sequence of lamv was highly divergent from the recognized flaviviruses, and yet the polyprotein properties resembled those of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. phylogenetic analys ... | 2009 | 19570865 |
| detection of quang binh virus from mosquitoes in china. | flaviviruses present a wide range of genetic diversity and exhibit diverse host relationships. mosquito-borne flaviviruses have recently been isolated and characterized worldwide. yunnan province of china is one of the richest areas of species diversity and is the center of multi-species evolution in mainland asia, which supports the circulation of numerous arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). in a screening program of arboviruses, mosquitoes were collected during the mosquito activity season ... | 2014 | 24342141 |
| powerful sequence similarity search methods and in-depth manual analyses can identify remote homologs in many apparently "orphan" viral proteins. | the genome sequences of new viruses often contain many "orphan" or "taxon-specific" proteins apparently lacking homologs. however, because viral proteins evolve very fast, commonly used sequence similarity detection methods such as blast may overlook homologs. we analyzed a data set of proteins from rna viruses characterized as "genus specific" by blast. more powerful methods developed recently, such as hhblits or hhpred (available through web-based, user-friendly interfaces), could detect dista ... | 2013 | 24155369 |
| characterisation of divergent flavivirus ns3 and ns5 protein sequences detected in rhipicephalus microplus ticks from brazil. | transcripts similar to those that encode the nonstructural (ns) proteins ns3 and ns5 from flaviviruses were found in a salivary gland (sg) complementary dna (cdna) library from the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. tick extracts were cultured with cells to enable the isolation of viruses capable of replicating in cultured invertebrate and vertebrate cells. deep sequencing of the viral rna isolated from culture supernatants provided the complete coding sequences for the ns3 and ns5 proteins an ... | 2013 | 24626302 |
| evidence for novel hepaciviruses in rodents. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is among the most relevant causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. research is complicated by a lack of accessible small animal models. the systematic investigation of viruses of small mammals could guide efforts to establish such models, while providing insight into viral evolutionary biology. we have assembled the so-far largest collection of small-mammal samples from around the world, qualified to be screened for bloodborne viruses, including sera and o ... | 2013 | 23818848 |
| flavidb: a data mining system for knowledge discovery in flaviviruses with direct applications in immunology and vaccinology. | the flavivirus genus is unusually large, comprising more than 70 species, of which more than half are known human pathogens. it includes a set of clinically relevant infectious agents such as dengue, west nile, yellow fever, and japanese encephalitis viruses. although these pathogens have been studied extensively, safe and efficient vaccines lack for the majority of the flaviviruses. | 0 | 25544857 |
| seroepidemiology of selected alphaviruses and flaviviruses in bats in trinidad. | a serosurvey of antibodies against selected flaviviruses and alphaviruses in 384 bats (representing 10 genera and 14 species) was conducted in the caribbean island of trinidad. sera were analysed using epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) specific for antibodies against west nile virus (wnv), venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev), all of which are zoonotic viruses of public health significance in the region. overall, the ... | 2015 | 24751420 |
| the modeled structure of the rna dependent rna polymerase of gbv-c virus suggests a role for motif e in flaviviridae rna polymerases. | the flaviviridae virus family includes major human and animal pathogens. the rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) plays a central role in the replication process, and thus is a validated target for antiviral drugs. despite the increasing structural and enzymatic characterization of viral rdrps, detailed molecular replication mechanisms remain unclear. the hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a major human pathogen difficult to study in cultured cells. the bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is often used as ... | 2005 | 16225688 |
| purification and crystallization of kokobera virus helicase. | kokobera virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus belonging, like west nile virus, to the japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex. the flavivirus genus is characterized by a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome. the unique open reading frame of the viral rna is transcribed and translated as a single polyprotein which is post-translationally cleaved to yield three structural and seven nonstructural proteins, one of which is the ns3 gene that encodes a c-terminal helicase domain consisting of 431 ... | 2007 | 17329812 |
| new virus of the family flaviviridae detected in lumpfish (cyclopterus lumpus). | in this study, we determined the complete coding sequence of a putative new member of the family flaviviridae, named "cyclopterus lumpus virus" (cluv), which is associated with a serious disease in lumpfish (cyclopterus lumpus). the virus was present in all tissues tested, but pathology was primarily observed in the liver and kidneys. cluv shows low but distinct similarity to the unassigned tamana bat virus (tabv). unlike other known members of the family flaviviridae, translation of the entire ... | 2018 | 29147783 |
| a review of flaviviruses that have no known arthropod vector. | most viruses in the genus flavivirus are horizontally transmitted between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts, but some are maintained in arthropod- or vertebrate-restricted transmission cycles. flaviviruses maintained by vertebrate-only transmission are commonly referred to as no known vector (nkv) flaviviruses. fourteen species and two subtypes of nkv flaviviruses are recognized by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv), and tamana bat virus potentially belongs to ... | 2017 | 28635667 |