| mirex residues in eggs and livers of two long-lived reptiles (chrysemys scripta and terrapene carolina) in mississippi, 1970-1977. | | 1979 | 519044 |
| contrasting dna sequence organisation patterns in sauropsidian genomes. | the genomic dna organisation patterns of four sauropsidian species, namely python reticularis, caiman crocodilus, terrapene carolina triungius and columba livia domestica were investigated by reassociation of short and long dna fragments, by hyperchromicity measurements of reannealed fragments and by length estimations of s1-nuclease resistant repetitive duplexes. while the genomic dna of the three reptilian species shows a short period interspersion pattern, the genome of the avian species is o ... | 1979 | 533670 |
| the nucleotide sequence of turtle (terrapene carolina) 5 s ribosomal ribonucleic acid. | | 1977 | 891977 |
| two new species of the genus caminacarus (acarina: cloacaridae) from turtles in louisiana. | caminacarus chrysemys sp. n. and caminacarus terrapenae sp. n. are described from the cloaca of chrysemys scripta elegans and terrapene carolina in louisiana. the former species is very similar to caminacarus deirochelys but differs in the form of the dorsal shield which has longer lateral elongations and the median dorsal elongation does not extend to the genital sclerite, structure of the anterodorsal wall of the gnathosomal base which is closed forming a ringlike apodeme, and structure of the ... | 1975 | 1117354 |
| myiasis in two box turtles. | two eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) were treated for myiasis caused by sarcophaga cistudinis. the tortoises were examined because of swellings of the proximal cervical regions. both fully recovered following surgical removal of multiple larvae. | 1991 | 1748614 |
| pineal 5-methoxytryptophol rhythms in the box turtle: effect of photoperiod and environmental temperature. | the effect of different photoperiods and temperatures on pineal 5-methoxytryptophol (ml) content was investigated in male box turtles, terrapene carolina triunguis. a rhythm in pineal ml was evident in the long photoperiod (18 h light (l)-6 h dark (d] with high daytime levels of 178 +/- 48 pg/gland (means +/- s.e.m.) which dropped to 38 +/- 6 pg/gland during lights off. in the short photoperiod (8l:16d) no clearcut ml rhythm was observed. diurnal (10.00-12.00 h) ml concentrations rose linearly ( ... | 1989 | 2710400 |
| the effects of cold acclimation on electrocardiogram parameters in five species of turtles. | the effects of thermal acclimation at 25 or 5 degrees c on electrical activity in the heart were investigated in pseudemys scripta, terrapene carolina, chrysemys picta marginata, chrysemys picta dorsalis, chelydra serpentina, and sternotherus odoratus. the durations of the qrs complex and p-r, r-t and r-r intervals were found to increase with decreasing body temperature in all animals tested. the amplitudes of the p and t waves and qrs complex were dependent upon both acclimation temperature and ... | 1987 | 2886260 |
| pineal and circulating melatonin rhythms in the box turtle, terrapene carolina triunguis: effect of photoperiod, light pulse, and environmental temperature. | pineal and circulating melatonin concentrations have been measured throughout the 24-hr cycle in the box turtle, terrapene carolina triunguis, under different conditions of photoperiod and temperature. an obvious effect of photoperiod on the duration of the night rise of pineal and circulating melatonin is observed; the period of elevated melatonin is 4.30 hr in long photoperiod (18l:6d) and 11.00 hr in short photoperiod (8l:16d). a single pulse of 1 hr illumination beginning 1.30 hr after the o ... | 1988 | 3366352 |
| terrapene heart (th-1), a continuous cell line from the heart of the box turtle terrapene carolina. | | 1967 | 4295486 |
| sleep and wakefulness in chelonian reptiles. i. the box turtle, terrapene carolina. | | 1974 | 4441206 |
| eimeria carri sp. n. (protozoa: eimeriidae) from the box turtle, terrapene carolina. | | 1973 | 4722583 |
| cutaneous myiasis in the three-toed box turtle, terrapene carolina triunguis. | | 1969 | 5816095 |
| chromosome changes in cell lines of the box turtle (terrapene carolina) grown at two different temperatures. | | 1967 | 6082587 |
| chronic bacterial pneumonia in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | chronic bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in two free-ranging eastern box turtles. mucoid exudation into the upper respiratory tract and bilateral, caseating pneumonia were seen grossly. microscopically, chronic, active inflammation with pseudomembrane formation occurred in the nasal sinuses and lungs while caseating granuloma-like structures were also observed in alveoli and associated infundibulae. since viral, protozoal or fungal agents could neither be demonstrated in tissue sections by ligh ... | 1983 | 6644935 |
| the effects of estrogen on skeletal calcium metabolism and on plasma parameters of vitellogenesis in the male, three-toed box turtle (terrapene carolina triunguis). | the box turtle (terrapene carolina triunguis) does not appear to have evolved a mechanism for secondary bone formation similar to aves inasmuch as several parameters of bone calcium metabolism were unaffected by estrogen treatment. this suggests that reproduction does not constitute a substantial stress to the calcium stores of the female, even though the box turtle is a terrestrial species for which a supply of calcium may be limited. however, the dermal bone of the shell of the box turtle appe ... | 1984 | 6724290 |
| evidence for auditory localization ability in the turtle. | evidence is presented that the semiaquatic turtle chrysemys scripta and the terrestrial turtle terrapene carolina major can detect the direction of a tone within their sensitive area of hearing. it is further suggested that not only can these species respond behaviorally to sound without extensive manipulation but can use limited hearing in a problem-solving situation of maze learning. adult emydid turtles (5 c. scripta, 3 t. carolina) learned a y-maze with a 500-c/s signal to an invisible open ... | 1981 | 7186502 |
| melatonin and behavioral thermoregulation in the turtle, terrapene carolina triunguis. | | 1981 | 7197033 |
| cross-adaptation to odor stimulation of olfactory receptor cells in the box turtle, terrapene carolina. | electrical recording from small twigs of olfactory nerve and electro-olfactogram (eog) from olfactory epithelium in a turtle shows that olfactory receptors in the nose are responsive to various odors. i have used the effects of cross-adaptation to odor stimulation on the olfactory receptors to investigate the stimulus-specific components of these responses and to provide information about the responsiveness of cells. the results of the cross-adaptation experiments strongly support the hypothesis ... | 1993 | 8386588 |
| fine structure of the sperm storage tubules in the box turtle oviduct. | the sperm storage tubules of the box turtle (terrapene carolina) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. tubules containing spermatozoa were surrounded by 6-8 secretory cells, each of which contains numerous membrane-bound vesicles presumably containing precursors to egg white proteins. the apical membranes of these cells contain microvilli, and the apical lateral membranes possess prominent junctional complexes. cells comprising the spermatozoa-containing tubules cannot be differenti ... | 1993 | 8501716 |
| organochlorine pesticides associated with ocular, nasal, or otic infection in the eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina). | from may 1987 to september 1994, 19 eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) originating from scattered locations on long island, new york (usa) were presented with one or more of the following signs: listlessness, ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and otitis media. numerous species of bacteria and yeast were isolated by aerobic culture. histopathologic findings confirmed chronic active bacterial infections. toxicologic analyses of livers revealed elevated concent ... | 1997 | 9226623 |
| kinematics of aquatic and terrestrial prey capture in terrapene carolina, with implications for the evolution of feeding in cryptodire turtles. | studies of aquatic prey capture in vertebrates have demonstrated remarkable convergence in kinematics between diverse vertebrate taxa. when feeding in water, most vertebrates employ large-amplitude hyoid depression to expand the oral cavity and suck in water along with the prey. in contrast, vertebrates feeding on land exhibit little or no hyoid depression. in this study we compared the kinematics of terrestrial and aquatic prey capture within one species of turtle, terrapene carolina, in order ... | 1998 | 9658591 |
| state-related discharge of neurons in the brainstem of freely moving box turtles, terrapene carolina major. | we have performed the first study of neuronal activity in freely-moving reptiles. 23 brainstem units were recorded from areas throughout the reticular formation, during wakefulness and quiescence in the box turtle. these units responded to various sensory stimuli and increased firing rates in relation to motor activity during wakefulness. all but one unit showed significant decreases in discharge during quiescence. group i cells (32%) fired mostly during active movements and exhibited silent per ... | 2001 | 11256184 |
| escaping senescence: demographic data from the three-toed box turtle (terrapene carolina triunguis). | two criteria have been proposed for the demonstration of negligible senescence. these include (1) no increase in age-related mortality and (2) negligible functional impairments with age. although researchers have suspected turtles to exhibit negligible senescence, this has been largely based on the former rather than the latter criteria for which scant evidence is available. using a long-term study on a population of three-toed box turtles (terrapene carolina triunguis) in cole county, missouri, ... | 2001 | 11295516 |
| microclimates and energetics of free-living box turtles, terrapene carolina, in south carolina. | we measured microclimate, field metabolic rates (fmrs), water flux, and activity patterns of telemetered box turtles (terrapene carolina) in south carolina from september 1987 to october 1988. turtles were inactive for most of the winter and were active only sporadically during the rest of the year. using the doubly labeled water method, we found that water flux averaged 8.8, 18.9, and 26.4 ml kg(-1) d(-1) in winter, spring, and summer/fall, respectively. fmr for the same periods averaged 0.028, ... | 2002 | 11880978 |
| food and oxygen requirements for growing mice and turtles after hypergravitational development. | although development of mice and turtles, both low-payload animals, can be influenced by ambient gravitational intensity, little is known regarding the influence of either their growth or their gravitational history upon life-support requirements. a 25-g male box turtle (terrapene carolina, optimally growing at 30 degrees c and 1 g to double its size in 7 weeks) exhibits daily requirements of oxygen (100 ml) and food (200 mg, dry) which are only 3% of the requirement for a mouse (swiss webster, ... | 1977 | 11962496 |
| the influence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the thermoregulation of the box turtle terrapene carolina. | ectotherms can adjust their thermoregulatory set points in response to bacterial infection; the result may be similar to endothermic fever. we examined the influence of dose on the set point of body temperature (t(b)) in terrapene carolina. after acclimating postprandial turtles to 20 degrees c, we injected them with two doses of bacterial endotoxin (lps; lipopolysaccharide from escherichia coli), 0.0025 or 0.025 mg lps/g nonshell body mass, or with reptilian saline (control group). we placed th ... | 2002 | 12177830 |
| morbidity and mortality of reptiles admitted to the wildlife center of virginia, 1991 to 2000. | medical records from 694 reptiles admitted to the wildlife center of virginia (wcv; waynesboro, virginia, usa) from 1991 to 2000 were reviewed to determine causes of morbidity and mortality. eighteen species were represented but the majority of cases were four species; eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina) (66%), eastern painted turtle (chrysemys picta) (11%), common snapping turtle (chelydra serpentina) (10%), and rat snake (elaphe sp.) (6%). there was a significant increase in reptile cases ... | 2002 | 12528435 |
| lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion in a terrestrial turtle, terrapene carolina. | the limb girdles and lungs of turtles are both located within the bony shell, and therefore limb movements during locomotion could affect breathing performance. a mechanical conflict between locomotion and lung ventilation has been reported in adult green sea turtles, chelonia mydas, in which breathing stops during terrestrial locomotion and resumes during pauses between bouts of locomotion. we measured lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion using pneumotach masks in three individual terra ... | 2003 | 12939371 |
| seed dispersal by the florida box turtle (terrapene carolina bauri) in pine rockland forests of the lower florida keys, united states. | seed dispersal by animals is one of the most important plant-animal mutualisms, but saurochory, the dispersal of seeds by reptiles, has received little attention. we investigated the role of the florida box turtle (terrapene carolina bauri) as a seed dispersal agent in pine rockland forests of the lower florida keys and examined the effect of turtle digestion on seed germination. we obtained seeds of 11 species with fleshy fruits and 2 species with non-fleshy fruits (a grass and legume) from the ... | 2004 | 14685845 |
| epidemiologic determinants of aural abscessation in free-living eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina) in virginia. | epidemiologic determinants of 46 cases of aural abscessation in free-living eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina) admitted to the wildlife center of virginia (virginia, usa) from 1991 to 2000 were evaluated. county human population density, year and season of admission, weight, and sex did not affect the risk for box turtles to develop aural abscessation. counties with cases of aural abscessation were not randomly distributed, but rather were clustered into two multi-county regions. geographi ... | 2003 | 14733291 |
| pathology of aural abscesses in free-living eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | aural abscess or abscess of the middle ear is common in free-living eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) of virginia (usa) and elsewhere. although its etiology remains unknown, hypovitaminosis a has been suggested on the basis of similar lesions occurring in captive chelonians fed diets that are deficient in vitamin a. this hypothesis was supported by significantly greater body burdens of organochlorine compounds (reported disruptors of vitamin a metabolism) and a nonsignificant tre ... | 2004 | 15650088 |
| ranavirus-associated morbidity and mortality in a group of captive eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | seven captive eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) from a large collection of north american chelonians in north carolina became acutely ill in the fall of 2002. five of the turtles died. clinical signs included cutaneous abscessation, oral ulceration or abscessation (or both), respiratory distress, anorexia, and lethargy. the predominant postmortem lesion was fibrinoid vasculitis of various organs, including skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and liver. no inclusion bodies were detecte ... | 2004 | 15732597 |
| absence of detectable salmonella cloacal shedding in free-living reptiles on admission to the wildlife center of virginia. | salmonellosis is an important reptile-associated zoonotic infection in the united states. cloacal swabs were collected from reptiles admitted to the wildlife center of virginia, waynesboro, virginia, cultured for salmonella using hektoen and xylose lysine deoxycholate agars, and inoculated in selenite broth. all three were incubated at 37 degrees c for 18-24 hr. seventy-five animals were included in the study, representing eight species, 34 eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina), 14 e ... | 2004 | 15732603 |
| a novel mycoplasma detected in association with upper respiratory disease syndrome in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in virginia. | clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease-like syndrome (urtd-ls) were observed in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) from virginia, usa (may 2001-august 2003), some of which also had aural abscesses. after a mycoplasma sp. was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), a study was undertaken to better define the range of clinical signs of disease and to distinguish mycoplasma-associated urtd-ls from other suspected causes of urtd-ls and aural abscessation i ... | 2006 | 16870850 |
| the influence of disturbance events on survival and dispersal rates of florida box turtles. | disturbances have the potential to cause long-term effects to ecosystem structure and function, and they may affect individual species in different ways. long-lived vertebrates such as turtles may be at risk from such events, inasmuch as their life histories preclude rapid recovery should extensive mortality occur. we applied capture-mark-recapture models to assess disturbance effects on a population of florida box turtles (terrapene carolina bauri) on egmont key, florida, usa. near the midpoint ... | 2006 | 17069384 |
| intracytoplasmic inclusions in circulating leukocytes from an eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) with iridoviral infection. | a free-ranging adult female eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) was presented to the university of tennessee in october 2003 because of suspected trauma and blindness. physical examination revealed lethargy, clear ocular and nasal discharges, and white oral and laryngeal plaques. intracytoplasmic inclusions within heterophils and large mononuclear leukocytes were observed on routine blood smear examination. postmortem findings included necrosis of epithelial and parenchymal cells wi ... | 2006 | 17092902 |
| characterization of the bacterial microflora of the tympanic cavity of eastern box turtles with and without aural abscesses. | aerobic bacterial cultures of the tympanic cavity of the middle ear were performed in eight eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) with aural abscesses and 15 eastern box turtles without aural abscesses (controls) that were admitted to the wildlife center of virginia, virginia, usa during 2003. twenty-two bacterial isolates were identified from 17 turtles including 10 gram-negative and 12 gram-positive bacteria. ten of 15 control animals had bacterial growth, resulting in identificati ... | 2006 | 17255456 |
| phaeohyphomycosis in a free-living eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina). | a free-ranging eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) was referred to the wildlife center of virginia with a three-month history of marked swelling of the right hind limb initially diagnosed as chromomycosis by histopathology. hematology revealed severe anemia (9%), leukocytosis (12.8 cells x 10(3)/microl), heterophilia (6.14 cells x 10(3)/microl), and monocytosis (0.51 cells x 10(3)/microl). gross necropsy revealed a firm, encapsulated 3 x 1 cm subcutaneous mass filled with dark brown ... | 2006 | 17255461 |
| lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion in a semi-aquatic turtle, trachemys scripta. | it is reasonable to presume that locomotion should have a mechanical effect on breathing in turtles. the turtle shell is rigid, and when the limbs protract and retract, air in the lungs should be displaced. this expectation was met in a previous study of the green sea turtle, chelonia mydas; breathing completely ceased during terrestrial locomotion (jackson and prange, 1979. j comp physiol 134:315-319). in contrast, another study found no direct effect of locomotion on ventilation in the terrest ... | 2009 | 18623107 |
| inability to induce tympanic squamous metaplasia using organochlorine compounds in vitamin a-deficient red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans). | previously, we reported that wild eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) with aural abscesses contained higher body burdens of organochlorine (oc) compounds than those without the lesion. this lesion in captive chelonians is associated with turtles that are fed diets deficient in vitamin a. to examine the pathophysiology of this lesion and evaluate the relationship between oc burdens and vitamin a metabolism, we maintained red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans) under different ... | 2008 | 18689652 |
| prophylactic ovariosalpingectomy using a prefemoral approach in eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | | 2008 | 18931358 |
| ranavirus infection of free-ranging and captive box turtles and tortoises in the united states. | iridoviruses of the genus ranavirus are well known for causing mass mortality events of fish and amphibians with sporadic reports of infection in reptiles. this article describes five instances of ranavirus infection in chelonians between 2003 and 2005 in georgia, florida, new york, and pennsylvania, usa. affected species included captive burmese star tortoises (geochelone platynota), a free-ranging gopher tortoise (gopherus polyphemus), free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carol ... | 2008 | 18957641 |
| relationships among aural abscesses, organochlorine compounds, and vitamin a in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | aural abscesses are a common health problem in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina), and they have been associated with high body burdens of organochlorine (oc) compounds, which are known disruptors of vitamin a. the objective of this study was to determine if the presence of pathologic lesions in box turtles were correlated with increased and decreased levels of hepatic oc compounds and vitamin a, respectively. a graded scale for the pathologic changes observed in tiss ... | 2008 | 18957648 |
| analysis of prey capture and food transport kinematics in two asian box turtles, cuora amboinensis and cuora flavomarginata (chelonia, geoemydidae), with emphasis on terrestrial feeding patterns. | this study examines the kinematics and morphology of the feeding apparatus of two geoemydid chelonians, the malayan (amboina) box turtle (cuora amboinensis) and the yellow-margined box turtle (cuora flavomarginata). both species are able to feed on land as well as in water. feeding patterns were analysed by high-speed cinematography. the main focus of the present study is on the terrestrial feeding strategies in both asian box turtles, because feeding on land has probably evolved de novo within ... | 2009 | 19010648 |
| the distal forelimb musculature in aquatic and terrestrial turtles: phylogeny or environmental constraints? | we compared the muscular anatomy of the distal front limb in terrestrial and aquatic chelonians to test whether observed differences between the two groups are associated with their divergent lifestyles and locomotor modes. given the different use of the forelimb in the two environments (body support and propulsion on land vs. mainly propulsion in water) we expected that: (1) aquatic and terrestrial turtles would show differences in their muscular anatomy, with aquatic species having more indivi ... | 2008 | 19172731 |
| assessing what is needed to resolve a molecular phylogeny: simulations and empirical data from emydid turtles. | phylogenies often contain both well-supported and poorly supported nodes. determining how much additional data might be required to eventually recover most or all nodes with high support is an important pragmatic goal, and simulations have been used to examine this question. most simulations have been based on few empirical loci, and suggest that well supported phylogenies can be determined with a very modest amount of data. here we report the results of an empirical phylogenetic analysis of all ... | 2009 | 19284630 |
| adenovirus and mycoplasma infection in an ornate box turtle (terrapene ornata ornata) in hungary. | a female, adult ornate box turtle (terrapene ornata ornata) with fatty liver was submitted for virologic examination in hungary. signs of an adenovirus infection including degeneration of the liver cells, enlarged nuclei and intranuclear inclusion bodies were detected by light microscopic examination. the presence of an adenovirus was later confirmed by obtaining partial sequence data from the adenoviral dna-dependent dna-polymerase. phylogenetic analyses revealed that this novel chelonian adeno ... | 2009 | 19375875 |
| development and use of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of iridovirus exposure in gopher tortoises (gopherus polyphemus) and eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | iridoviruses, pathogens typically associated with fish and amphibians, have recently been shown to cause acute respiratory disease in chelonians including box turtles, red-eared sliders, gopher tortoises, and burmese star tortoises. case reports of natural infections in several chelonian species in the united states have been reported, however the prevalence remains unknown in susceptible populations of free-ranging chelonians. to determine the prevalence of iridovirus exposure in free-ranging g ... | 2010 | 19931321 |
| reptiles with dermatological lesions: a retrospective study of 301 cases at two university veterinary teaching hospitals (1992-2008). | this retrospective study reviews the medical records of 301 reptiles with dermatological lesions that were examined at the veterinary medical teaching hospital, university of california at davis (vmth-ucd) and the unité de dermatologie-parasitologie-mycologie, ecole nationale vétérinaire de nantes (udpm-envn) from 1 january 1992 to 1 july 2008. the most common reptile groups differed between the two hospitals, with lizards being the most common at the vmth-ucd and chelonians at the udpm-envn. at ... | 2010 | 20887405 |
| diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) presented to a wildlife clinic in tennessee, usa, 1995-2007. | we performed a retrospective review of medical records for 574 eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) that presented to the university of tennessee college of veterinary medicine (utcvm) wildlife clinic between 1995 and 2007. these cases were reviewed to document and investigate the presenting complaints, as identified by a good samaritan, final diagnoses, treatment modalities, days in hospital, and final disposition. presenting complaints were consistent with the final diagnoses in 8 ... | 2010 | 20966259 |
| helminth parasites of eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina) from southern indiana, usa. | very little is known about parasitic diseases of eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). the objective of this study was to examine the parasitic fauna of eastern box turtles collected from southern indiana, usa. turtles (n = 40) were salvaged mostly as road kills from southern indiana between may and october 2009. seven species of helminths in total were found parasitizing the gastrointestinal tract, including two digenean trematodes (brachycoelium salamandrae and telorchis robustus) ... | 2011 | 21294936 |
| isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the three-toed box turtle (terrapene carolina triunguis) and cross-amplification in other terrapene species. | we isolated and characterized eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for a texas population of three-toed box turtle, terrapene carolina triunguis, using a refined hybridization capture procedure. all eight primer pairs amplified successfully at all loci in seven texas ornate box turtles (t. ornata ornata). due to the decline and conservation concerns of north american box turtles, these isolated microsatellites may be a most valuable tool for evaluating baseline population genetic structure for ... | 2009 | 21564865 |
| pcr prevalence of ranavirus in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) at rehabilitation centers in three southeastern us states. | ranaviruses (genus ranavirus) have been observed in disease epidemics and mass mortality events in free-ranging amphibian, turtle, and tortoise populations worldwide. infection is highly fatal in turtles, and the potential impact on endangered populations could be devastating. our objectives were to determine the prevalence of ranavirus dna in blood and oral swabs, report associated clinical signs of infection, and determine spatial distribution of infected turtles. blood and oral swabs were tak ... | 2011 | 21719848 |
| compressive behavior of a turtle's shell: experiment, modeling, and simulation. | the turtle's shell acts as a protective armor for the animal. by analyzing a turtle shell via finite element analysis, one can obtain the strength and stiffness attributes to help design man-made armor. as such, finite element analysis was performed on a terrapene carolina box turtle shell. experimental data from compression tests were generated to provide insight into the scute through-thickness behavior of the turtle shell. three regimes can be classified in terms of constitutive modeling: lin ... | 2011 | 22301179 |
| development and validation of taqman quantitative pcr for detection of frog virus 3-like virus in eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | ranavirus has caused disease epidemics and mass mortality events globally in free-ranging fish, amphibian, and reptile populations. viral isolation and conventional pcr are the most common methods for diagnosis. in this study, a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay was developed using a taqman probe-based assay targeting a highly conserved region of the major capsid protein of frog virus 3-like virus (fv3-like) (family iridoviridae, genera ranavirus). standard curves were generated from a vir ... | 2012 | 23274753 |
| coinfection with a novel fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus and a novel spirorchis sp. in an eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina) in florida. | herpesviruses are important pathogens of chelonians, and include chelonid herpesvirus 5, which is associated with fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles. spirorchid trematodes are blood flukes that reside within the cardiovascular system of marine turtles and may be associated with severe disease. an eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina) at the south florida wildlife care center (fort lauderdale, florida) was presented to the facility with papillomatous growths behind both rear legs. surgical remo ... | 2015 | 26077547 |
| ranavirus epizootic in captive eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) with concurrent herpesvirus and mycoplasma infection: management and monitoring. | frog virus 3 (fv3) and fv3-like viruses are members of the genus ranavirus (family iridoviridae) and are becoming recognized as significant pathogens of eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in north america. in july 2011, 5 turtles from a group of 27 in maryland, usa, presented dead or lethargic with what was later diagnosed as fibrinonecrotic stomatitis and cloacitis. the presence of fv3-like virus and herpesvirus was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the tested index ... | 2016 | 27010285 |
| experimental challenge study of fv3-like ranavirus infection in previously fv3-like ranavirus infected eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) to assess infection and survival. | the maryland zoo in baltimore experienced an outbreak of frog virus-3 (fv3)-like ranavirus during the summer of 2011, during which 14 of 27 (52%) of its captive eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) survived. to assess survival, immunity, and viral shedding, an experimental challenge study was performed in which the surviving, previously infected turtles were reinfected with the outbreak strain of fv3-like ranavirus. seven turtles were inoculated with virus intramuscularly and four c ... | 2015 | 26667529 |
| susceptibility of fish and turtles to three ranaviruses isolated from different ectothermic vertebrate classes. | ranaviruses have been associated with mortality of lower vertebrates around the world. frog virus 3 (fv3)-like ranaviruses have been isolated from different ectothermic vertebrate classes; however, few studies have demonstrated whether this pathogen can be transmitted among classes. using fv3-like ranaviruses isolated from the american bullfrog lithobates catesbeianus, eastern box turtle terrapene carolina carolina, and pallid sturgeon scaphirhynchus albus, we tested for the occurrence of interc ... | 2014 | 24895866 |
| health assessment of free-living eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in and around the maryland zoo in baltimore 1996-2011. | health data for free-living eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) at the maryland zoo in baltimore were analyzed. one hundred and eighteen turtles were captured on or near zoo grounds over the course of 15 yr (1996-2011), with recapture of many individuals leading to 208 total evaluations. of the 118 individuals, 61 were male, 50 were female, and 7 were of undetermined sex. of the 208 captures, 188 were healthy, and 20 were sick or injured. complete health evaluations were performed ... | 2015 | 25831575 |
| a mycoplasma species of emydidae turtles in the northeastern usa. | mycoplasma infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality in captive and wild chelonians. as part of a health assessment of endangered bog turtles (glyptemys muhlenbergii) in the northeastern us, choanal and cloacal swabs from these and other sympatric species, including spotted turtles (clemmys guttata), eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina), wood turtles (glyptemys insculpta), and common snapping turtles (chelydra serpentina) from 10 sampling sites in the states (us) of d ... | 2015 | 25574806 |
| substrate color-induced melanization in eight turtle species from four chelonian groups. | background color convergence of prey occurring through local adaptation or phenotypically plastic responses can reduce predation rates by visual predators. we assessed the capacity for substrate color-induced melanization in eight turtle species within the groups chelydridae, emydidae, kinosternidae, and trionychidae by rearing individuals on black or white substrates for 160 days. in all aquatic turtle species, integuments of the head and carapace of the individuals that were reared on a black ... | 2014 | 24993507 |
| one foot out the door: limb function during swimming in terrestrial versus aquatic turtles. | specialization for a new habitat often entails a cost to performance in the ancestral habitat. although aquatic lifestyles are ancestral among extant cryptodiran turtles, multiple lineages, including tortoises (testudinidae) and emydid box turtles (genus terrapene), independently specialized for terrestrial habitats. to what extent is swimming function retained in such lineages despite terrestrial specialization? because tortoises diverged from other turtles over 50 ma, but box turtles did so on ... | 2017 | 28123109 |
| biomechanics of turtle shells: how whole shells fail in compression. | turtle shells are a form of armor that provides varying degrees of protection against predation. although this function of the shell as armor is widely appreciated, the mechanical limits of protection and the modes of failure when subjected to breaking stresses have not been well explored. we studied the mechanical properties of whole shells and of isolated bony tissues and sutures in four species of turtles (trachemys scripta, malaclemys terrapin, chrysemys picta, and terrapene carolina) using ... | 2013 | 23203474 |
| [topography and cytoarchitectonics of the main cortical zones of the turtle forebrain]. | the description of cytoarchitectonics and topography of the three principle cortical zones of the forebrain of emys orbicularis reveals that the cortical structures in the species are precisely distinguished with respect to their neuronal characteristics, density and the situation of cellular elements. emys orbicularis occupies an intermediate position among the species of the order chelonia described in the literature as regards the level of development of the forebrain cellular structures. emy ... | 1977 | 597065 |
| clinical mycoplasma sp. infections in free-living three-toed box turtles ( terrapene carolina triunguis) in missouri, usa. | mycoplasma species, which can cause upper respiratory tract disease (urtd), are significant pathogens of birds, mammals, fish, and reptiles. mycoplasmosis is of high concern for chelonian conservation, with the most well-documented cases in gopher and desert tortoises. mycoplasma sp. infections have been reported in captive and free-living box turtles ( terrapene spp.). we documented urtd associated with mycoplasma sp. in two free-living, three-toed box turtles ( terrapene carolina triunguis) in ... | 2016 | 27124328 |
| mass mortality of eastern box turtles with upper respiratory disease following atypical cold weather. | emerging infectious diseases cause population declines in many ectotherms, with outbreaks frequently punctuated by periods of mass mortality. it remains unclear, however, whether thermoregulation by ectotherms and variation in environmental temperature is associated with mortality risk and disease progression, especially in wild populations. here, we examined environmental and body temperatures of free-ranging eastern box turtles terrapene carolina during a mass die-off coincident with upper res ... | 2017 | 28425422 |
| detection of copathogens in free-ranging eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina) in illinois and tennessee. | conservation efforts are investigating the impact of diseases within a species of interest, including prevalence and transmission and morbidity and mortality rates. however, the majority of these studies focus solely on the characteristics of a single pathogen. recently, the role of copathogens has been reported to impact disease susceptibility and mortality. to that effect, a survey was conducted including 318 eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina) from populations in illinois and t ... | 2017 | 29297797 |
| detection of ranavirus using bone marrow harvested from mortality events in eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina). | the causes of free-living chelonian mortality events are often unknown because of infrequent recovery of remains and rapid postmortem decomposition. this study describes a technique to harvest bone marrow and detect frog virus 3-like ranavirus (fv3) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in skeletonized eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina) ( n = 87), and assesses agreement with concurrent perimortem samples ( n = 14). fv3 was detected in bone marrow samples from 12 turtle she ... | 2017 | 29297832 |
| morbidity and mortality of wild turtles at a north carolina wildlife clinic: a 10-year retrospective. | the medical records from 1,847 wild turtle patients seen between 2005 and 2014 by the turtle rescue team at the north carolina state university college of veterinary medicine were analyzed. eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina; n = 947), yellow-bellied sliders (trachemys scripta scripta; n = 301), cooters ( pseudemys spp.; n = 235), common snapping turtles (chelydra serpentina; n = 165), and eastern painted turtles (chrysemys picta; n = 93) made up 94.3% of all patients. patient admi ... | 2017 | 28920820 |
| amphibious auditory evoked potentials in four north american testudines genera spanning the aquatic-terrestrial spectrum. | animals exhibit unique hearing adaptations in relation to the habitat media in which they reside. this study was a comparative analysis of auditory specialization in relation to habitat medium in testudines, a taxon that includes both highly aquatic and fully terrestrial members. evoked potential audiograms were collected in four species groups representing diversity along the aquatic-terrestrial spectrum: terrestrial and fossorial gopherus polyphemus, terrestrial terrapene carolina carolina, an ... | 2015 | 26194768 |
| partial characterization of a new adenovirus lineage discovered in testudinoid turtles. | in the usa and in hungary, almost simultaneously, adenoviruses of a putative novel lineage were detected by pcr and sequencing in turtles belonging to four different species (including two subspecies) of the superfamily testudinoidea. in the usa, partial sequence of the adenoviral dna-dependent dna polymerase was obtained from samples of a captive pancake tortoise (malacochersus tornieri), four eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) and two red-eared sliders (trachemys scripta elegans ... | 2013 | 23567817 |
| identification of hemotropic mycoplasmas in an eastern box turtle ( terrapene carolina carolina) and a yellow-bellied slider ( trachemys scripta scripta) from north carolina. | mycoplasma spp. are known from several chelonian and other reptilian species. we determined if turtles obtained by the turtle rescue team at north carolina state university are carriers of hemotropic mycoplasma or bartonella spp. spleen samples were collected at necropsy during may through july, 2014 from 53 turtles of seven species. all turtles were dead or were euthanized upon arrival due to severe traumatic injuries, or they died shortly after beginning treatment. we used pcr amplification fo ... | 2018 | 29369724 |
| thermoregulatory performance and habitat selection of the eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina). | environmental conditions may affect individual physiological processes that influence short-term performance and ultimately growth, survival and reproduction. as such, habitats selected by animals must provide suitable and adequate resources. ectothermic species are highly dependent on climatic conditions and ambient temperatures that dictate body temperature regulation and in turn physiological processes. we investigated the thermoregulatory performance, habitat selection, and movements of an e ... | 2017 | 29255608 |
| thermal biology of eastern box turtles in a longleaf pine system managed with prescribed fire. | fire can influence the microclimate of forest habitats by removing understory vegetation and surface debris. temperature is often higher in recently burned forests owing to increased light penetration through the open understory. because physiological processes are sensitive to temperature in ectotherms, we expected fire-maintained forests to improve the suitability of the thermal environment for turtles, and for turtles to seasonally associate with the most thermally-optimal habitats. using a l ... | 2017 | 29037402 |
| characterizing the 25-hydroxyvitamin d status of two populations of free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | ultraviolet b radiation is recommended for captive reptiles to stimulate production of adequate levels of vitamin d; however, little is known regarding the vitamin d status in many free-ranging populations. current reference ranges for vitamin d in eastern box turtles have not yet been established. sixty free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) from two well-studied populations in illinois (n = 24) and tennessee (n = 36) were assayed for plasma vitamin d concentration in 20 ... | 2017 | 28920808 |
| multi-drug resistance patterns of enteric bacteria in two populations of free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | gram-negative isolates (n = 84) from 71% of free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in illinois and tennessee, united states, demonstrated resistance to at least one antibiotic while 30% of isolates demonstrated resistance to two or more antibiotics. resistance was observed against cefoxitin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefazolin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, cefovecin, and ceftiofur. gram-positive bacteria were isolated from 49 turtles, and all were observed to be resistant ... | 2017 | 28920793 |
| a turtle cognition research demonstration enhances visitor engagement and keeper-animal relationships. | environmental enrichment techniques present animals with cognitive challenges while providing them opportunities to make choices and exert control over their environment. in this way, cognitive research and training is enriching to animals and can be used as a form of enrichment in zoos and aquariums. cognitive research demonstrations also provide an opportunity to enhance visitor experience, as well as foster interactions between animals and keepers. we investigated how cognitive research sessi ... | 2017 | 28627010 |
| protection mechanisms of the carapace of a box turtle. | in this study we explore the materials design principles of the carapace of a terrapene carolina box turtle, which possesses a sandwich-like structure consisting of a foam-like interior layer (fil) enclosed by two dense exterior layers (del). a constitutive scheme accounting for the large deformation, plastic yielding and post-yield strain hardening caused by densification of the cells in the foam is developed to model the mechanical properties of the fil, and a large deformation elastic-plastic ... | 2017 | 28259785 |
| prevalence of terrapene herpesvirus 1 in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in tennessee and illinois, usa. | diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract, such as herpesviruses, are well described in captive chelonians worldwide, but their importance in free-ranging populations is less well known. to characterize the disease epidemiology of terrapene herpesvirus 1 (terhv1), 409 free-ranging eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina) in tennessee and illinois, us were tested for terhv1 in 2013 and 2014 using taqman quantitative pcr. whole blood and swabs of the oral mucosa were collected from ... | 2017 | 28099078 |
| modeling hematologic and biochemical parameters with spatiotemporal analysis for the free-ranging eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) in illinois and tennessee, a potential biosentinel. | box turtles are long-lived, inhabit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and have relatively small home ranges making them a suitable candidate as a sentinel. to characterize their changes in response to environmental health, assessment of observed variation of this species is required. thus, a comparative health assessment was employed in 825 eastern box turtles in east central illinois and oak ridge, tennessee, to establish a baseline health assessment with regard to sex, age class, season, ... | 2016 | 27384647 |
| concurrent phaeohyphomycosis and ranavirus infection in an eastern box turtle ( terrapene carolina ) in athens, georgia, usa. | an eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina) was found in a stream in the southeastern us, with a mass affecting the distal right forelimb. the turtle developed complications during hospitalization, including lethargy and oral caseous plaques and eventually died. postmortem analyses diagnosed a mixed infection of phaeohyphomycosis and ranavirus. | 2016 | 27310167 |
| development and validation of quantitative pcr for detection of terrapene herpesvirus 1 utilizing free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | diseases that affect the upper respiratory tract (urt) in chelonians have been well described as a significant contributor of morbidity and mortality. specifically, herpesviruses are common pathogens in captive chelonians worldwide, but their importance on free-ranging populations is less well known. historical methods for the diagnosis of herpesvirus infections include virus isolation and conventional pcr. real-time pcr has become an essential tool for detection and quantitation of many pathoge ... | 2016 | 26874287 |
| demographics and density estimates of two three-toed box turtle (terrapene carolina triunguis) populations within forest and restored prairie sites in central missouri. | box turtles (terrapene carolina) are widely distributed but vulnerable to population decline across their range. using distance sampling, morphometric data, and an index of carapace damage, we surveyed three-toed box turtles (terrapene carolina triunguis) at 2 sites in central missouri, and compared differences in detection probabilities when transects were walked by one or two observers. our estimated turtle densities within forested cover was less at the thomas s. baskett wildlife research and ... | 2015 | 26417539 |
| select metal and metalloid surveillance of free-ranging eastern box turtles from illinois and tennessee (terrapene carolina carolina). | the eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) is a primarily terrestrial chelonian distributed across the eastern us. it has been proposed as a biomonitor due to its longevity, small home range, and reliance on the environment to meet its metabolic needs. plasma samples from 273 free-ranging box turtles from populations in tennessee and illinois in 2011 and 2012 were evaluated for presence of heavy metals and to characterize hematologic variables. lead (pb), arsenic (as), zinc (zn), chrom ... | 2015 | 26024619 |
| plasma electrophoretic profiles and hemoglobin binding protein reference intervals in the eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) and influences of age, sex, season, and location. | evaluation of plasma electrophoretic profiles and acute phase protein concentrations may play a valuable role in health assessment of reptiles; however, little is known about reference intervals in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). the purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals of protein electrophoretic profiles and hemoglobin binding protein ([hbp] as determined by a haptoglobin assay) in free-ranging eastern box turtles and to assess any possible ... | 2014 | 25632671 |
| identification of a novel herpesvirus in captive eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | herpesviruses are significant pathogens of chelonians which most commonly cause upper respiratory tract disease and necrotizing stomatitis. herpesvirus infection was identified in two populations of captive eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) using histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with dna sequencing. necrotizing lesions with eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were identified in the tissues of one hatch-year individual in january 2013, which ... | 2015 | 25575878 |
| coccidia (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) of three-toed box turtles,terrapene carolina triunguis(reptilia: testudines), from arkansas and oklahoma. | we collected 50 three-toed box turtles (terrapene carolina triunguis) from 9 counties of arkansas and 4 counties of oklahoma, and examined their feces for coccidial parasites. nine of 24 (38%) turtles from arkansas and 8 of 26 (31%) from oklahoma were found to be passing oocysts ofeimeria ornata. this represents two new geographic distributional records for this coccidian. measurements of individual isolates ofe. ornataas well as morphological characteristics are provided with comparison to its ... | 2017 | 27284580 |
| sequence-based molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the american box turtles (terrapene spp.) with support from dna barcoding. | the classification of the american box turtles (terrapene spp.) has remained enigmatic to systematists. previous comprehensive phylogenetic studies focused primarily on morphology. the goal of this study was to re-assess the classification of terrapene spp. by obtaining dna sequence data from a broad geographic range and from all four recognized species and 11 subspecies within the genus. tissue samples were obtained for all taxa except for terrapene nelsoni klauberi. dna was extracted, and the ... | 2013 | 23523575 |
| relational responding by eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina) in a series of color discrimination tasks. | prior work with chelonians has demonstrated their capacity for successful performance in cognitive tasks, including those requiring color discrimination. here, we sought to expand on historical research and determine whether eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina) are capable of not only making simple color discriminations but also whether they can demonstrate abstract concept formation evidenced by using a relational response rule in their discrimination performance. two eastern box turtles we ... | 2013 | 23339559 |
| seasonal variations in plasma vitellogenin and sex steroids in male and female eastern box turtles, terrapene carolina carolina. | the eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) is a widespread species that has recently experienced precipitous declines throughout its range. although many studies have documented aspects of reproduction in box turtles, reproductive physiology of free-ranging animals is unknown and can be crucial in this species' recovery. over a two-year period, we measured reproductive parameters, (vitellogenin [vtg], estradiol-17β [e2], and total testosterone [tt]), in plasma of 116 free-ranging easte ... | 2013 | 23174697 |
| evaluation of cyclooxygenase protein expression in traumatized versus normal tissues from eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | this pilot study was designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase (cox)-1, cox-2, or both are expressed in normal turtle tissues and whether level of expression changes when tissue becomes inflamed. five eastern box turtles, terrapene carolina carolina, that either died or were euthanatized due to disease or injuries were used for this work. tissues were obtained from the five turtles. western blot analysis was used to evaluate tissues for cox-1 and cox-2 proteins. densiometric analysis was used ... | 2012 | 22779232 |
| temporal variance in hematologic and plasma biochemical reference intervals for free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina). | eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) populations are in decline, likely due to anthropogenic forces and disease, necessitating hematologic and biochemical data from healthy individuals for evaluation of wild populations. we repeatedly sampled 21 free-ranging eastern box turtles from may to september 2009 in the spring, summer, and fall to establish temporal hematologic and biochemical reference intervals. packed cell volume, aspartate aminotransferase, and potassium levels declined s ... | 2012 | 22740550 |
| patterns of growth and sexual size dimorphism in two species of box turtles with environmental sex determination. | an adaptive explanation for environmental sex determination is that it promotes sexual size dimorphism when larger size benefits one sex more than the other. that is, if growth rates are determined by environment during development, then it is beneficial to match developmental environment to the sex that benefits more from larger size. however, larger size may also be a consequence of larger size at hatching or growing for a longer time, i.e., delayed age at first reproduction. therefore, the ad ... | 1998 | 28308270 |
| promotion of gene flow by transient individuals in an otherwise sedentary population of box turtles (terrapene carolina triunguis). | | 1982 | 28568048 |
| auditory responses in the common box turtle. | | 1956 | 16589981 |
| application of the cometchip platform to assess dna damage in field-collected blood samples from turtles. | dna damage has been linked to genomic instability and the progressive breakdown of cellular and organismal homeostasis, leading to the onset of disease and reduced longevity. insults to dna from endogenous sources include base deamination, base hydrolysis, base alkylation, and metabolism-induced oxidative damage that can lead to single-strand and double-strand dna breaks. alternatively, exposure to environmental pollutants, radiation or ultra-violet light, can also contribute to exogenously deri ... | 2018 | 29536573 |
| identification of factors affecting predation risk for juvenile turtles using 3d printed models. | although it is widely accepted that juvenile turtles experience high levels of predation, such events are rarely observed, providing limited evidence regarding predator identities and how juvenile habitat selection and availability of sensory cues to predators affects predation risk. we placed three-dimensional printed models resembling juvenile box turtles (terrapenecarolina) across habitats commonly utilized by the species at three sites within their geographical range and monitored models wit ... | 2020 | 32054027 |
| comparison of dilution on eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) and marine toad (rhinella marinus) blood parameters as measured on a portable chemistry analyzer. | biochemical testing is an important clinical tool in evaluating the physiology of reptiles and amphibians. suitable point of care analyzers can allow for rapid delivery of results, but small patient size can inhibit sufficient sample collection. this study evaluated the utility of sample dilution with sterile distilled water as a means of biochemical evaluation when sample volume is limited. blood was collected from 12 eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) and 12 marine toads (rhinel ... | 2020 | 32908664 |
| discovery of an australian chelonia mydas papillomavirus via green turtle primary cell culture and qpcr. | the number of reptilian viruses detected are continuously increasing due to improvements and developments of new diagnostic techniques. in this case we used primary cell culture and qpcr to describe the first australian chelonia mydas papillomavirus. commercial chelonian cell lines are limited to one cell line from a terrestrial turtle (terrapene carolina). to establish primary cultures from green turtles (chelonia mydas), turtle eggs were collected from heron island, queensland, australia. from ... | 2018 | 29630942 |