| exotic bacterial pathogens edwardsiella tarda and edwardsiella ictaluri from imported ornamental fish betta splendens and puntius conchonius, respectively: isolation and quarantine significance. | | 1986 | 3827773 |
| [finding of the bacterial species edwardsiella tarda in the aquarium fish betta splendens]. | a case of the mass occurrence of a disease in the aquarium fish species betta splendens is described; morphologically the disease was characterized by the finding of large dermal changes located mainly in the dorsal part and by miliary granulomata in liver, spleen and kidneys. the granulomata consisted of epitheloid light cells with centrally located necrosis. gram-negative bacteria with morphological and biochemical characteristics corresponding to the bacterial species edwardsiella tarda were ... | 1983 | 6407179 |
| fish chromatophores as cytosensors in a microscale device: detection of environmental toxins and bacterial pathogens. | fish chromatophores from betta splendens are used as the cytosensor element in the development of a portable microscale device capable of detecting certain environmental toxins and bacterial pathogens by monitoring changes in pigment granule distribution. the adaptation of chromatophores to a microscale environment has required the development of enabling technologies to produce miniaturized culture chambers, to integrate microfluidics for sample delivery, to miniaturize image capture, and to de ... | 2002 | 11841070 |
| [evaluation of the impact on aedes aegypti infestation in cement tanks of the municipal district of canindé, ceará, brazil after using the betta splendens fish as an alternative biological control]. | canindé has a population of 71,235 inhabitants. in april 2001, the city started using larvivorous fish in cement water tanks, as a means of biological control of aedes aegypti larvae. during house-to-house visits by health agents, instead of treating the water tank with larvicide, a betta splendens fish was introduced into each tank. the number of houses and the number of tanks was estimated by monthly surveys. then, the number of tanks per house was determined. taking into account this estimate ... | 2004 | 15361957 |
| responses of fish chromatophore-based cytosensor to a broad range of biological agents. | a cytosensor based on living chromatophores from betta splendens siamese fighting fish was used to test several classes of biologically active agents. tested agents include neurotransmitters, adenyl cyclase activators, cytoskeleton effectors, cell membrane effectors and protein synthesis inhibitors. characteristic cell responses were analyzed, and potential cytosensor applications were considered. streptococcus pyogenes toxins streptolysin s and streptolysin o, clostridium tetani tetanolysin, st ... | 2004 | 15478182 |
| detection of mycobacteria in aquarium fish in slovenia by culture and molecular methods. | thirty-five aquarium fish were investigated for the presence of mycobacteria by culture and molecular methods. the following species were examined: goldfish carassius auratus auratus, guppy poecilia reticulata, 4 three-spot gourami trichogaster trichopterus, dwarf gourami colisa lalia, siamese fighting fish betta splendens, freshwater angelfish pterophyllum scalare, african cichlid fish cichlidae spp., cichlid fish microgeophagus altispinosus, cichlid fish pseudotropheus lombardoi, blue streak h ... | 2005 | 15900685 |
| occurrence of a novel acetylated amino acid, n(alpha)-acetylhistidine, in skeletal muscle of freshwater fish and other ectothermic vertebrates. | the occurrence of n(alpha)-acetylhistidine (nah) in skeletal muscle of 91 species of freshwater fish and 9 species of other ectothermic vertebrates was investigated, with consideration of phylogenetic relationships. of the 91 freshwater fish species examined, 13 species (7 cichlids, 5 anabantids, and 1 catfish) contained considerable amounts (>1 micromol/g) of nah in their skeletal muscles. the highest level (10.37 micromol/g) of nah was found in the tissue of betta splendens (siamese fighting f ... | 2009 | 19100335 |
| survival of betta splendens fish (regan, 1910) in domestic water containers and its effectiveness in controlling aedes aegypti larvae (linnaeus, 1762) in northeast brazil. | objective: in northeast brazil, large domestic containers used to store water are important breeding sites of aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue fever. the objective of this study was to estimate the survival of betta splendens (perciformes: osphronemidae) fish in domestic containers in fortaleza (ceará state), as well as its effectiveness in the control of premature a. aegypti stages. methods: the use of b. splendens was compared to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) in domestic con ... | 2010 | 21054694 |
| erythrophore cell response to food-associated pathogenic bacteria: implications for detection. | cell-based biosensors have been proposed for use as function-based detectors of toxic agents. we report the use of betta splendens chromatophore cells, specifically erythrophore cells, for detection of food-associated pathogenic bacteria. evaluation of erythrophore cell response, using bacillus spp., has revealed that this response can distinguish pathogenic bacillus cereus from a non-pathogenic b. cereus δplcr deletion mutant and a non-pathogenic bacillus subtilis. erythrophore cells were expos ... | 2008 | 21261862 |
| effect of substituting live feed with formulated feed on the reproductive performance and fry survival of siamese fighting fish, betta splendens (regan, 1910). | this study aimed to elucidate the effect of partial or complete replacement of live feed (lf) (tubifex) with formulated feed (ff) on the reproductive performance of betta splendens. three hundred b. splendens fry (average weight 0.19-á-¦-á0.01-ág) were equally distributed into five different groups, each with three replicates. they were fed for 105-ádays with following different diets: control (c)-100% lf; t1-75% lf, 25% ff; t2-50% lf, 50% ff; t3-25% lf, 75% ff, and t4-100% ff. results showed th ... | 2011 | 21710171 |
| neural pathway for aggressive display in betta splendens: midbrain and hindbrain control of gill-cover erection behavior. | horseradish peroxidase (hrp) was used to identify parts of the presumptive neural pathway for gill cover erection, a behavioral display pattern performed by siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) during aggressive interactions. motor, motor integration and sensory areas were identified in the medulla and mesencephalon. motor neurons of the dilator operculi muscle, the effector muscle for gill cover erection, are located in the lateral and medial parts of the caudal trigeminal motor nucleus. ion ... | 2008 | 2279236 |
| [a biological pregnancy reaction using the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens regan)]. | | 2014 | 4231845 |
| operant responding in siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) as a function of schedule of reinforcement and visual reinforcers. | siamese fighting fish were trained to emit an operant response that was reinforced by the opportunity to view a motion picture film image of another fish. performance under various schedules of reinforcement was examined. when reinforcement followed every response and when reinforcement was delivered after every second response, the number of responses per session was higher than during operant level or during extinction. reinforcement delivered following intervals of no responding (differential ... | 2016 | 4759058 |
| potential application of extracts from indian almond (terminalia catappa linn.) leaves in siamese fighting fish (betta splendens regan) culture. | indian almond (terminalia catappa linn.) leaves with green and red coloration were tested for bactericidal activity with pathogenic bacteria and their acute toxicity to siamese fighting fish (betta splendens regan). powder of indian almond leaves was extracted with water at the ratio of 1:10 (w/v) and then freeze-dried to a dry powder. bactericidal efficacy was tested against 28 isolates of pathogenic bacteria (aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda, enterobacter spp., plesiomonas shigelloides ... | 2012 | 23885412 |
| fighting fish (betta splendens) bubble nests do not inhibit microbial growth. | some organisms produce antimicrobial substances in nesting foam to favorably manipulate the environment to which their developing offspring are exposed. we tested if fighting fish betta splendens foamy nest material, which is comprised of bubbles produced in the oral cavity of nesting males, has antimicrobial properties against a pathogenic bacteria (edwardsiella tarda), a nonpathogenic bacteria (escherichia coli), or a pathogenic oomycete (saprolegnia parasitica). we also tested if exposure to ... | 2012 | 22753365 |
| expansion of the known host range of the microsporidium, pseudoloma neurophilia. | the microsporidium, pseudoloma neurophilia, is the most common infectious organism found in laboratory zebrafish colonies. many currently used zebrafish lines originally came from pet store fish, and the initial description of p. neurophilia came from zebrafish obtained from a retail pet store. however, as p. neurophilia has not been described from wild-caught zebrafish, whether p. neurophilia is a natural pathogen of zebrafish is an open question. the pooling of fish of different species in the ... | 2016 | 27182659 |
| survival of larvivorous fish used for biological control of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) combined with different larvicides. | to evaluate combinations of larvicides and fish which are predators of larvae of aedes aegypti, namely betta splendens, trichogaster trichopterus and poecilia reticulata. | 2014 | 24890120 |
| reduced oviposition of aedes aegypti gravid females in domestic containers with predatory fish. | the presence of pathogens or predators in water may alter oviposition behaviour of gravid female aedes aegypti mosquitoes. we evaluated the oviposition behaviour of a. aegypti in recipients containing larvivorous fish (betta splendens and poecilia reticulata). in four breeders, fish specimens were placed in 15 l of dechlorined water. four control breeders only contained dechlorined water. breeders with eucatex ovitraps and approximately 100 male and female mosquitoes were placed in wire netting ... | 2009 | 19754521 |
| survival of larvivorous fish used for biological control of aedes aegypti larvae in domestic containers with different chlorine concentrations. | the two fish species betta splendens (regan) and poecilia reticulata (peters) are known predators of aedes aegypti (l., 1762) larvae. both species have been used for biological control in northeastern brazil. however, the feasibility of these fish for the control of ae. aegypti larvae in domestic containers may be limited by their survival in chlorinated water, as supplied by the public water system. we exposed fish to three different concentrations of chlorine: 1, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/liter. all b. ... | 2009 | 19645286 |
| [efficacy of fish as predators of aedes aegypti larvae, under laboratory conditions]. | to evaluate the efficacy of fish as predators of the aedes aegypti larvae in laboratory conditions. | 2007 | 17589763 |
| localization of pectoral fin motoneurons (sonic and hovering) in the croaking gourami trichopsis vittatus. | the pectoral fin of the croaking gourami, trichopsis vittatus, has become modified as a sound-producing organ and retains its original function in locomotion and hovering. we used retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to localize sonic motoneurons in trichopsis. betta splendens, a related nonsonic gourami with unspecialized pectoral fins, served as a control. a single injection into trichopsis epaxial muscle labeled a dorsal motor column of large cells (mean of 16.3 microns) ventrolater ... | 1992 | 1537046 |
| motor innervation of respiratory muscles and an opercular display muscle in siamese fighting fish betta splendens. | horseradish peroxidase was used to identify motor neurons projecting to the adductor mandibulae, levator hyomandibulae, levator operculi, adductor operculi, and dilator operculi muscles in siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. these muscles participate in the production of respiratory and feeding movements in teleost fishes. the dilator operculi is also the effector muscle for gill-cover erection behavior that is part of betta's aggressive display. the motor innervation of these muscles in bet ... | 1989 | 2592620 |
| of fish and mirrors: fluoxetine disrupts aggression and learning for social rewards. | aggressive signaling is a key social behavior of male siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). successfully establishing a territory and defending it from intruders has direct fitness effects, making betta splendens a prime model for studies examining the biological underpinnings of aggressive behavior. current research has outlined serotonin transporter pathways as one key component for the engagement and coordination of aggressive behavior in betta splendens. using the selective serotonin reup ... | 2017 | 28237550 |
| prozac impacts lateralization of aggression in male siamese fighting fish. | previous studies have shown that siamese fighting fish, betta splendens, preferentially use right-eye during the aggressive displays. however, administration of antidepressant drugs may disrupt eye-use preference in association with a reduction in aggression; a phenomena that has not been explored in fish. the objective of the current study was to examine the effects of exposure to the antidepressant drug, fluoxetine, on lateralization in eye-use during aggressive displays in male siamese fighti ... | 2017 | 28236686 |
| individual boldness traits influenced by temperature in male siamese fighting fish. | temperature has profound effects on physiology of ectothermic animals. however, the effects on temperature variation on behavioral traits are poorly studied in contrast to physiological endpoints. this may be important as even small differences in temperatures have large effects on physiological rates including overall metabolism, and behavior is known to be linked to metabolism at least in part. the primary aim of this study was to determine the effects of ambient temperature on boldness respon ... | 2016 | 27520588 |
| to breathe or fight? siamese fighting fish differ when facing a real opponent or mirror image. | displays are a feature of animal contest behaviour and have been interpreted as a means of gathering information on opponent fighting ability, as well as signalling aggressive motivation. in fish, contest displays often include frontal and lateral elements, which in the latter involves contestants showing their flanks to an opponent. previous work in a range of fish species has demonstrated population-level lateralization of these displays, preferentially showing one side to their opponent. mirr ... | 2016 | 27234172 |
| development of betta splendens embryos and larvae reveals variation in pigmentation patterns. | vertebrate pigmentation provides an ideal system for studying the intersections between evolution, genetics, and developmental biology. teleost fish, with their accessible developmental stages and intense and diverse colours produced by chromatophores, are an ideal group for study. we set out to test whether betta splendens is a good model organism for studying the evolution and development of diverse pigmentation. our results demonstrate that b. splendens can be bred to produce large numbers of ... | 2016 | 27172056 |
| feed of siamese fighting fish, betta splendens, (regan, 1910) in open pond: live and formulated diets. | the growth rate and percent survival of betta splendens when submitted to formulated diet and live food treatments are evaluated. the three different diets were used and designated as: formulated diet (basal diet); live food diet (plankton) and mixed diet (formulated diet with plankton). the live food diet contained plankton belonging to an open pond. high mortality was reported with live food (plankton) treatment whereas higher percent survival occurred with formulated diet. highest specific gr ... | 2016 | 27097088 |
| the toxicological effect of ruta graveolens extract in siamese fighting fish: a behavioral and histopathological approach. | the effects of pharmacological waste on aquatic ecosystems are increasingly highlighted in ecotoxicology research. many of these products are designed for human physiology but owing to the conservative nature of vertebrate evolution they also tend to have effects on aquatic organisms and fishes in particular when they find their way into aquatic systems via wastewater effluent. one area of research has focused on reproductive control and the associated hormone treatments. many of these hormones ... | 2016 | 26924199 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) is one of the popular aquarium fish. serious attentions have been paid to the biodiversity of the fish. the mitochondrial genome of the siamese fighting fish is reported to be 17 099 bp and includes 37 genes. the gene organization is similar to other fish mitogenomes. the control region is at-rich and includes three tandem repeats. phylogenetic analysis reveals that the fish is close to fish in the macropodus genus. this mitogenome will assist in study ... | 2016 | 26703926 |
| how betta splendens finds its way. | this study investigated the siamese fighting fish betta splendens performance in associating a stimulus with a specific cue when distractors are present. after trained to associate a specific color cue to a stimulus (conspecific) in a tank containing three colored distractors, the fish was challenged to locate the exact place where the stimulus fish was presented. with only color cues as guides, the siamese fighting fish spent most of its time close to the color where the stimulus fish was previ ... | 2016 | 26655891 |
| uv-filter benzophenone-3 inhibits agonistic behavior in male siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | benzophenone-3 (bp-3) is a widely used organic uv-filter compound. despite the frequent occurrence of bp-3 in aquatic environments, little is known about its effect on fish behavior. the aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine disrupting effects of bp-3 in male fighting fish (betta splendens) with a focus on agonistic behavior. male fighting fish were exposed to 10, 100, and 1000 μg/l bp-3, as well as a solvent control (0.1% ethanol) and a positive control (100 ng/l 17α-ethynylestradi ... | 2016 | 26589946 |
| behavioral effects of fluoxetine on aggression and associative learning in siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | past research has implicated serotonin as an important neurotransmitter in the facilitation of aggressive behavior. in siamese fighting fish (betta splendens), the ssri fluoxetine has been demonstrated to reduce both frequency and duration of aggressive displays across a variety of concentration exposure procedures. while this multi-method approach has provided strong evidence for fluoxetine's impact on aggression, no study has sought to examine the behavioral mechanism by which fluoxetine exert ... | 2015 | 26478253 |
| fluoxetine exposure impacts boldness in female siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. | the present study examined the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, on the behavior of female siamese fighting fish, betta splendens, in three different boldness assays (empty tank, novel environment, social tendency). when females were unexposed to fluoxetine, boldness was consistent within a context and correlated across assays. fluoxetine exposure affected behavior within and among individuals on multiple levels. exposure reduced overall boldness levels, made fem ... | 2016 | 26462842 |
| trichodina modesta: an exotic ciliate in the neotropical region parasitizing an unusual host. | in this study, an important ornamental fish, betta splendens (osphronemidae), from three different brazilian states was examined for parasitic infestations. smears with parasites were impregnated with silver nitrate or stained using giemsa for taxonomic evaluation. a disc-shaped trichodinid with a body diameter of 39.7 ± 3.3 µm, adhesive disc diameter of 32.9 ± 3.1 µm and denticulate ring diameter of 19.5 ± 2.0 µm was found. the morphological characteristics resembled those of trichodina modesta ... | 2015 | 26154956 |
| development of gas exchange and ion regulation in two species of air-breathing fish, betta splendens and macropodus opercularis. | aquatic air-breathing anabantoids, a group of fish species characterized by the presence of a labyrinth organ and some gills, exhibit morphological variations. this study aimed to examine whether unequal gill growth begins during the early stages and described the sequence of the early gill developmental events in betta splendens and macropodus opercularis. to determine when the ion regulatory and gas exchange abilities first appear in the gills, mitochondria-rich cells (mrcs) and neuroepithelia ... | 2015 | 25783787 |
| acute exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol disrupts audience effect on male-female interactions in betta splendens. | endocrine disrupting chemicals can negatively impact the morphology and behavior of organisms inhabiting polluted waters. male-typical behaviors are often reduced after exposure, suggesting that exposure may have population-level effects. one way in which exposure may exert population-level effects is by interfering with communication within a network of individuals. acute exposure to the estrogen mimic 17α-ethinylestradiol (ee2) disrupts the ability of male siamese fighting fish, betta splenden ... | 2015 | 25697944 |
| a novel behavioral intervention in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus improves glycemic control: preliminary results from a pilot randomized control trial. | the purpose of this study was to develop and pilot-test an innovative behavioral intervention in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm) incorporating structured care of a pet to improve glycemic control. | 2015 | 25614529 |
| biodiversity of the betta smaragdina (teleostei: perciformes) in the northeast region of thailand as determined by mitochondrial coi and nuclear its1 gene sequences. | in thailand, there are currently five recognized species members of the bubble-nesting betta genus, namely betta splendens, b. smaragdina, b. imbellis, b. mahachaiensis and b. siamorientalis. in 2010, we indicated the possibility, based on coi barcoding evidence, that there might be two additional species, albeit cryptic, related to the type-locality b. smaragdina in some provinces in the northeast of thailand. in the present study, after a more extensive survey of the northeast, and phylogeneti ... | 2014 | 25606392 |
| invasion of melanoma to angiolipoma in a male siamese fighting fish, betta splendens, regan. | | 2014 | 25271738 |
| isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite markers from siamese fighting fish (betta splendens, osphronemidae, anabantoidei) and their transferability to related species, b. smaragdina and b. imbellis. | ten novel microsatellite markers were developed and characterized from siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). nine of ten markers were polymorphic, exhibiting an allelic number (na) from 2 to 6 alleles per locus. the effective number of alleles (ne) ranged from 1.60 to 3.08 (average of 2.30). the observed (ho) and expected (he) heterozygosities ranged from 0.13 to 0.67 (average of 0.39) and 0.29 to 0.63 (average of 0.50), respectively. linkage disequilibrium was not significantly detected for ... | 2014 | 25222221 |
| fluoxetine inhibits aggressive behaviour during parental care in male fighting fish (betta splendens, regan). | the increasing presence of aquatic contaminants, such as the pharmaceutical fluoxetine, has raised concerns over potentially disrupting effects on several aspects of fish reproduction. however, the effects of fluoxetine on reproductive and paternal behavior in fish remain understudied, particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations. in the current study, we therefore tested the hypothesis that waterborne fluoxetine at an environmentally relevant concentration (540 ng/l), disrupts specif ... | 2014 | 25213287 |
| phytoestrogens β -sitosterol and genistein have limited effects on reproductive endpoints in a female fish, betta splendens. | phytoestrogens are produced by plants and may cause endocrine disruption in vertebrates. the present study hypothesizes that phytoestrogen exposure of female siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) may disrupt endogenous steroid levels, change agonistic behavior expression, and potentially also disrupt oocyte development. however, only the pharmacologic dose of β-sitosterol had a significant effect on opercular flaring behavior, while we did not find significant effects of β-sitosterol or genist ... | 2014 | 24707495 |
| exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of genistein during activation does not affect sperm motility in the fighting fish betta splendens. | sperm collected from male fighting fish betta splendens were activated in control water, water containing the ion-channel blocker gadolinium (a putative positive control), or water containing the isoflavone phytoestrogen genistein to determine the effects of acute genistein exposure on male reproductive function. computer-assisted sperm analysis was used to quantify the proportion of sperm that were motile and the swimming velocity of those sperm. the highest concentration of gadolinium (100 μ m ... | 2014 | 24516856 |
| environmental modulation of the onset of air breathing and survival of betta splendens and trichopodus trichopterus. | the effect of hypoxia on air-breathing onset and survival was determined in larvae of the air-breathing fishes, the three spot gourami trichopodus trichopterus and the siamese fighting fish betta splendens. larvae were exposed continuously or intermittently (12 h nightly) to an oxygen partial pressure (po2 ) of 20, 17 and 14 kpa from 1 to 40 days post-fertilization (dpf). survival and onset of air breathing were measured daily. continuous normoxic conditions produced a larval survival rate of 65 ... | 2014 | 24502248 |
| resurgence in siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. | resurgence of previously reinforced responding was investigated in male siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). swimming through a ring produced 15-s mirror presentations according to, with different fish, either a fixed-ratio 1 or a variable-interval 60-s schedule of reinforcement. when responding was stable, a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior schedule was substituted for the mirror-presentation schedule. following this, mirror presentations were discontinued (extinction). during t ... | 2014 | 24462710 |
| early development of betta splendens under stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. | betta splendens is a very important ornamental species. the current paper describes the embryonic and larval development of b. splendens under stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. eggs and larvae from natural spawning were collected at different developmental stages at previously established intervals and analysed. the eggs of b. splendens are yellowish, clear, spherical, demersal, translucent and telolecithal with a large amount of yolk. between 0-2 h post-initial collection (hpic ... | 2015 | 24229611 |
| knowing your audience affects male-male interactions in siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | aggressive interactions between animals often occur in the presence of third parties. by observing aggressive signalling interactions, bystanders may eavesdrop and gain relevant information about conspecifics without the costs of interacting. on the other hand, interactants may also adjust their behaviour when an audience is present. this study aimed to test how knowledge about fighting ability of an audience affects aggressive interactions in male siamese fighting fish. subjects were positioned ... | 2014 | 23794074 |
| prey processing in the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | we studied prey processing in the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens), involving slow, easily observed head-bobbing movements, which were compared with prey processing in other aquatic feeding vertebrates. we hypothesized that head-bobbing is a unique prey-processing behaviour, which alternatively could be structurally and functionally analogous with raking in basal teleosts, or with pharyngognathy in neoteleosts. modulation of head-bobbing was elicited by prey with different motility and to ... | 2013 | 23612845 |
| acute exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol disrupts audience effects on male-male interactions in siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. | endocrine disrupting chemicals can have profound effects on the behavior of aquatic organisms residing in polluted waters. males are especially sensitive to the effects of estrogen mimics and both courtship and aggression may be dramatically reduced by chemical exposure. population-level impacts may occur if these chemicals decrease the ability of males to obtain mates or defend territories. exposure might also have far-reaching impacts by interfering with information transfer within a network o ... | 2013 | 23333768 |
| effect of commercial grade endosulfan on growth and reproduction of the fighting fish betta splendens. | to study the effects of endosulfan on survival, growth and reproduction of the obligate air-breathing male heterogametic fighting fish betta splendens, posthatchlings of the fighting fish were discretely immersed for 3 h/day during the labile period on the 2nd, 5th, and 8th day posthatching (dph) at selected concentrations of commercial grade endosulfan ranging from 175 to 1400 ng/l. the immersions at 1,400 ng/l led to 21% mortality, among the 79% of surviving fry, 80% developed into females. th ... | 2014 | 23225381 |
| balancing the competing requirements of air-breathing and display behaviour during male-male interactions in siamese fighting fish betta splendens. | air-breathing fish of the anabantoidei group meet their metabolic requirements for oxygen through both aerial and aquatic gas exchange. siamese fighting fish betta splendens are anabantoids that frequently engage in aggressive male-male interactions which cause significant increases in metabolic rate and oxygen requirements. these interactions involve opercular flaring behaviour that is thought to limit aquatic oxygen uptake, and combines with the increase in metabolic rate to cause an increase ... | 2013 | 23178457 |
| inter-specific differences in numerical abilities among teleost fish. | adults, infants and non-human primates are thought to possess similar non-verbal numerical systems, but there is considerable debate regarding whether all vertebrates share the same numerical abilities. despite an abundance of studies, cross-species comparison remains difficult because the methodology employed and the context of species examination vary considerably across studies. to fill this gap, we used the same procedure, stimuli, and numerical contrasts to compare quantity abilities of fiv ... | 2012 | 23162517 |
| trichodina nobilis chen, 1963 and trichodina reticulata hirschmann et partsch, 1955 from ornamental freshwater fishes in brazil. | in the present work trichodina reticulata and t. nobilis (ciliophora: trichodinidae) are morphologically characterised from ornamental freshwater fish culture in the state of santa catarina, brazil. the prevalence of infection and a list of comparative measurements are discussed. we examined "southern platyfish" xiphophorus maculatus (n = 35), "goldfish" carassius auratus (n = 31), "guppy" poecilia reticulata (n = 20), "sailfin molly" poecilia latipinna (n = 6), "beta" betta splendens (n = 2) an ... | 2012 | 22735135 |
| fluoxetine alters behavioral consistency of aggression and courtship in male siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. | the detrimental effects of steroid-mimics are well known but investigations on non-steroid pharmaceuticals are less common. in addition, most behavioral studies do not examine the effects at multiple time points. this study examined the effects of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on behavior when male siamese fighting fish encounter female and male dummy conspecifics simultaneously. thus, how chemical exposure impacts behavioral consistency and whether individuals differ in ... | 2012 | 22722098 |
| decreased aggressive and locomotor behaviors in betta splendens after exposure to fluoxetine. | the failure of sewage treatment plants to remove pharmaceuticals such as fluoxetine from waste water has become a concern given that these products are being detected in the surface waters of many countries of the world. the effects of fluoxetine in sub-lethal doses on the neural systems and behaviors of aquatic life are worthy of investigation. this study investigated the effects of sub-lethal amounts fluoxetine dissolved in water on the aggressive and locomotor behaviors of 44 male betta splen ... | 2012 | 22489377 |
| effects of mercury chloride (hgcl2) on betta splendens aggressive display. | mercury chloride (hgcl2) is a toxic mercury salt and a major pollutant, that can be found in soil, water and air, with influences on behavior, physiology and adaptation to the environment. in this study two experiments were designed to examine interactions and effects of hgcl2 on some behavioral patterns of siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). in the first experiment we tested the effect of a progressive dose (five 0.04 mg) on aggressive display with exposure to a mirror, whereas in the seco ... | 2012 | 22379732 |
| exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol decreases motility and atp in sperm of male fighting fish betta splendens. | the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (ee2) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical released into aquatic environments from sewage treatment facilities. we tested the effects of two environmentally relevant concentrations of waterborne ee2, 10 and 100 ng l(-1) , on reproductive endpoints in the teleost fish betta splendens. in the first experiment, testes were removed from males and sperm were exposed to ee2 directly through the activation water. direct exposure to ee2 had no effect on any mea ... | 2014 | 22223459 |
| chromatophores and color revelation in the blue variant of the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | our light and electron microscopy observations have revealed that the chromatic unit for the caudal fin in the blue variant of the siamese fighting fish consists exclusively of dermal chromatophores comprised of compact and overlapping light-reflecting motile iridophores underlined by a layer of light absorbing melanophores. the 2 subtypes that make up about 70% of the skin tissue are located just below the basal layer of the considerably thin epidermis. the administration of k-rich saline or no ... | 2012 | 21803590 |
| the pharyngeal organ in the buccal cavity of the male siamese fighting fish, betta splendens, supplies mucus for building bubble nests. | the male siamese fighting fish, betta splendens, builds a bubble nest on the water surface to care for offspring during the reproductive period. to our knowledge, this study is the first to determine the composition of the bubble nest and to compare the pharyngeal organs of male and female siamese fighting fish to determine the relationship between the pharyngeal organ and the ability to make bubble nests. dot blots of the bubble nest probed with periodic acid-schiff's (pas) staining and ponceau ... | 2010 | 21039125 |
| conservation of the chromatophore pigment response. | toxicant sensing technology has evolved to include biological sensors, such as cell-based biosensors, which rely on viable cells to convey a measurable physiological signal. chromatophores are a class of pigment cells that have been investigated as cell-based biosensors. we report the characterization of oncorhynchus tshawytscha melanophores and describe the melanophore pigment response to neurotransmitters in terms of pigment area occupied. compared with the previously described model, betta sp ... | 2010 | 20809546 |
| reproductive consequences of exposure to waterborne phytoestrogens in male fighting fish betta splendens. | phytoestrogens are plant compounds that can act as endocrine disruptors in vertebrates. biologically active levels of phytoestrogens have been found in aquatic habitats near wood pulp and paper mills, biofuel manufacturing plants, sewage-treatment plants, and agricultural fields. phytoestrogens are known to cause hormonal and gonadal changes in male fish, but few studies have connected these effects to outcomes relevant to reproductive success. in one experiment, we exposed sexually mature male ... | 2011 | 20589370 |
| modulation of monoamine neurotransmitters in fighting fish betta splendens exposed to waterborne phytoestrogens. | endogenous estrogens are known to affect the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters in vertebrate animals, but the effects of exogenous estrogens on neurotransmitters are relatively poorly understood. we exposed sexually mature male fighting fish betta splendens to environmentally relevant and pharmacological doses of three phytoestrogens that are potential endocrine disruptors in wild fish populations: genistein, equol, and β-sitosterol. we also exposed fish to two doses of the endogenous estr ... | 2010 | 20012186 |
| lateral bias of agonistic responses to mirror images and morphological asymmetry in the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | behavioural laterality (e.g., during social interactions) is often observed at the individual level in lower vertebrates such as fish, whereas population-level laterality is observed in many higher vertebrates. population-level laterality can be explained mainly by internal factors (e.g., cerebral lateralization), whereas little is known about the behavioural mechanisms underlying individual-level laterality. recently, it was revealed that many fish have asymmetrical body morphology, but the rel ... | 2010 | 19922744 |
| parameters of rewards on choice behavior in siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | five experiments were conducted with siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) to investigate how choices in a t-maze were affected by parameters of a social reward (aggression display to another male): presence or absence, amount, delay and distance traveled. bettas showed a preference for the side associated with the presence of another male rather than the side associated with nothing (exp 1), a greater length of time of the reward (exp 2) and shorter delay (exp 3). the animals were indifferent ... | 2009 | 19615613 |
| the effect of body coloration and group size on social partner preferences in female fighting fish (betta splendens). | females of the fighting fish betta splendens have been shown to associate with other b. splendens females in a manner reminiscent of shoaling behavior. since body coloration varies dramatically in this species, and since body coloration has been shown to affect shoalmate choice in other species of fish, we examined the influence of body coloration on association preferences in female b. splendens. in dichotomous choice tests, b. splendens females spent more time swimming near groups of females ( ... | 2009 | 19059314 |
| visual reinforcement in the female siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. | operant conditioning with betta splendens (bettas) has been investigated extensively using males of the species. ethological studies of female bettas have revealed aggressive interactions that qualitatively parallel those between male bettas. given these similarities, four experiments were conducted with female bettas to examine the generality of a widely reported finding with males: mirror-image reinforcement. swimming through a ring was reinforced by a 10-s mirror presentation. as with males, ... | 2008 | 18683612 |
| fish on prozac: a simple, noninvasive physiology laboratory investigating the mechanisms of aggressive behavior in betta splendens. | the neuromodulator serotonin is an important regulator of aggressive behavior in vertebrates. experimentally increasing synaptic levels of serotonin with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has been shown to reliably decrease the expression of aggressive behavior. here, we describe a method by which fluoxetine can be noninvasively administered to male betta splendens (an attractive model for the study of aggressive behavior) and describe a simple laboratory exercise that allows ... | 2007 | 18057410 |
| effects of trophic poisoning with methylmercury on the appetitive elements of the agonistic sequence in fighting-fish (betta splendens). | the aggressive display in betta splendens is particularly prominent, and vital to its adaptation to the environment. methylmercury is an organic variation of hg that presents particularly pronounced neuro-behavioral effects. the present experiments aim to test the effect of acute and chronic poisoning with methylmercury on the display in bettas. the animals were poisoned by trophic means in both experiments (16 ug/kg in acute poisoning; 16 ug/kg/day for chronic poisoning), and tested in agonisti ... | 2007 | 17992970 |
| variable stress-responsiveness in wild type and domesticated fighting fish. | we combined behavioral and physiological measures to compare coping style in wild-type betta splendens and a domesticated strain selectively bred for sports fighting. we showed previously that the fighter strain is more aggressive than the wild type during experimental conditions that most closely resemble an actual fight. we predicted that compared to the wild type, the fighter strain would show a more proactive coping style, characterized by lesser cortisol and greater sympathetic responses to ... | 2008 | 17884114 |
| effect of various discriminative stimuli on choice behavior in male siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | the current experiment was an exploratory study empirically comparing three discrimination methodologies proposed for use in choice preparations with food rewards. subjects were thirty-five, healthy, adult male siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). subjects were randomly assigned to one of three discrimination groups: a direction group (using left or right as discriminative stimuli), a color group (using red or green as discriminative stimuli), and a bubble group (using the presence or absenc ... | 2007 | 17566447 |
| serotonin decreases aggression via 5-ht1a receptors in the fighting fish betta splendens. | the role of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin (5-ht) in the modulation of conspecific aggression in the fighting fish (betta splendens) was investigated using pharmacological manipulations. we used a fish's response to its mirror image as our index of aggressive behavior. we also investigated the effects of some manipulations on monoamine levels in the b. splendens brain. acute treatment with 5-ht and with the 5-ht1a receptor agonist 8-oh-dpat both decreased aggressive behavior; however, ... | 2013 | 17553555 |
| the influence of sex, line, and fight experience on aggressiveness of the siamese fighting fish in intrasexual competition. | we examined the influence of sex, line, i.e., broods from different parents, and previous fight experience on the aggressiveness of the siamese fighting fish betta splendens in intrasexual competition. the innate aggressiveness of the fish against their mirror images was measured on the day prior to the direct fight with other individuals, and it was found to be influenced by the line type but not by the sex. in the direct fight with other individuals, the males invested more effort in the fight ... | 2007 | 17434689 |
| behavioral changes in fish exposed to phytoestrogens. | we investigated the behavioral effects of exposure to waterborne phytoestrogens in male fighting fish, betta splendens. adult fish were exposed to a range of concentrations of genistein, equol, beta-sitosterol, and the positive control 17beta-estradiol. the following behaviors were measured: spontaneous swimming activity, latency to respond to a perceived intruder (mirror reflection), intensity of aggressive response toward a perceived intruder, probability of constructing a nest in the presence ... | 2006 | 16584819 |
| male 11-ketotestosterone levels change as a result of being watched in siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. | this study investigated the effects of nesting status and the presence of an audience on 11-ketotestosterone (11kt) levels in male siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. prior studies have demonstrated that both nesting status, an indicator of territory-holding power and reproductive state, and the sex of a conspecific audience lead to differences in male behavior during aggressive encounters. since behavioral changes have already been demonstrated, we chose to investigate whether 11kt levels w ... | 2006 | 16473353 |
| social partner preferences of male and female fighting fish (betta splendens). | while the social interactions of betta splendens have been studied in the contexts of dominance hierarchies, mate choice and communication networks, the social partner preferences of betta have been largely overlooked. in this study, we presented male and female betta with a single male, a single female, and a group of three females in dichotomous choice tests in order to better understand basic social interactions in this largely nonsocial species. the highly territorial betta preferred associa ... | 2006 | 16406374 |
| interval timing in siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | the present study evaluated the temporal performance of siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) given short-term exposure to four fixed interval (fi) schedules of reinforcement, fi 30, 60, 120, and 240 s, during which a reinforcer (mirror image) was given for the first response (swimming through a hoop) after the interval requirement had elapsed. response levels were generally low early in an interval and increased as the interval elapsed; wait times and break points in an interval increased wit ... | 2004 | 15518999 |
| a non-social and isolate rearing condition induces an irreversible shift toward continued fights in the male fighting fish (betta splendens). | effects of rearing conditions were examined in the development of agonistic behaviors in the male fighting fish. in group-i (highly social), fish were communally reared. in group-ii (highly social and isolate), fish were individually housed and exposed to the group-i fish through transparent walls until the sexual maturity (from 6 to 12 weeks post-hatch). in group-iii (social and isolate), individually housed fish were similarly exposed to other fish within the group. in group-iv (non-social and ... | 2004 | 15277715 |
| type of intruder and reproductive phase influence male territorial defence in wild-caught siamese fighting fish. | this study investigated how parental care increases with offspring age by examining the level of male aggressiveness toward potential intruders during egg guarding in a natural population of siamese fighting fish (betta splendens regan). the degree of aggressiveness was measured at two reproductive phases in response to three types of intruders: male, female and females that have laid eggs. the nest-holding males became more aggressive after their eggs hatched than after the eggs were laid. nest ... | 2003 | 12914992 |
| instrumental conditioning of choice behavior in male siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | despite the differences in the response of male betta splendens toward various stimuli, no research has attempted to determine the preference for a live conspecific versus a mirror presentation. a submerged t-maze was used to present both stimuli to healthy male b. splendens (n=16). the results indicated that subjects' start box and swimway latencies decreased significantly over the 30 trials. moreover, the analysis of choices demonstrated a modest, but statistically significant, preference for ... | 2003 | 12829317 |
| a survey of coccidian infections of freshwater fishes of peninsular malaysia, with descriptions of three species of goussia labbé, 1896 (apicomplexa: eimeriidae). | ninety-five specimens of 14 freshwater fish species from small streams in the kuala terengganu district and the lake kenyir reservoir, malaysia, were surveyed for coccidian infections. six fish species proved to be infected with apicomplexans belonging to the genus goussia. in all of these fishes goussia species were found in unsporulated and semisporulated stages. oöcysts of four species inhabiting the intestinal epithelium became sporulated in tap-water within 24 hours. in two fish species spo ... | 2003 | 12815211 |
| timing of presentation of an audience: aggressive priming and audience effects in male displays of siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | studies of animal communication often underestimate the presence of individuals other than the signaller-receiver dyad. signalling interactions often occur in the presence of non-participating individuals (audiences); the effect of these individuals upon the dynamics of interactions has been called the audience effect. recent studies of fighting fish betta splendens have shown that the presence of a male audience can increase aggression during interactions. however, in many of these studies male ... | 2003 | 12763268 |
| lateralization of aggression in fish. | recent research has suggested that lateralization of aggressive behaviors could follow an homogeneous pattern among all vertebrates. a left eye/right hemisphere dominance in eliciting aggressive responses has been demonstrated for all groups of tetrapods but teleost fish for which data is lacking. here we studied differential eye use during aggressive interactions in three species of teleosts: gambusia holbrooki, xenotoca eiseni and betta splendens. in the first experiment we checked for lateral ... | 2003 | 12742249 |
| using visual reinforcement to establish stimulus control of responding of siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | stimulus control of ring swimming was studied with male siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) using 2-component multiple schedules in which the components were correlated with the presence or absence of air bubbles in the water. in experiment 1, either response-independent mirror presentations or extinction was juxtaposed with immediate response-dependent mirror presentations. rates of ring swimming generally were higher with immediate reinforcement than with either response-independent mirror ... | 2003 | 12735371 |
| effect on growth and reproduction of hormone immersed and masculinized fighting fish betta splendens. | to produce all-male progenies in the fighting fish, betta splendens, six groups of fry were subjected to discrete immersion treatment at different 17alpha-methyltestosterone (mt) doses (viz. 100, 200, 500, 700, 900, and 1,000 microg/l) for a constant duration (3 hr/day) and frequency (second, fifth, and eighth day after hatching). the treatment at 900 microg/l led to 98% masculinization and 71% survival at sexual maturity. treated groups, which showed significant deviation from the 1:1 sex ratio ... | 2002 | 12410610 |
| an experimental study of intraspecific variation, developmental timing, and heterochrony in fishes. | heterochrony is widely regarded as an important evolutionary mechanism, one that may underlie most, if not all, morphological evolution, yet relatively few studies have examined variation in the sequence of development. even fewer studies have been designed so that intraspecific variation in the relative sequence of developmental events can be assessed, although this variation must be the basis for evolutionary change. intraspecific variation in developmental ossification sequences was documente ... | 2000 | 11209785 |
| consequences of hyper-aggressiveness in siamese fighting fish: cheaters seldom prospered | zahavi's handicap theory, formalized by grafen, suggests that 'cheaters' must be at a disadvantage if a communication system such as ritualized aggression is to evolve (grafen 1991, in: behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach (ed. by j. r. krebs & n. b. davies), pp. 5-31. oxford: blackwell scientific). to determine whether cheating is disadvantageous in betta splendens, we held a series of live interactions, after inducing hyper-aggression by socially isolating and then briefly 'priming' t ... | 1998 | 9480675 |
| different aggressive behaviours are exaggerated by facing vs. broadside subliminal stimuli shown to socially isolated siamese fighting fish, betta splendens. | we report and analyse some features of a new phenomenon: socially isolated betta splendens become extremely hyper-aggressive after seeing brief glimpses of fish models or mirrors. these brief glimpses are below the threshold for releasing aggressive display, so they are considered subliminal aggressive stimuli. the hyper-aggressiveness was observed to last for weeks. to confirm that hyper-aggressiveness was dependent upon the aggressive significance of the subliminal stimuli, we presented social ... | 1997 | 24897608 |
| lateralization of displays during aggressive and courtship behaviour in the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | evidence for right-left asymmetries in eye use at the individual level in the siamese fighting fish, betta splendens, is reported. when faced with their mirror image (in two daily trials of 10 min each), adult male betta splendens showed consistency in their right or left eye use during threat lateral displays. moreover, if one side was preferred by an individual to exhibit the lateral displays, then the duration of the displays on that side was longer than the duration of the displays on the ot ... | 1996 | 8804671 |
| structures in material transference and vitelline envelope formation in betta splendens follicles. | structures were found by transmission electron microscopy, they were located within follicular cells and the oocyte, and in the interspace between them in follicles of the teleost fish betta splendens. some structures with features characteristic or lamellar bodies were found in small follicles. the possible role of these structures in the formation of the vitelline envelope as well as in the material transference is discussed. vacuoles, vesticles and particles intensely stained were found in th ... | 2009 | 9369035 |
| response acquisition by siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) with delayed visual reinforcement. | male siamese fighting fish, betta splendens, swam through a ring in an aquarium, breaking a photocell beam and initiating an unsignaled, resetting delay interval. following delays of 0 s, 10 s, or 25 s, a 15-s mirror presentation released an aggressive display by the fish. swimming through the ring increased in the absence of either a period of acclimatization to the reinforcer (analogous to magazine training when appetitive reinforcers are used) or explicit training of the response by the exper ... | 1994 | 16812724 |
| social isolation increases social display after priming in betta splendens but decreases aggressive readiness. | we socially isolated adult, male siamese fighting fish for 0 to 7 weeks but avoided sensory deprivation, and then measured aggressive display as the fish responded to a series of novel models. isolates displayed much more strongly than non-isolates to the last model of the series, and display intensity became monotonically stronger with longer social isolation. by contrast, display to the first model seen after isolation was weaker the longer the social isolation. a second experiment compared re ... | 1992 | 24924788 |
| group size modifies the patterns and muscle carbohydrate effects of aggression in betta splendens. | aggressive encounters of previously isolated individuals were investigated in dyads and groups of five. fights were longer and more intense when they were performed in dyads compared to fights involving five fishes. during aggressive encounters, an elevation in carbohydrate catabolism was noticed in both dyads and groups. losing a fight resulted in a reduction in glycogen content and an increase in glycogen synthesis. similar changes in winners did not appear; thus, the metabolic response in los ... | 1992 | 1523255 |
| visual perception of texture in aggressive behavior of betta splendens. | in order to elucidate the role of texture in fish vision, the agonistic behavior of male siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) was tested in a response to models composed by means of image processing techniques. using the models with the contour shape of a side view of betta splendens in an aggressive state, the responses were vigorous when there was a fine distribution of brightness and naturalistic color, producing textures like a scale pattern. reactions became weaker as the brightness and ... | 1991 | 1941718 |
| muscle metabolic changes during the first six hours of cohabitation in pairs of male betta splendens. | muscle metabolic effects of aggression were investigated during the first 6 hours of dyadic contests in male betta splendens. in the first 10 minutes the free amino acid content of the carcass was reduced. at the end of the fight (after 30 minutes) a significant reduction in glycogen content and an increase in free glucose were noticed while amino acids were still reduced. the reduction in glycogen was more intense, while the increase in free glucose was smaller in losers. these modifications di ... | 1991 | 1896515 |
| biochemical cost of a fight in fed and fasted betta splendens. | behavioral and biochemical effects of threat displays and fights were determined in both fed and fasted animals. a week-long fast resulted in subtle behavioral modifications and a significant reduction in muscle glycogen. threat displays had no effect on carcass composition. in the course of fighting, fed animals degraded large amounts of lipids, glycogen and amino acids, while fasted animals degraded only glycogen. two alternative hypotheses are proposed to explain the difference between the bi ... | 1991 | 2017485 |
| sex reversal in female betta splendens as a function of testosterone manipulation and social influence. | in experiment 1, female betta given daily injections of testosterone (t) for 9 weeks acquired anatomical features characteristic of males as indicated by changes in fin length, body coloration, and gonadal morphology. these findings suggested that a potential for sex reversal exists in females of this species. in experiment 2 we measured changes in aggressive behavior during testosterone-induced anatomical changes. aggression decreased toward females and increased toward males as treatment with ... | 1988 | 3180734 |
| biochemical energetics of hierarchy formation in betta splendens. | two different stages of hierarchy formation in betta splendens were considered. winners and losers in a short social contact, and dominant and submissive individuals after the establishment of a hierarchy, respectively, were identified. metabolical determinations (free glucose, glycogen and protein content, glycogen and protein synthesis, glucose and amino acid oxidation, carbohydrate degradation) were performed. winners and dominant individuals were shown to be able to produce more energy per u ... | 1988 | 3194464 |
| a stereotaxic atlas for the telencephalon of the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens). | 1. a stereotaxic technique for electrode positioning in the telencephalic nuclei of the siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) is described. 2. the forebrain atlas was based on paraffin-embedded, in situ-sectioned, nissl-stained material. brain measurements were corrected for tissue shrinkage due to histological procedures. the atlas and methods have already been tested and have shown good accuracy and reproducibility. | 1988 | 3073827 |
| different patterns of testicular in vitro metabolism of [14c]testosterone in several betta (anabantoidei, belontiidae) species. | testicular tissues of betta picta, betta smaragdina, and the short-finned variety of betta splendens were incubated with [14c]testosterone at 27 degrees for 120 min and the metabolites were isolated and characterized by paper and thin-layer chromatography and eventually by crystallization to constant specific activity. the metabolic profiles of the species were totally different. the short-finned b. splendens formed mainly 11-ketotestosterone (51.4%) as does the veiltail variety. b. smaragdina w ... | 1987 | 3623068 |