| sequence and genomic analysis of a rhesus macaque rhadinovirus with similarity to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. | we have sequenced the long unique region (lur) and characterized the terminal repeats of the genome of a rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), strain 17577. the lur as sequenced is 131,364 bp in length, with a g+c content of 52.2% and a cpg ratio of 1.11. the genome codes for 79 open reading frames (orfs), with 67 of these orfs similar to genes found in both kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) (formal name, human herpesvirus 8) and herpesvirus saimiri. eight of the 12 unique genes show similarit ... | 1999 | 10074154 |
| a rhesus macaque rhadinovirus related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 encodes a functional homologue of interleukin-6. | the rhesus rhadinovirus strain 17577 (rrv strain 17577) genome is essentially colinear with human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8)/kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and encodes several analogous open reading frames (orfs), including the homologue of cellular interleukin-6 (il-6). to determine if the rrv il-6-like orf (rvil-6) is biologically functional, it was expressed either transiently in cos-1 cells or purified from bacteria as a glutathione s-transferase (gst)-rvil-6 fusion and analyzed by ... | 1999 | 10364379 |
| rhesus rhadinovirus establishes a latent infection in b lymphocytes in vivo. | recent dna sequence analysis indicates that rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) is a member of the lymphotropic gamma-2 herpesvirus family. to determine if rrv is lymphotropic, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naturally infected monkeys were separated by immunomagnetic bead depletion and analyzed for the presence of rrv by virus isolation and nested pcr. the recovery and consistent detection of rrv in the cd20(+)-enriched fraction clearly demonstrates that b lymphocytes are a major site of virus pe ... | 1999 | 10438883 |
| induction of b cell hyperplasia in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with the simian homologue of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | a simian homologue of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), the eighth human herpesvirus (hhv8), was isolated from a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) that developed a multicentric lymphoproliferative disorder (lpd). this simian rhadinovirus is genetically similar to a recently described rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) (desrosiers, r.c., v.g. sasseville, s.c. czajak, x. zhang, k.g. mansfield, a. kaur, r.p. johnson, a.a. lackner, and j.u. jung. 1997. ... | 1999 | 10499921 |
| experimental infection of rhesus and pig-tailed macaques with macaque rhadinoviruses. | the recognition of naturally occurring rhadinoviruses in macaque monkeys has spurred interest in their use as models for human infection with kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8). rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) and pig-tailed macaques (macaca nemestrina) were inoculated intravenously with rhadinovirus isolates derived from these species (rhesus rhadinovirus [rrv] and pig-tailed rhadinovirus [prv]). nine rhadinovirus antibody-negative and two rhadinovirus antibody-positiv ... | 1999 | 10559350 |
| two distinct gamma-2 herpesviruses in african green monkeys: a second gamma-2 herpesvirus lineage among old world primates? | primate gamma-2 herpesviruses (rhadinoviruses) have so far been found in humans (kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [kshv], also called human herpesvirus 8), macaques (macaca spp.) (rhesus rhadinovirus [rrv] and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus [rfhv]), squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) (herpesvirus saimiri), and spider monkeys (ateles spp.) (herpesvirus ateles). using serological screening and degenerate consensus primer pcr for the viral dna polymerase gene, we have detected seq ... | 2000 | 10627572 |
| characterization of two divergent lineages of macaque rhadinoviruses related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | we have cloned and characterized the entire dna polymerase gene and flanking regions from kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and two closely related macaque homologs of kshv, retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus-macaca nemestrina (rfhvmn) and -macaca mulatta (rfhvmm). we have also identified and partially characterized the corresponding genomic region of another kshv-like herpesvirus, provisionally named "m. nemestrina rhadinovirus type 2 (mnerv-2)," with close similar ... | 2000 | 10775636 |
| t-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in an aged rhesus macaque. | a cd8+ t-cell leukemia was diagnosed in an aged female rhesus macaque. although leukemia and lymphoma in nonhuman primates are commonly associated with simian t-lymphotropic virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, oncogenic herpesviruses, and types c, d, and e retroviruses, this monkey was not infected with any of these viruses. however, the monkey did have antibodies against herpesvirus saimiri. this likely represents cross-reactivity of the herpesvirus saimiri assay with rhesus monkey rhadinovirus ( ... | 2000 | 10935045 |
| cloning of the rhesus lymphocryptovirus viral capsid antigen and epstein-barr virus-encoded small rna homologues and use in diagnosis of acute and persistent infections. | epstein-barr virus (ebv) is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with the development of several human malignancies. a closely related herpesvirus in the same lymphocryptovirus (lcv) genera as ebv naturally infects rhesus monkeys and provides an important animal model for studying ebv pathogenesis. we cloned the small viral capsid antigen (svca) homologue from the rhesus lcv and developed a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to determine whether epit ... | 2000 | 10970361 |
| identification of the rhesus macaque rhadinovirus lytic origin of dna replication. | we have identified a lytic origin of dna replication (orilyt) for rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv), the rhesus macaque homolog of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), also known as kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. rrv orilyt maps to the region of the genome between open reading frame 69 (orf69) and orf71 (vflip) and is composed of an upstream a+t-rich region followed by a short (300-bp) downstream g+c-rich dna sequence. a set of overlapping cosmids corresponding to the entire genome of rrv was ... | 2001 | 11689621 |
| relative deficiency in cpg dinucleotides is a widespread but not unique feature of gammaherpesvirinae genomes. | since methylcytosine is relatively unstable, a deficiency of cpg dinucleotides and accumulation of mutations that manifest as tpg (and its complement cpa) is a diagnostic feature of higher eukaryotic dna sequences subjected to methylation by dna (cytosine-5) methyltransferases. latent viral genomes may also be affected by dna methylation in their host cells. we calculated, therefore, frequencies of dinucleotides in 20 completely sequenced herpesvirus genomes. we found a relative deficiency of cp ... | 2001 | 11791338 |
| generation of a life-expanded rhesus monkey fibroblast cell line for the growth of rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv). | rrv, the rhesus macaque equivalent to hhv-8 or kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) was recently isolated from a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infected macaque with a lymphoproliferative disorder. the growth of rrv in tissue culture requires propagation of primary rhesus monkey fibroblasts (rfs). in an effort to extend the life of these primary cells in tissue culture, the catalytic subunit of telomerase (htert) was introduced into rf cells using a recombinant retrovirus. this ne ... | 2002 | 11890526 |
| gammaherpesviruses encode functional dihydrofolate reductase activity. | we overexpressed and purified from escherichia coli the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) of the gammaherpesviruses human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), herpesvirus saimiri (hvs), and rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv). all three enzymes proved catalytically active. the k(m) value of hhv-8 dhfr for dihydrofolate (dhf) was 2.02+/-0.44 microm, that of hvs dhfr was 4.31+/-0.56 microm, and that of rrv dhfr is 7.09+/-0.11 microm. these values are approximately 5-15-fold higher than the k(m) value reported for the human ... | 2002 | 12359216 |
| a g protein-coupled receptor encoded by rhesus rhadinovirus is similar to orf74 of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gamma-2 herpesvirus and is the rhesus macaque homologue of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), also known as kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. dna sequence analysis of rrv indicates that it shares numerous open reading frames (orfs) with hhv-8, including one (orf74) encoding a seven-transmembrane-spanning g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) with similarity to cellular chemokine receptors. examination of the predicted amino acid sequence of rrv orf74 reveals that it e ... | 2003 | 12525607 |
| rhesus rhadinovirus infection in healthy and siv-infected macaques at tulane national primate research center. | rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) infection was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from healthy and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) at the tulane national primate research center and in a large collection of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--(saids)-associated lymphomas. quantification of rrv load was performed by real-time pcr using amplification primers specific for the rrv interleukin-6 homologue (rrv vil-6). rrv infection wa ... | 2003 | 12733596 |
| development of a real-time qpcr assay for the detection of rv2 lineage-specific rhadinoviruses in macaques and baboons. | two distinct lineages of rhadinoviruses related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv/hhv8) have been identified in macaques and other old world non-human primates. we have developed a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay using a taqman probe to differentially detect and quantitate members of the rhadinovirus-2 (rv2) lineage. pcr primers were derived from sequences within orf 60 and the adjacent orf 59/60 intergenic region which were highly conserved between the macaque rv2 rhadino ... | 2005 | 15634356 |
| splicing of rhesus rhadinovirus r15 and orf74 bicistronic transcripts during lytic infection and analysis of effects on production of vcd200 and vgpcr. | rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) is the rhesus macaque homologue of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8). here we examine expression of rrv r15 and orf74, homologues of k14 and orf74 of hhv-8, respectively. as in hhv-8, transcripts encoding rrv r15 and orf74 are bicistronic. however, unlike what has been suggested for hhv-8, rrv r15- and orf74-encoding transcripts are expressed late during lytic infection and undergo unique splicing events that result in the production of transcripts capable of encoding ... | 2005 | 15731284 |
| intestinal stromal tumors in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected, simian retrovirus-2 negative rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta). | multifocal submucosal stromal tumors were diagnosed in a 5.5-year-old rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, strain sivsme660, and cd4+ t cell depleted. the animal was negative for simian retroviruses, srv-1, -2, and -5. polymerase chain reaction analysis of dna from tumor and spleen tissue revealed abundant, preferential presence of retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus, the macaque homologue of the kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (h ... | 2005 | 15872392 |
| rhesus rhadinovirus r15 encodes a functional homologue of human cd200. | a viral cd200 homologue (vcd200) encoded by open reading frame r15 of rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), a gammaherpesvirus closely related to human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), is described here. rrv vcd200 shares 30% and 28% amino acid identity with human cd200 (hucd200) and hhv-8 vcd200, respectively. in vitro analysis indicated that an fc fusion (vcd200-fc) is expressed as a glycoprotein with a core molecular mass of 53 kda. utilizing monoclonal antibodies raised against vcd200-fc, vcd200 expression was d ... | 2006 | 16501121 |
| regulation of intracellular signalling by the terminal membrane proteins of members of the gammaherpesvirinae. | the human gamma(1)-herpesvirus epstein-barr virus (ebv) and the gamma(2)-herpesviruses kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), herpesvirus saimiri (hvs) and herpesvirus ateles (hva) all contain genes located adjacent to the terminal-repeat region of their genomes, encoding membrane proteins involved in signal transduction. designated 'terminal membrane proteins' (tmps) because of their localization in the viral genome, they interact with a variety of cellular s ... | 2006 | 16603506 |
| the rta/orf50 transactivator proteins of the gamma-herpesviridae. | the replication and transcription activator protein, rta, is encoded by orf50 in kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and other known gammaherpesviruses including epstein-barr virus (ebv), rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), herpesvirus saimiri (hvs), and murine herpesvirus 68 (mhv-68). each rta/orf50 homologue of each gammaherpesvirus plays a pivotal role in the initiation of viral lytic gene expression and lytic reactivation from latency. here we discuss the rta/orf50 of kshv in comparison to ... | 2007 | 17089794 |
| high levels of retroperitoneal fibromatosis (rf)-associated herpesvirus in rf lesions in macaques are associated with orf73 lana expression in spindleoid tumour cells. | two distinct lineages of rhadinoviruses related to kaposi's sarcoma (ks)-associated herpesvirus (kshv; human herpesvirus 8), the causative agent of ks, have been identified. in macaques, the rv1 lineage is represented by retroperitoneal fibromatosis (rf) herpesvirus (rfhv), the homologue of kshv, whilst the rv2 lineage is represented by rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), a more distantly related virus. real-time quantitative pcr was used to estimate the loads of rv1 and rv2 rhadinoviruses in simian acqu ... | 2006 | 17098967 |
| construction of an infectious rhesus rhadinovirus bacterial artificial chromosome for the analysis of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related disease development. | rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) is closely related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv)/human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) and causes kshv-like diseases in immunocompromised rhesus macaques (rm) that resemble kshv-associated diseases including multicentric castleman's disease and non-hodgkin's lymphoma. rrv retains a majority of open reading frames (orfs) postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of kshv and is the closest available animal model to kshv infection in humans. here we describe ... | 2007 | 17215283 |
| molecular characterization of the rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) orf4 gene and the rrv complement control protein it encodes. | the diversity of viral strategies to modulate complement activation indicates that this component of the immune system has significant antiviral potential. one example is the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) complement control protein (kcp), which inhibits progression of the complement cascade. rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), like kshv, is a member of the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae and currently provides the only in vivo model of kshv pathobiology in primates. in the present study, we ... | 2007 | 17287274 |
| impact of infections and normal flora in nonhuman primates on drug development. | preclinical safety studies that are required for the marketing approval of a pharmaceutical include single and repeat dose studies in rodent and nonrodent species. the use of nonhuman primates (nhps), primarily macaques, as the nonrodent species has increased in recent years, in part due to the increase in development of biopharmaceuticals and immunomodulatory agents. depending on the source of the macaques, they may vary in genetic background, normal flora, and/or the incidence of preexisting p ... | 2008 | 18323580 |
| rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-associated non-hodgkin lymphoma: animal model for kshv-associated malignancies. | rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) is closely related to kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and is associated with the development of b-cell hyperplasia and persistent lymphadenopathy resembling multicentric castleman disease in rhesus macaques (rms) coinfected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). here we investigated whether rms experimentally infected with siv and rrv can develop other disease manifestations observed in hiv- and kshv-infected patients. as reported earlier, inocul ... | 2008 | 18757778 |
| characterization of the complement inhibitory function of rhesus rhadinovirus complement control protein (rcp). | rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) is currently the closest known, fully sequenced homolog of human kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. both these viruses encode complement inhibitors as follows: kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-complement control protein (kcp) and rrv-complement control protein (rcp). previously we characterized in detail the functional properties of kcp as a complement inhibitor. here, we performed comparative analyses for two variants of rcp protein, encoded by rrv strains h26 ... | 2009 | 18990693 |
| identification of the nuclear export and adjacent nuclear localization signals for orf45 of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | open reading frame 45 (orf45) of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 8 (kshv) is an immediate-early phosphorylated tegument protein and has been shown to play important roles at both early and late stages of viral infection. homologues of orf45 exist only in gammaherpesviruses, and their homology is limited. these homologues differ in their protein lengths and subcellular localizations. we and others have reported that kshv orf45 is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm, whereas its homol ... | 2009 | 19116250 |
| identification and functional characterization of a spliced rhesus rhadinovirus gene with homology to the k15 gene of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gamma-2 herpesvirus related to the human kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv or human herpesvirus 8). this study identified an alternatively spliced gene at the right side of the rrv genome (strain 17577) between open reading frame 75 and the terminal repeat region. of its eight exons, the first seven encoded up to 12 transmembrane domains, whilst the eighth exon encoded a predicted c-terminal cytoplasmic domain. structurally and positionally, this ... | 2009 | 19264656 |
| disruption of lana in rhesus rhadinovirus generates a highly lytic recombinant virus. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gammaherpesvirus that is closely related to human kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv/hhv-8). rrv is the closest relative to kshv that has a fully sequenced genome and serves as an in vitro and an in vivo model system for kshv. the latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana) protein of both kshv and rrv plays key roles in the establishment and maintenance of these herpesviruses. we have constructed a rrv recombinant virus (rrvdeltalana/gfp) in which ... | 2009 | 19587030 |
| prevalence of viremia and oral shedding of rhesus rhadinovirus and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus in large age-structured breeding groups of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | we performed a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of 2 gamma-2-herpesviruses, rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus (rfhv), in breeding colonies of rhesus macaques. of 90 animals selected for sampling, 73 (81%) were positive for rrv, which was detected only in blood in 22 (24%), only in saliva in 15 (16%), and in both blood and saliva in 36 (40%). detection of rrv dna in blood and saliva was significantly higher in animals younger than 2 y. in compa ... | 2009 | 19712580 |
| comparative pathobiology of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and related primate rhadinoviruses. | with the emergence of the aids epidemic over the last 2 decades and the more recent identification of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv, human herpesvirus 8), the genera of rhadinoviruses have gained importance as a family of viruses with oncogenic potential. first recognized in new world primates more than 30 y ago, the rhadinoviruses saimiriine herpesvirus 2 and ateline herpesvirus 2 have well-described transforming capabilities. recently several new species-specific rhadinoviruses o ... | 2008 | 19793454 |
| viral interleukin-6 encoded by rhesus macaque rhadinovirus is associated with lymphoproliferative disorder (lpd). | rhesus macaques (rm) co-infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) develop abnormal cellular proliferations characterized as extra-nodal lymphoma and retroperitoneal fibromatosis (rf). rrv encodes a viral interleukin-6 (vil-6), much like kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and involvement of the viral cytokine was examined in proliferative lesions. | 2009 | 19863672 |
| a global analysis of evolutionary conservation among known and predicted gammaherpesvirus micrornas. | micrornas (mirnas) are small, noncoding rnas which posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. the current release of the mirna registry lists 16 viruses which encode a total of 146 mirna hairpins. strikingly, 139 of these are encoded by members of the herpesvirus family, suggesting an important role for mirnas in the herpesvirus life cycle. however, with the exception of 7 mirna hairpins known to be shared by epstein-barr virus (ebv) and the closely related rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rlcv), ... | 2010 | 19889779 |
| characterization of cytoplasmic motifs important in rhesus rhadinovirus gb processing and trafficking. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) is highly related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), a human gamma-herpesvirus etiologically-linked with several cancers. glycoprotein b (gb) homologues are encoded by all herpesviruses and play a role in virus attachment, entry, and in egress. we have found that rrv gb, like kshv gb, is cleaved at a consensus furin cleavage site and is modified by both n-linked and o-linked glycosylation. mutagenesis of three tyrosine- based trafficking motifs, a ... | 2010 | 20060555 |
| autoexcision of bacterial artificial chromosome facilitated by terminal repeat-mediated homologous recombination: a novel approach for generating traceless genetic mutants of herpesviruses. | infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) of herpesviruses are powerful tools for genetic manipulation. however, the presence of bac vector sequence in the viral genomes often causes genetic and phenotypic alterations. while the excision of the bac vector cassette can be achieved by homologous recombination between extra duplicate viral sequences or loxp site-mediated recombination, these methods either are inefficient or leave a loxp site mark in the viral genome. here we describe the ... | 2010 | 20071577 |
| accumulation of oxidized proteins in herpesvirus infected cells. | oxidative stress gives rise to an environment that can be highly damaging to proteins, lipids, and dna. previous studies indicate that herpesvirus infections cause oxidative stress in cells and in tissues. the biological consequences of virus-induced oxidative stress have not been characterized. studies from many groups indicate that proteins which have been damaged through oxidative imbalances are either degraded by the 20s proteasome in a ubiquitin-independent fashion or form aggregates that a ... | 2010 | 20441790 |
| analysis of rhesus rhadinovirus micrornas expressed in virus-induced tumors from infected rhesus macaques. | rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), a primate gamma-herpesvirus related to human kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), causes a similar pattern of pathogenesis. previously, rrv was shown to express 7 pre-micrornas (pre-mirnas) in latently infected cells. using deep sequencing, we analyzed the pattern of small rna expression in vivo using latently rrv-infected b-cell lymphoma and retroperitoneal fibromatosis tissues. we identified 15 virally encoded pre-mirnas in both tumors, including all previ ... | 2010 | 20655562 |
| rhesus rhadinovirus infection of rhesus fibroblasts occurs through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. | rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gammaherpesvirus closely related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), an oncogenic virus linked to the development of kaposi's sarcoma and several other lymphoproliferative diseases, including primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman's disease. rrv naturally infects rhesus macaques and induces lymphoproliferative diseases under experimental conditions, making it an excellent model for the study of kshv. unlike kshv, which grows poorly in c ... | 2010 | 20826690 |
| longitudinal patterns of viremia and oral shedding of rhesus rhadinovirus and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesviruses in age-structured captive breeding populations of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). | rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus (rfhv), 2 closely related +¦2 herpesviruses, are endemic in breeding populations of rhesus macaques at our institution. we previously reported significantly different prevalence levels, suggesting the transmission dynamics of rrv and rfhv differ with regard to viral shedding and infectivity. we designed a longitudinal study to further examine the previously observed differences between rrv and rfhv prevalence and the potentia ... | 2011 | 21819683 |
| Microtubule- and Dynein-dependent nuclear trafficking of rhesus rhadinovirus in rhesus fibroblasts. | We investigated the role of microtubules in rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) nuclear trafficking in rhesus fibroblasts. Intact microtubules and microtubule dynamics are required for RRV trafficking to perinuclear regions. RRV trafficking was reduced by an inhibitor of the dynein motor and overexpression of dynamitin. Furthermore, RRV particles are colocalized with microtubules and dynein proteins. These results highlight the important roles of microtubules and dynein-dynactin complexes in the transport ... | 2012 | 22031929 |
| Viral Interferon Regulatory Factors decrease the induction of Type I and Type II IFN during Rhesus Macaque Rhadinovirus Infection. | Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV), two closely related ?-herpesviruses, are unique in their expression of viral homologs of cellular interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), termed viral IRFs (vIRFs). To assess the role of the vIRFs during de novo infection, we have utilized the bacterial artificial chromosome clone of RRV(17577) (WT(BAC) RRV) to generate a recombinant virus with all 8 of the vIRFs deleted (vIRF-ko RRV). Infection of primary rhesus fibrob ... | 2011 | 22156526 |
| viral irfs are critical for delay of the host immune response against rhesus macaque rhadinovirus. | kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), and the closely related γ2-herpesvirus, rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv), are the only known viruses to encode viral homologues of the cellular interferon (ifn) regulatory factors (irfs). recent characterization of a virf deletion clone of rrv (virf-ko rrv) demonstrated that virfs inhibit induction of type i and type ii ifn during rrv infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. because the ifn response is a key component to a host's antiviral ... | 2011 | 22171275 |
| exploitation of cellular cytoskeletons and signaling pathways for cell entry by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the closely related rhesus rhadinovirus. | as obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses depend on the host cell machinery to complete their life cycle. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is an oncogenic virus causally linked to the development of kaposi's sarcoma and several other lymphoproliferative malignancies. kshv entry into cells is tightly regulated by diverse viral and cellular factors. in particular, kshv actively engages cellular integrins and ubiquitination pathways for successful infection. emerging evidence sugge ... | 2012 | 23420076 |
| activity and mechanism of action of hdvd, a novel pyrimidine nucleoside derivative with high levels of selectivity and potency against gammaherpesviruses. | a novel nucleoside analogue, 1-[(2s,4s-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]5-vinylpyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione, or hdvd, was evaluated against a wide variety of herpesviruses and was found to be a highly selective inhibitor of replication of the gammaherpesviruses kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv). hdvd had also a pronounced inhibitory activity against murine herpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) and herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). in contrast, replication of herpesvir ... | 2013 | 23345517 |
| a rhesus rhadinovirus viral interferon (ifn) regulatory factor is virion associated and inhibits the early ifn antiviral response. | the interferon (ifn) response is the earliest host immune response dedicated to combating viral infection. as such, viruses have evolved strategies to subvert this potent antiviral response. two closely related gammaherpesviruses, kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv), are unique in that they express viral homologues to cellular interferon regulatory factors (irfs), termed viral irfs (virfs). cellular irfs are a family of transcription factors that ... | 2015 | 25972548 |
| complete genome sequence of pig-tailed macaque rhadinovirus 2 and its evolutionary relationship with rhesus macaque rhadinovirus and human herpesvirus 8/kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | two rhadinovirus lineages have been identified in old world primates. the rhadinovirus 1 (rv1) lineage consists of human herpesvirus 8, kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), and closely related rhadinoviruses of chimpanzees, gorillas, macaques and other old world primates. the rv2 rhadinovirus lineage is distinct and consists of closely related viruses from the same old world primate species. rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) is the rv2 prototype, and two rrv isolates, 26-95 and 17577, ... | 2015 | 25609822 |
| the rhesus rhadinovirus cd200 homologue affects immune responses and viral loads during in vivo infection. | rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gammaherpesvirus of rhesus macaque (rm) monkeys that is closely related to human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8)/kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), and it is capable of inducing diseases in simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected rm that are similar to those seen in humans coinfected with hiv and hhv-8. both hhv-8 and rrv encode viral cd200 (vcd200) molecules that are homologues of cellular cd200, a membrane glycoprotein that regulates immune respon ... | 2014 | 24991004 |
| a critical sp1 element in the rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) rta promoter confers high-level activity that correlates with cellular permissivity for viral replication. | kshv establishes characteristic latent infections in vitro, while rrv, a related macaque rhadinovirus, establishes characteristic permissive infections with virus replication. we identified cells that are not permissive for rrv replication and recapitulate the latent kshv infection and reactivation processes. the rrv replication and transactivator (rta) promoter was characterized in permissive and non-permissive cells and compared to the kshv rta promoter. both promoters contained a critical sp1 ... | 2014 | 24314650 |
| rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-associated disease. | rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gamma-2 herpesvirus that naturally infects rhesus macaque (rm) monkeys and is closely related to human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8)/kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). infection of immunodeficient rm induces disease in infected rm that resembles kshv-associated pathologies. importantly, rrv possesses homologues of kshv orfs that are postulated to play a role in disease development. as such, rrv has emerged as a prominent in vivo model system for examin ... | 2013 | 23747119 |
| genomic characterization of japanese macaque rhadinovirus, a novel herpesvirus isolated from a nonhuman primate with a spontaneous inflammatory demyelinating disease. | japanese macaque rhadinovirus (jmrv) is a novel gamma-2 herpesvirus that was isolated from a japanese macaque (jm) with an inflammatory demyelinating encephalomyelitis referred to as japanese macaque encephalomyelitis, a disease that possesses clinical and histopathological features resembling multiple sclerosis in humans. genomic dna sequence analysis reveals that jmrv is a gammaherpesvirus closely related to rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) and human herpesvirus 8. we describe here the comple ... | 2013 | 23097433 |
| the viral bcl-2 homologs of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and rhesus rhadinovirus share an essential role for viral replication. | ks-bcl-2 is a kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv)-encoded viral bcl-2 (vbcl-2) homolog which has apoptosis- and autophagy-inhibiting activity when expressed in transfected cells. however, little is known about its function during viral infection. as ks-bcl-2 is expressed during the lytic replication cycle, we used constitutively lytic and inducibly lytic kshv mutants to investigate the role of ks-bcl-2 during the lytic cycle. we show that kshv cannot complete the lytic replication cyc ... | 2017 | 28053098 |
| seroprevalence of viral infections in captive rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. | macaques serve as important animal models for biomedical research. viral infection of macaques can compromise animal health as well as the results of biomedical research, and infected animals constitute an occupational health risk. therefore, monitoring macaque colonies for viral infection is an important task. we used a commercial chip-based assay to analyze sera of 231 macaques for the presence of antibody responses against nine animal and human viruses. we report high seroprevalence of cytome ... | 2019 | 32110713 |
| molecular analysis of lymphoid tissue from rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-infected monkeys identifies alterations in host genes associated with oncogenesis. | rhesus macaque (rm) rhadinovirus (rrv) is a simian gamma-2 herpesvirus closely related to human kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). rrv is associated with the development of diseases in simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) co-infected rm that resemble kshv-associated pathologies observed in hiv-infected humans, including b cell lymphoproliferative disorders (lpd) and lymphoma. importantly, how de novo kshv infection affects the expression of host genes in humans, and how these alterat ... | 2020 | 32017809 |
| rhesus macaque rhadinovirus encodes a viral interferon regulatory factor to disrupt promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies and antagonize type i interferon signaling. | interferon (ifn) production and the subsequent induction of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) are highly effective innate strategies utilized by cells to protect against invading pathogens, including viruses. critical components involved in this innate process are promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (pml-nbs), which are subnuclear structures required for the development of a robust ifn response. as such, pml-nbs serve as an important hurdle for viruses to overcome to successfully establish an infect ... | 2019 | 30626678 |
| two herpesviral noncoding pan rnas are functionally homologous but do not associate with common chromatin loci. | during lytic replication of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), a nuclear viral long noncoding rna known as pan rna becomes the most abundant polyadenylated transcript in the cell. knockout or knockdown of kshv pan rna results in loss of late lytic viral gene expression and, consequently, reduction of progeny virion release from the cell. here, we demonstrate that knockdown of pan rna from the related rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) phenocopies that of kshv pan rna. these two pan r ... | 2018 | 30383841 |
| gammaherpesvirus infection and malignant disease in rhesus macaques experimentally infected with siv or shiv. | human gammaherpesviruses are associated with malignancies in hiv infected individuals; in macaques used in non-human primate models of hiv infection, gammaherpesvirus infections also occur. limited data on prevalence and tumorigenicity of macaque gammaherpesviruses, mostly cross-sectional analyses of small series, are available. we comprehensively examine all three-rhesus macaque gammaherpesviruses -rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rlcv) and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpe ... | 2018 | 30001436 |
| macaque homologs of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infect germinal center lymphoid cells, epithelial cells in skin and gastrointestinal tract and gonadal germ cells in naturally infected macaques. | we developed a set of rabbit antisera to characterize infections by the macaque rv2 rhadinovirus homologs of kshv. we analyzed tissues from rhesus and pig-tailed macaques naturally infected with rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) or macaca nemestrina rhadinovirus 2 (mnerv2). our study demonstrates that rv2 rhadinoviruses have a tropism for epithelial cells, lymphocytes and gonadal germ cells in vivo. we observed latent infections in both undifferentiated and differentiated epithelial cells with expressio ... | 2018 | 29689462 |
| membrane-associated and secreted forms of the rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-encoded cd200 homologue and cellular cd200 demonstrate differential effects on rhesus macaque cd200 receptor signaling and regulation of myeloid cell activation. | the cd200-cd200r pathway is involved in inhibition of immune responses, and the importance of this pathway to infectious disease is highlighted by the fact that viral cd200 (vcd200) molecules have been found to be encoded by several dna viruses, including the human gammaherpesvirus kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), and the closely related rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv). kshv vcd200 is the most extensively studied vcd200 molecule, however, the only herpesvirus vcd200 molecule to ... | 2020 | 33328302 |