| sequestration of plant-derived phenolglucosides by larvae of the leaf beetle chrysomela lapponica: thioglucosides as mechanistic probes. | feeding larvae of chrysomela lapponica (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) acquire characteristic o-glucosides from the leaves of their food plants. the glucosides are selectively channeled from the gut to the defensive gland. subsequent enzymatic transformations generate a blend of different defensive compounds, e.g., salicylaldehyde and two series of 2-methylbutyl and isobutyryl esters. by using systematically modified and hydrolysis-resistant thioglucosides as structural mimics of the plant-derived g ... | 2007 | 17080305 |
| iridoid biosynthesis in chrysomelina larvae: fat body produces early terpenoid precursors. | larvae of the chrysomelina species phaedon cochleariae and gastrophysa viridula produce monoterpenoids (iridoids) to defend themselves against predatory attacks by presenting the toxins upon attack as droplets on the top of nine pairs of dorsal glands. although the conversion of 8-hydroxygeraniol-8-o-beta-d-glucoside into the iridoids in the glandular reservoir has been studied in detail, the synthesis of the glucosidically bound precursor received only limited attention. we compared larvae of t ... | 2007 | 17296500 |
| salicyl alcohol oxidase of the chemical defense secretion of two chrysomelid leaf beetles. molecular and functional characterization of two new members of the glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase gene family. | salicyl alcohol oxidase is an extracellular enzyme that occurs in glandular reservoirs of chrysomelid leaf beetle larvae and catalyzes the formation of salicylaldehyde, a volatile deterrent used by the larvae against predators. salicyl alcohol is the hydrolysis product of salicin, a plant-derived precursor taken up by the beetle larvae from the leaves of willow and poplar trees. the cdna encoding salicyl alcohol oxidase from two related species chrysomela tremulae and chrysomela populi has been ... | 2008 | 18482980 |
| tissue-specific transcript profiling for abc transporters in the sequestering larvae of the phytophagous leaf beetle chrysomela populi. | insects evolved ingenious adaptations to use extraordinary food sources. particularly, the diet of herbivores enriched with noxious plant secondary metabolites requires detoxification mechanisms. sequestration, which involves the uptake, transfer, and concentration of occasionally modified phytochemicals into specialized tissues or hemolymph, is one of the most successful detoxification strategies found in most insect orders. due to the ability of atp-binding cassette (abc) carriers to transport ... | 2014 | 24887102 |
| ophryocystis anatoliensis sp. nov., a new neogregarine pathogen of the chrysomelid beetle chrysomela populi. | chrysomela populi (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) is the most abundant and most important pest species that causes damage to poplar trees. members of the family chrysomelidae are frequently infected by protist pathogens but no neogregarine has been reported to date at the species level. in the present study we identify a new neogregarine pathogen from the chrysomelid c. populi. the infection was observed in the malpighian tubules of adult beetles. a reddening of the malpighian tubules was the most d ... | 2017 | 28363139 |
| abc transporter functions as a pacemaker for sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles. | plant-herbivore interactions dominate the planet's terrestrial ecology. when it comes to host-plant specialization, insects are among the most versatile evolutionary innovators, able to disarm multiple chemical plant defenses. sequestration is a widespread strategy to detoxify noxious metabolites, frequently for the insect's own benefit against predation. in this study, we describe the broad-spectrum atp-binding cassette transporter cpmrp of the poplar leaf beetle, chrysomela populi as the first ... | 2013 | 24302568 |
| biosynthesis of isoxazolin-5-one and 3-nitropropanoic acid containing glucosides in juvenile chrysomelina. | stable-isotope-labeled precursors were used to establish the biosynthetic pathway leading from β-alanine towards isoxazolin-5-one glucoside 1 and its 3-nitropropanoate (3-npa) ester 2 in chrysomelina larvae. both structural elements originate from sequestered plant-derived β-alanine or from propanoyl-coa that is derived from the degradation of some essential amino acids, e.g. valine. β-alanine is converted into 3-npa and isoxazolinone 5 by consecutive oxidations of the amino group of β-ala. subs ... | 2016 | 27272952 |
| isoprene emission by poplar is not important for the feeding behaviour of poplar leaf beetles. | chrysomela populi (poplar leaf beetle) is a common herbivore in poplar plantations whose infestation causes major economic losses. because plant volatiles act as infochemicals, we tested whether isoprene, the main volatile organic compound (voc) produced by poplars (populus x canescens), affects the performance of c. populi employing isoprene emitting (ie) and transgenic isoprene non-emitting (ne) plants. our hypothesis was that isoprene is sensed and affects beetle orientation or that the lack ... | 2015 | 26122266 |
| the larval head structures of podagricomela shirahatai (chûjô) (chrysomelidae, galerucinae, alticini) and morphological effects of leaf mining. | head structures of the leaf mining larva of the chrysomelid species podagricomela shirahatai are described and illustrated. internal and external structures were reconstructed three dimensionally based on image stacks obtained with microcomputed tomography. the larval head is characterized by prognathism, a dorsoventrally compressed shape, a flattened maxillolabial complex, a completely reduced coronal suture, and the presence of a deep, v-shaped posterior emargination of the head capsule. inter ... | 2015 | 25491430 |
| precise rnai-mediated silencing of metabolically active proteins in the defence secretions of juvenile leaf beetles. | allomones are widely used by insects to impede predation. frequently these chemical stimuli are released from specialized glands. the larvae of chrysomelina leaf beetles produce allomones in gland reservoirs into which the required precursors and also the enzymes are secreted from attached gland cells. hence, the reservoirs can be considered as closed bio-reactors for producing defensive secretions. we used rna interference (rnai) to analyse in vivo functions of proteins in biosynthetic pathways ... | 2012 | 22874750 |
| photoperiod modifies thermal reaction norms for growth and development in the red poplar leaf beetle chrysomela populi (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). | regression lines of development rate on temperature appeared significantly different between long (22 h) and short (12 h) day conditions and intersected each other at 23.8°с. thus, the rate of growth and development was higher at temperatures below the intersection point under short-day but above the intersection point it was higher under long day. ecological relevance of this effect seems as follows: in autumn, as nights become longer and average daily temperature decreases, larvae have to spee ... | 2011 | 21510952 |
| a versatile transport network for sequestering and excreting plant glycosides in leaf beetles provides an evolutionary flexible defense strategy. | the larval defenses of chrysomeline leaf beetles comprise components that are either synthesized de novo or sequestered from their food plants. both biosynthetic modes are based on glucosides that serve as substrates and forms of transport. the defensive glands import the compounds through highly selective glucoside transporters from a circulating pool in the hemolymph. here we address the selectivity of the different transport systems with larvae of chrysomela populi, an obligate sequestering s ... | 2009 | 19623597 |
| constitutive and herbivore-induced monoterpenes emitted by populus x euroamericana leaves are key volatiles that orient chrysomela populi beetles. | chrysomela populi beetles feed on poplar leaves and extensively damage plantations. we investigated whether olfactory cues orientate landing and feeding. young, unexpanded leaves of hybrid poplar emit constitutively a blend of monoterpenes, primarily (e)-beta-ocimene and linalool. this blend attracts inexperienced adults of c. populi that were not previously fed with poplar leaves. in mature leaves constitutively emitting isoprene, insect attack induces biosynthesis and emission of the same blen ... | 2009 | 19183286 |
| selective transport systems mediate sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles: a molecular basis for adaptation and evolution. | chrysomeline larvae respond to disturbance and attack by everting dorsal glandular reservoirs, which release defensive secretions. the ancestral defense is based on the de novo synthesis of monoterpene iridoids. the catabolization of the host-plant o-glucoside salicin into salicylaldehyde is a character state that evolved later in two distinct lineages, which specialized on salicaceae. by using two species producing monoterpenes (hydrothassa marginella and phratora laticollis) and two sequesteri ... | 2004 | 15365181 |
| characterization of an extracellular salicyl alcohol oxidase from larval defensive secretions of chrysomela populi and phratora vitellinae (chrysomelina). | larvae of a number of chrysomelid leaf beetles sequester phenol glucosides such as salicin from their food plants, i.e. salix and populus spp. salicin is hydrolyzed in the glandular reservoir of the defensive glands. the resulting salicyl alcohol (saligenin) is oxidized by an extracellular oxidase. the product salicylaldehyde accumulates as major defensive compound. the secretions from chrysomela populi and phratora vitellinae were preserved in saturated ammonium sulfate solution and subjected t ... | 2002 | 12530219 |