| influence of temperature and host species on the development of cryptocaryon irritans. | the course of infection of the parasitic ciliate cryptocaryon irritans was followed on lates calcarifer and macquaria novemaculeata at 20 and 25 c. the parasite was originally isolated from locally caught acanthopagrus australis. at 20 c trophonts stayed on the fish longer, tomonts took longer to excyst, and the resulting theronts were larger than at 25 c. on l. calcarifer at 20 c, trophonts grew slowly at first but eventually became significantly larger (mean tomont diameter 466 x 400 microns) ... | 1996 | 8627500 |
| effects of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on the immune system of healthy volunteers. | a protective effect of bovine lactoferrin (lf) during lethal bacteraemia has been reported in mice. also, protective effects of orally administered bovine lf have been reported in cases of intractable stomatitis in cats and cryptocaryon irritans infection in red sea bream. in this study, we examined the effects of orally administered bovine lf on the immune system of healthy volunteers. ten healthy male volunteers (age range of 31 to 55 years old) were given bovine lf (2 g/body/day) for 4 weeks. ... | 1998 | 9781368 |
| anti-immunoglobulin antisera used in an elisa to detect antibodies in barramundi lates calcarifer to cryptocaryon irritans. | immunoglobulins (ig) in serum from barramundi vaccinated with bovine serum albumin (bsa) were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and affinity chromatography using bsa as the ligand. the bsa-binding activity of eluted putative ig fractions was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) before being pooled and characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). double affinity purification did not improve the purity of the ig preparation comp ... | 1999 | 10349549 |
| protective immunity in grouper (epinephelus coioides) following exposure to or injection with cryptocaryon irritans. | the protective immunity of grouper (epinephelus coioides) against cryptocaryon irritans was determined after immunisation by surface exposure or intraperitoneal injection. specific antibody titres of immunised fish serum and skin culture supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immobilisation assays. specific antibody can be detected in some immunised fish at week 1 and in all immunised fish at week 2, and the peaks were between weeks 4-6. specific antibody was still ... | 2007 | 17123830 |
| identification and characterization of a putative agglutination/immobilization antigen on the surface of cryptocaryon irritans. | the ciliated protozoan cryptocaryon irritans, a parasite of seawater fishes, was found to express an antigen that elicits antibodies in rabbits and tiger puffer (takifugu ruburipes). serum from rabbits and fish immunized with theronts had agglutination/immobilization activity against theronts in vitro; fish serum antibody levels (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays: elisa) correlated with this activity. anti-theront antibody levels in fish were significantly higher in the immunized gr ... | 2007 | 17445323 |
| transcriptome analysis of the cryptocaryon irritans tomont stage identifies potential genes for the detection and control of cryptocaryonosis. | cryptocaryon irritans is a parasitic ciliate that causes cryptocaryonosis (white spot disease) in marine fish. diagnosis of cryptocaryonosis often depends on the appearance of white spots on the surface of the fish, which are usually visible only during later stages of the disease. identifying suitable biomarkers of this parasite would aid the development of diagnostic tools and control strategies for c. irritans. the c. irritans genome is virtually unexplored; therefore, we generated and analyz ... | 2010 | 20113487 |
| a novel protein isolated from the serum of rabbitfish (siganus oramin) is lethal to cryptocaryon irritans. | the susceptibility of eight marine fish species cultured in south china were tested for infection by the parasitic ciliate, cryptocaryon irritans, via a challenge examination and an immobilization assay. all species of fish (representing six different families) that we investigated were infected by c. irritans except the rabbitfish (siganus oramin), which displayed resistance to c. irritans infection. the infection intensity of rabbitfish (0.92+/-0.97, p<0.05) was significantly lower while the i ... | 2010 | 20117218 |
| elicited cross-protection and specific antibodies in mozambique tilapia (oreochromis mossambicus) against two different immobilization serotypes of cryptocaryon irritans isolated in hawaii. | the objective of this study was to determine whether immunization of mozambique tilapia with different cryptocaryon irritans i-antigen serotypes elicited cross-protection against challenge infection by both serotypes. fish were directly exposed to live theronts of isolate w1 or isolate k1, that express different surface i-antigens. there was no significant difference in the number of trophonts infecting the fish between the two isolates, w1 and k1, following primary exposure. serum from immunize ... | 2011 | 21385614 |
| immune protection of mozambique tilapia (oreochromis mossambicus) exposed to different infectious doses of ectoparasite (cryptocaryon irritans). | the objectives of the present study were to standardize a reproducible infection procedure with cryptocaryon irritans and to examine the effects of infectious dose level on the immune protection in mozambique tilapia (oreochromis mossambicus). this study demonstrated that direct enumeration of trophonts on the pectoral fin was useful to quantitatively assess immune protection against c. irritans. the number of trophonts on a pectoral fin was positively correlated with infectious dose of live the ... | 2011 | 21739314 |
| codon changed immobilization antigen (iag), a potent dna vaccine in fish against cryptocaryon irritans infection. | the immobilization antigen (iag) dna sequence from chiayi isolate of cryptocaryon irritans was computationally reviewed to replace the stop codons with suitable amino acids and its gc content was intensified. the plasmid construct comprising the codon changed iag (optiag/optimized iag) was successfully expressed in the bacterial strain bl21 and also in grouper fin cells (gf-1). results of immobilization assay, elisa and western blot of c. irritans theront and recombinant iag by grouper antiserum ... | 2011 | 22154774 |
| Immune-related genes expression profile in orange-spotted grouper during exposure to Cryptocaryon irritans. | Cryptocaryon irritans is one of the most important ectoparasites of marine fish. To identify the potential role of immune-related genes in antiparasitic immune responses in fish, we monitored the expression change of IL-8, COX-2, C-type lectin and transferrin in local and systemic immune organs of orange-spotted grouper post-C. irritans infection. IL-8 expression was up-regulated during the course of infection in the skin, while COX-2 and transferrin expression was up-regulated in the gill. COX- ... | 2011 | 21958410 |
| effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids on growth, nonspecific immunity, expression of some immune related genes and disease resistance of large yellow croaker (larmichthys crocea) following natural infestation of parasites (cryptocaryon irritans). | the study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 hufa) on growth, nonspecific immunity, expression of some immune related genes and disease resistance of juvenile large yellow croaker (larmichthys crocea) following natural infestation of parasites (cryptocaryon irritans). six isoproteic and isolipidic diets were formulated with graded levels of n-3 hufa ranging from 0.15% to 2.25% of the dry weight and the dha/epa was approximately fixed at 2.0 ... | 2012 | 22126857 |
| optimal protein extraction methods from diverse sample types for protein profiling by using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de). | there is a great diversity of protein samples types and origins, therefore the optimal procedure for each sample type must be determined empirically. in order to obtain a reproducible and complete sample presentation which view as many proteins as possible on the desired 2de gel, it is critical to perform additional sample preparation steps to improve the quality of the final results, yet without selectively losing the proteins. to address this, we developed a general method that is suitable for ... | 2011 | 22433892 |
| the effect of an adding histidine on biological activity and stability of pc-pis from pseudosciaena crocea. | pc-pis is a novel piscidin-like antimicrobial polypeptide that was identified in pseudosciaena crocea. although active against most bacteria tested, pc-pis was inactive against aeromonas hydrophila and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the pc-pis analogue pc-pis-his was designed by adding a histidine residue at the carboxyl terminal. pc-pis-his demonstrated a more broad-spectrum and stronger antimicrobial activity against a representative set of microorganisms and more potent antiparasitic activity agains ... | 2013 | 24349477 |
| a novel c-type lectin, nattectin-like protein, with a wide range of bacterial agglutination activity in large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea. | c-type lectins (ctls) are generally recognized as a superfamily of ca(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins, which serve as pattern recognition receptors (prrs) in innate immunity of vertebrates. in this study, the molecular characterization and immune roles of a novel ctl from larimichthys crocea (designated as lcntc) were investigated. lcntc is a novel protein that shared 33%-49% homology with other teleosts ctls. the full-length cdna of lcntc was composed of 859 bp with a 465 bp open re ... | 2016 | 26828263 |
| antibacterial efficacy of recombinant siganus oramin l-amino acid oxidase expressed in pichia pastoris. | siganus oraminl-amino acid oxidase is a novel natural protein (named sr-laao) isolated from serum of the rabbitfish (s. oramin), which showed antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and had a lethal effect on the parasites cryptocaryon irritans, trypanosoma brucei brucei and ichthyophthirius multifiliis. in order to test whether recombinant sr-laao (rsr-laao) produced by the eukaryotic expression system also has antimicrobial activity, the yeast pichia pastor ... | 2014 | 25238719 |
| molecular characterization of an actin depolymerizing factor from cryptocaryon irritans. | actin depolymerizing factors regulate actin dynamics involved in cellular processes such as morphogenesis, motility, development and infection. here, a novel actin depolymerizing factor gene (ciadf 2 ) was cloned from the cdna library of cryptocaryon irritans, a parasitic ciliate causing cryptocaryonosis. the full-length cdna of ciadf 2 was 531 bp. its open reading frame (orf) was 417 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 138 aa with typical features of the adf/cofilin family. reverse transcription-pcr ... | 2013 | 23286243 |
| cloning and characterization of a surface antigen cisa-32.6 from cryptocaryon irritans. | cryptocaryon irritans is a ciliated parasite causing cryptocaryosis in marine fish. to isolate functional genes, a cdna library of c. irritans trophonts was constructed and a gene designated cisa-32.6 (genbank id: jf812643) was cloned and characterized. the full-length cdna (1158 bp) encoded a deduced polypeptide of 330 amino-acid (aa) with a signal peptide of 22 aa. to express the ciliate gene, a truncated open reading frame (cisa-32.6t) was synthesized to remove fragments encoding the signal p ... | 2012 | 22321602 |
| impact and control of protozoan parasites in maricultured fishes. | aquaculture, including both freshwater and marine production, has on a world scale exhibited one of the highest growth rates within animal protein production during recent decades and is expected to expand further at the same rate within the next 10 years. control of diseases is one of the most prominent challenges if this production goal is to be reached. apart from viral, bacterial, fungal and metazoan infections it has been documented that protozoan parasites affect health and welfare and the ... | 2015 | 23448656 |
| the rab5a gene of marine fish, large yellow croaker (larimichthys crocea), and its response to the infection of cryptocaryon irritans. | rab gtpases, members of the ras superfamily, encode monomeric g-proteins. rab proteins regulate key steps in membrane traffic transport and endocytic pathway of host immune responses. rab5a is involved in immune regulation, particularly in t cell migration and macrophage endocytosis in higher vertebrates. however, little is known of the molecular structure of rab5a gene in marine teleost fish species and its expression profile during the parasite infection. in this study, the full-length cdna se ... | 2016 | 27108380 |
| molecular characterization and functional analysis of traf6 in orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides). | tumor necrosis factor receptor (tnfr)-associated factor 6 (traf6) is a crucial signal transducer in both the tnfr superfamily and toll-like receptor/interleukin 1r family. although significant progress has been made in clarifying the role of traf6 in mammals, the function of traf6 in fish is still poorly understood. in this study, we cloned the orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides) traf6 (ectraf6) cdna, with an open reading frame of 1713bp encoding 570 amino acids. sequence analysis indi ... | 2014 | 24378225 |
| characterization and functional analysis of a tandem-repeat galectin-9 in large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea. | galectins are a family of endogenous lectins with β-galactosides affinity, playing significant roles in the innate immunity of vertebrates and invertebrates. in this report, a new galectin-9 cdna was identified and characterized in large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea (designated as lcgal-9). the complete cdna sequence of lcgal-9 was 1795 bp, with an open reading frame (orf) of 1032 bp encoding 343 amino acids. the putative lcgal-9 protein contained two carbohydrate recognition domains (crds ... | 2016 | 26997199 |
| molecular cloning of orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides) tlr21 and expression analysis post cryptocaryon irritans infection. | tlr21, a non-mammalian toll like receptor, was recently identified in chicken as a pattern recognition receptor of unmethyl-cpg odn, functionally similar to that of mammalian tlr9. its role in fish immune defense and whether it is involved in anti-parasite immunity has not yet been proven. in this study, we identified a cdna sequence encoding orange-spotted grouper toll-like receptor 21 (ectlr21), the open reading frame (orf) was 2937 bp encoding a putative polypeptide of 979 amino acid residues ... | 2011 | 22142705 |
| in vitro treatments for the theront stage of the ciliate protozoan cryptocaryon irritans. | the ciliate protozoan cryptocaryon irritans brown, 1951, the 'marine white spot', causes one of the most important parasitic fish diseases, with extensive losses every year in mariculture and in the ornamental fish industry. in the present study, we explore the in vitro use of 8 different compounds against the theront (infective) stage of c. irritans; these compounds include extracts of natural products (epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), l-dopa, papain), peracetic acid-based compounds (proxitane ... | 2011 | 21648246 |
| orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides) tlr2, myd88 and il-1β involved in anti-cryptocaryon irritans response. | cryptocaryon irritans is one of the most important ectoparasites of marine fish, and can have a devastating effect on aquacultured fish populations. the role of tlr signaling pathways in anti-parasitic immune responses is poorly understood in fish. in this paper, we first cloned epinephelus coioides myd88 full-length cdna (ecmyd88) and its respective gene. the open reading frame (orf) of cdna is 873bp encoding 291 amino acid residues. similar to other species, the ecmyd88 gene contains of five c ... | 2011 | 21540114 |
| the serum of rabbitfish (siganus oramin) has antimicrobial activity to some pathogenic organisms and a novel serum l-amino acid oxidase is isolated. | the serum of rabbitfish (siganus oramin) has been confirmed previously to have killing effect to cryptocaryon irritans, an important marine ciliate protozoan that causes a disease referred to as "marine white spot disease". herein, we find the serum of the rabbitfish also shows antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and has killing effect on two other parasites: trypanosoma brucei brucei, ichthyophthirius multifiliis. results of scanning electron microscopy ... | 2011 | 21333741 |
| molecular cloning of a putative agglutination/immobilization antigen located on the surface of a novel agglutination/immobilization serotype of cryptocaryon irritans. | a surface agglutination/immobilization antigen was purified from the novel agglutination/immobilization serotype (serotype g37) of the ciliated protozoan cryptocaryon irritans, a parasite of seawater fishes. serum from fish immunized with c. irritans theronts had agglutination/immobilization activity against theronts in vitro. however, fish and rabbit antisera raised against serotype g32 (reported previously) caused little agglutination/immobilization of serotype g37 theronts. immunological anal ... | 2008 | 18549519 |
| activity of the antimicrobial polypeptide piscidin 2 against fish ectoparasites. | abstract the antiparasitic effects of piscidin 2, an antimicrobial polypeptide (ampp) first isolated from mast cells of hybrid striped bass, were tested against three protistan ectoparasites of marine fish (the ciliates cryptocaryon irritans and trichodina sp., and the dinoflagellate amyloodinium ocellatum) and one ciliate ectoparasite of freshwater fish (ichthyophthirius multifiliis). i. multifiliis was the most susceptible parasite, with all theronts killed at 6.3 microg ml(-1) piscidin 2. the ... | 2008 | 18471098 |
| development of specific pcr assays for the detection of cryptocaryon irritans. | cryptocaryon irritans is one of the most important protozoan pathogens of marine fish, causing the "white spot" disease and posing a significant problem to marine aquaculture. in the present study, a c. irritans-specific reverse primer (s15) was designed based on the published sequence of the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of ribosomal dna (rdna) of c. irritans and used together with the conserved forward primer p1 to develop a specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for direc ... | 2008 | 18463896 |
| parasitic diseases of cultured marine finfishes and their surveillance in china. | more than 40 species of marine fishes are cultured in china and a wide variety of parasites are reported as lethal pathogens of these fishes in culture conditions. in the case of net cages, the culture facilities provides a good substrate for monogenean eggs to become entangled and the intensive aggregation of fishes facilitates the transmission of parasites between hosts. relatively thorough studies on parasitic pathogens of marine fishes in china predominately concern the ciliate cryptocaryon ... | 2007 | 18410079 |
| molecular cloning of nccrp-1 gene from orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides) and characterization of nccrp-1(+) cells post cryptocaryon irritans infection. | nonspecific cytotoxic cells (nccs) are an important cytotoxic cell population in the innate teleost immune system. the receptor designated "ncc receptor protein 1" (nccrp-1) has been reported to be involved in the recognition and activation of nccs. in this study, the full-length cdna of epinephelus coioides nccrp-1 (ecnccrp-1) was cloned. the open reading frame (orf) of ecnccrp-1 is 699 bp, encoding a 232 amino acid protein that includes proline-rich motifs at the n-terminus and is related to t ... | 2014 | 24844613 |
| in vitro culture technique for cryptocaryon irritans, a parasitic ciliate of marine teleosts. | a medium for the in vitro culture of cryptocaryon irritans, which is an obligatorily parasitic ciliate of marine teleosts and causes 'white spot disease', was developed. the medium consisted of a layer of cultured fish cells (fhm), with an agarose gel layer covering the cell layer. the agarose gel contained 0.22% agarose, 10% fetal calf serum, 100 i.u. ml(-1) penicillin g potassium and 100 microg ml(-1) streptomycin sulphate. theronts of c. irritans transformed to trophonts and grew to 180 micro ... | 2007 | 18286812 |
| some characteristics of host-parasite relationship for cryptocaryon irritans isolated from south china. | a survey on the host range for the parasitic ciliate cryptocaryon irritans was carried out among the major maricultured fish species in the huizhou region of guangdong province in south china, and some characteristics of its host-parasite relationship were described. the survey showed that all ten investigated species of fish (representing six different families) were infected with c. irritans with similar susceptibility. in chemoattraction assays, sera and mucus collected from investigated fish ... | 2008 | 18270738 |
| comparative studies on the immunogenicity of theronts, tomonts and trophonts of cryptocaryon irritans in grouper. | cryptocaryon irritans is a ciliated obligate parasite of marine fish, causing white spot disease in tropical and sub-tropical regions. recent studies have shown that fish can mount immune responses against c. irritans and acquire protection. the present study compared the protective immunity in grouper (epinephelus coioides) against c. irritans induced by theronts, trophonts and tomonts via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and tentatively identified an immobilization antigen. specific antibody t ... | 2008 | 17926065 |
| characterization of cryptocaryon irritans isolates from marine fishes in mainland china by its ribosomal dna sequences. | seven isolates of cryptocaryon irritans from different host species and geographical locations in mainland china were characterized by the first (its-1) and second (its-2) internal transcribed spacers (its) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) using two isolates of ichthyophthirius multifiliis for comparative purposes. the rdna region including the its-1, 5.8s, its-2, and flanking 18s and 28s sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the amplicons were sequenced directly. the its-1, 5 ... | 2006 | 16523350 |
| characterization of cryptocaryon irritans, a parasite isolated from marine fishes in taiwan. | the ciliated protozoan parasite cryptocaryon irritans infecting marine fishes in taiwan is described. developmental characteristics and sequences of the ribosomal dna regions such as part of 18 s, the entire first internal transcribed spacer, and part of 5.8 s of various taiwan isolates of c. irritans were investigated. a total of 5 isolates was obtained from different fish-host species and localities, the majority from cultured fish species. c. irritans from taiwan is able to shift its developm ... | 2003 | 12747640 |
| a new strain of cryptocaryon irritans from the cultured olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus. | an obligate parasite, cryptocaryon irritans, which is responsible for the white spot disease of marine fish is known to develop in the temperature regime over 19 degrees c. recently, however, we found white spot disease of olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus during winter at water temperatures ranging between 12 and 16 degrees c in korea. in the present study we isolated a c. irritans-like ciliate from the affected fish and investigated its reproductive characters to compare the newly found ci ... | 2000 | 11206736 |
| intraspecific variation in cryptocaryon irritans. | intraspecific variation in the ciliate cryptocaryon irritans was examined using sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer region (its-1) of ribosomal dna (rdna) combined with developmental and morphological characters. amplified rdna sequences consisting of 151 bases of the flanking 18 s and 5.8 s regions, and the entire its-1 region (169 or 170 bases), were determined and compared for 16 isolates of c. irritans from australia, israel and the usa. there was one variable base between iso ... | 1997 | 9172830 |
| variation in the development of two isolates of cryptocaryon irritans. | two isolates of cryptocaryon irritans obtained from acanthopagrus australis from moreton bay (isolate c1) and gymnocranius audleyi from heron island (isolate c2) were passaged on lates calcarifer and macquaria novemaculeata at 20 and 25 c under identical laboratory conditions. there were significant differences between isolates in the diameter of trophonts and tomonts, the incubation period of tomonts, and the length of theronts. trophonts of c1 were significantly larger on l. calcarifer than on ... | 1996 | 8636840 |
| a standardized method for the in vivo maintenance of cryptocaryon irritans (ciliophora) using the grey mullet chelon labrosus as an experimental host. | experimental primary infections with cryptocaryon irritans were successfully established in mullet following exposure to theronts and maintained for up to 34 successive cycles in this host. fish were exposed to measured numbers of theronts collected within 4 hr of excystment. free-swimming trophonts and reproductive cysts were maintained in wells of tissue culture plates containing sterilized seawater and subjected to a photoperiod of 12 hr light:12 hr dark. excystment was found to be asynchrono ... | 1994 | 8158473 |
| characterization and expression analysis of bca2 gene in large yellow croaker, larimichthys crocea. | bca2, as an e3 ubiquitin ligase, is an important anti-virus immune factor in mammals. up to date, there are not any related reports on bca2 protein in fishes yet. in the present investigation, bca2 in large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea (named as lcbca2) was identified and characterized. the full-length cdna of lcbca2 was 1571 bp, including an orf of 888 bp encoding a polypeptide of 295 amino acids. the putative lcbca2 protein contained a ring-h2 motif at c terminal. the lcbca2 transcripts ... | 2015 | 26208753 |
| expression profiles and interaction suggest tbk1 can be regulated by nrdp1 in response to immune stimulation in large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea. | tbk1 has been extensively studied in mammals because of its important roles as a molecular bridge, linking the tlrs (tlr3 and tlr4) and rlrs signals to activate transcriptional factors irf3 and irf7 for ifn-i production. however, the information on molecular and functional characteristics of tbk1 in teleosts is limited. in this study, the molecular characterization and immune response of tbk1 in larimichthys crocea (named as lctbk1) as well as its interaction with nrdp1 were investigated. sequen ... | 2015 | 26291490 |
| molecular characterization and expression analysis of interferon-gamma in the large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea. | the large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea is an important mariculture fish species in china, and the bacterium vibrio harveyi (v. harveyi) and the ciliate protozoan cryptocaryon irritans (c. irritans) are the two major pathogens in its aquaculture sector. interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) plays important roles in regulating both innate and cell mediated immune responses as an inflammatory cytokine. in this study, we obtained the nucleotide sequence of ifn-γ from the large yellow croaker (lcifn-γ). the ... | 2015 | 26193669 |
| cloning, expression and molecular characterization of a 14-3-3 gene from a parasitic ciliate, cryptocaryon irritans. | cryptocaryon irritans is a parasitic ciliate and responsible for cryptocaryosis of ocean teleostean. in this paper, one gene homologous to 14-3-3 was isolated from cdna library of c. irritans trophont/protomont stage and designated as ci14-3-3. the full-length cdna of the gene was 892bp with an open reading frame of 744bp, which encoded a polypeptide of 247 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 28.4kda. after modification of the non-universal genetic codes, the open reading frame of c ... | 2013 | 23932453 |
| siganus oramin recombinant l-amino acid oxidase is lethal to cryptocaryon irritans. | a novel antimicrobial and antiparasitic protein (app/sr-laao) isolated from serum of the rabbitfish (siganus oramin) was confirmed to be lethal to cryptocaryon irritans, an important marine parasitic ciliate that causes marine white spot disease in a variety of wild and cultured fish. in this study, a recombinant sr-laao (rsr-laao) was expressed on a large scale in escherichia coli rosetta-gami™(de3)plyss cells. rsr-laao was expressed as an inactive form in the inclusion bodies. the 3-(4,5-dimet ... | 2013 | 24113573 |
| cryptocaryon irritans recombinant proteins as potential antigens for sero-surveillance of cryptocaryonosis. | cryptocaryonosis is a major problem for mariculture, and the absence of suitable sero-surveillance tools for the detection of cryptocaryonosis makes it difficult to screen cryptocaryon irritans-infected fish, particularly asymptomatic fish. in this study, we proposed a serum-based assay using selected c. irritans proteins to screen infected and asymptomatic fish. eight highly expressed genes were chosen from an earlier study on c. irritans expressed sequence tags and ciliate glutamine codons wer ... | 2016 | 27086498 |
| grouper (epinephelus coioides) tcr signaling pathway was involved in response against cryptocaryon irritans infection. | t cell activation is a complicated process accompanying with the activation of t cell receptor (tcr) signaling pathway, which is not well described in teleost fish. the initiation of this pathway depends on the interaction of membrane tcr co-receptors (e.g. cd4/8, cd3 and cd45) and a series of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (e.g. lck, fyn and zap70). cyptocaryon irritans is a ciliate pathogen of marine fish white spot disease causing huge economic lost in marine aquaculture. this parasite ... | 2017 | 28286257 |
| molecular identification and expression analysis of tlr5m and tlr5s from orange-spotted grouper (epinepheluscoioides). | toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) is an important receptor that interacts with bacterial flagellin and regulates host immune response in mammal. recent studies demonstrate that piscine contains two types of tlr5, namely membrane form of tlr5 (tlr5m) and soluble form of tlr5 (tlr5s), and both of which perform crucial role in flagellin response. in the present study, a tlr5m and a tlr5s sequence was cloned from orange-spotted grouper (epinepheluscoioides), and their orfs are respectively 2466 bp (821 aa ... | 2017 | 28159696 |
| grouper (epinephelus coioides) bcr signaling pathway was involved in response against cryptocaryon irritans infection. | b cell antigen receptor (bcr) plays a crucial role in b cell development and antibody production. it comprises membrane immunoglobulin non-covalently associated with cd79a/cd79b heterodimer. after b cell activation, initial extracellular signals are transduced by bcr complex and amplified by two protein tyrosine kinases, lyn and syk, which then trigger various pathways. in the present study, we cloned grouper genes for bcr accessory molecules, eccd79a (669 bp) and eccd79b (639 bp), as well as tw ... | 2016 | 27514788 |
| characterization, expression, and functional study of irak-1 from grouper, epinephelus coioides. | as crucial components of the toll-like receptor (tlr) and interleukin-1 (il-1) receptor (il-1r) signaling pathways, interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (irak) family members play essential roles in an animal's immune response. in this study, an irak family member, designated ecirak-1, was identified in the orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides, and its role in signal transduction investigated. the full-length ecirak-1 gene is 2822 bp, encoding a 760-amino-acid protein that has the typ ... | 2016 | 27346155 |
| identification and characterization of three tlr1 subfamily members from the orange-spotted grouper, epinephelus coioides. | toll-like receptors (tlrs), which play important roles in host defense against pathogen infection, are the most intensively studied pattern recognition receptors (prrs). in this study, we identified three novel tlr1 subfamily members, including tlr1 (ectlr1b), tlr2 (ectlr2b) and tlr14 (ectlr14), from the orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides). ectlr1b and ectlr2b displayed low sequence identity with the previously reported grouper tlr1 (ectlr1a) and tlr2 (ectlr2a), respectively. the open ... | 2016 | 27037219 |
| characterization and expression analysis of two novel ccr6 chemokine receptors and their three potential ligands ccl20ls of grouper (epinephelus coioides) post cryptocaryon irritans infection. | ccr6 have been demonstrated playing an important role in immune cells homing to mucosal tissues, mediating antigen presentation and immune response in mammals. ccr6 in lower vertebrate leukocyte homing has not yet been revealed. cryptocaryon irritans is believed to be a good pathogen model for skin and gill mucosal immunity. in this study, we identified two ccr6s and their three possible ligands ccl20 like cdna sequences, designated as grouper ecccr6a, ecccr6b, ecccl20l1, ecccl20l2 and ecccl20l3 ... | 2015 | 26384847 |
| ultrastructure observation on the cells at different life history stages of cryptocaryon irritans (ciliophora: prostomatea), a parasitic ciliate of marine fishes - corrigendum. | | 2016 | 27460895 |
| immobilization antigen vaccine adjuvanted by parasitic heat shock protein 70c confers high protection in fish against cryptocaryonosis. | the immobilization antigen (iag) has been demonstrated as a protective immunogen against cryptocaryon irritans infection. in this study, c-terminal domain of heat shock protein 70 cloned from c. irritans (hsp70c) was tested for its immuno-stimulatory effects. the iag and hsp70c cdnas were constructed independently in secretory forms and were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. in the first immunization trial, grouper fingerlings orally intubated with iag and iag:hsp70c presented 96% and 100% ... | 2015 | 25957883 |
| orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides tak1: molecular identification, expression analysis and functional study. | in this study, the complementary (c)dna sequence encoding orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides tak1 (ectak1) was cloned, which has an open reading frame of 1728 bp that encodes 575 amino acids (aa). sequence analysis indicated that ectak1 contains two characteristic conserved domains, i.e. an n-terminal serine-threonine protein kinase catalytic domain (27-275 aa) and a c-terminal coiled-coil region (499-562 aa). ectak1 shares high sequence identity with tak1 from other fish species, espec ... | 2015 | 25677752 |
| grouper (epinephelus coioides) il-34/mcsf2 and mcsfr1/mcsfr2 were involved in mononuclear phagocytes activation against cryptocaryon irritans infection. | mcsf and its well-known receptor mcsfr had been well studied in humans, regulating the differentiation, proliferation, and survival of the mononuclear phagocyte system. il-34, which is an alternative ligand of mcsf receptor, was recently identified as a novel cytokine and functionally overlaps with mcsf. however, the functional study of these receptors and their ligands in fish are largely unknown. in the present study, the cdna of two potential grouper mcsfr ligands have been cloned, ecil-34 (6 ... | 2015 | 25543034 |
| identification of irak-4 in grouper (epinephelus coioides) that impairs myd88-dependent nf-κb activation. | interleukin 1 (il-1) receptor-associated kinase (irak) family members are crucial signal transducer in the toll-like receptor/il-1r signal pathway, which mediates downstream signal cascades involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses. in this study, we identified an irak-4 protein (ecirak-4) in the orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides), with an n-terminal death domain, a prost domain, and a central kinase domain, similar to that of other fishes and mammals. a sequence alignment ... | 2014 | 24631582 |
| growth, feed intake and immune responses of orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides) exposed to low infectious doses of ectoparasite (cryptocaryon irritans). | to explore the effect of low-dose cryptocaryon irritans infection on growth, feeding and antiparasitic immunity of orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides), this study utilized c. irritans at concentrations of 5500 theronts/fish (group i, 1/10 of 96 h lc50) or 11,000 theronts/fish (group ii) to infect e. coioides weighing 38 g on average at week 0, 2 and 4, respectively. food consumption was recorded daily; the fish were weighed weekly; serum immobilizing titer (sit), and acid phosphatase ( ... | 2014 | 24316499 |
| soluble interleukin-1 receptor, a potential negative regulator of orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides interleukin-1 system. | in this study, the cdna sequence encoding interleukin-1 (il-1) receptor-like protein of orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides was obtained. the newly identified sequence was named soluble type i il-1 receptor (sil-1ri) owing to its structural composition, which had two ig-like domains, lack of transmembrane region and the toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir) domain, similar to the brown rat rattus norvegicus soluble il-1ri. in addition, sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis indicated ... | 2013 | 23991879 |
| cloning and expression analysis of grouper (epinephelus coioides) m-csfr gene post cryptocaryon irritans infection and distribution of m-csfr(+) cells. | the m-csf/m-csfr system plays a central role in the cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and maturation of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. in present study, we cloned the sequence of the m-csfr cdna from the orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides). sequence analysis reveals that ten cysteines in the extracellular immunoglobulin-like (ig-like) domains of ecm-csfr are conserved in fish and mammals, its nine possible n-glycosylation sites are conserved in fish but not mammals, 7 of ... | 2013 | 23643873 |
| immune responses and immune-related gene expression profile in orange-spotted grouper after immunization with cryptocaryon irritans vaccine. | in order to elucidate the immune-protective mechanisms of inactivated cryptocaryon irritans vaccine, different doses of c. irritans theronts were used to immunize orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides). we measured serum immobilization titer, blood leukocyte respiratory burst activity, serum alternative complement activity, and serum lysozyme activity weekly. in addition, the expression levels of immune-related genes such as interleukin-1β (il-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α), major h ... | 2013 | 23291105 |
| identification and expression analysis of major histocompatibility complex iib gene in orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides. | in this study, complementary dna (cdna) and dna sequences of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class iib genes (mhciib) were cloned from orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides. the gene structure of e. coioides mhciib consists of five exons and four introns, and its deduced amino acid sequence length is 249 amino acids, including a signal peptide, a peptide-binding region, an igc1 domain, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail. a phylogenetic study showed that e. coioides mhciib ... | 2012 | 22747811 |
| anti-parasitic effects of leptomycin b isolated from streptomyces sp. cjk17 on marine fish ciliate cryptocaryon irritans. | the present study was conducted aiming to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-parasitic efficacy of an isolated compound against the ciliate cryptocaryon irritans. the compound was previously isolated from fermentation products of streptomyces sp. cjk17 and designated as sfrd. toxicity of the compound sfrd against the fish hosts (larimichthys crocea) was also tested and its chemical structure was elucidated. the obtained results showed that the compound has potent anti-parasitic efficacy with ... | 2016 | 26827867 |
| high genetic diversities between isolates of the fish parasite cryptocaryon irritans (ciliophora) suggest multiple cryptic species. | the ciliate protozoan cryptocaryon irritans parasitizes marine fish and causes lethal white spot disease. sporadic infections as well as large-scale outbreaks have been reported globally and the parasite's broad host range poses particular threat to the aquaculture and ornamental fish markets. in order to better understand c. irritans' population structure, we sequenced and compared mitochondrial cox-1, ssu rrna, and its-1 sequences from 8 new isolates of c. irritans collected in china, japan, a ... | 2017 | 28428147 |
| immunological, ionic and biochemical responses in blood serum of the marine fish trachinotus ovatus to poly-infection by cryptocaryon irritans. | to investigate the response of pompano fish (trachinotus ovatus) to white spot disease, we used the protozoan cryptocaryon irritans to infect live 450-g specimens at concentrations of 40,000 theronts/fish. we assessed the relative infection intensity (rii), serum immobilizing titer, and immunity-related enzyme activities (acp, akp, lzm), and assessed feeding, serum ion concentrations (na(+), cl(-), ca(2+) and k(+)) and blood biochemistry (alt, ast, ldh) of pompano. the fish were then treated wit ... | 2015 | 25917646 |
| expression profile of immune-related genes in lates calcarifer infected by cryptocaryon irritans. | cryptocaryon irritans causes cyptocaryonosis or white spot disease in a wide range of marine fish including lates calcarifer (asian seabass). however, the immune response of this fish to the parasite is still poorly understood. in this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) was performed to assess the expression profile of immune-related genes in l. calcarifer infected by c. irritans. a total of 21 immune-related genes encoding various functions in the fish immune system were utili ... | 2013 | 23296118 |
| cryptocaryon irritans infection induces the acute phase response in lates calcarifer: a transcriptomic perspective. | cryptocaryoniasis (also known as marine white spot disease) is mediated by cryptocaryon irritans. this obligate ectoparasitic protozoan infects virtually all marine teleosts, which includes lates calcarifer, a highly valuable aquaculture species. little is known about l. calcarifer-c. irritans interactions. this study was undertaken to gain an informative snapshot of the l. calcarifer transcriptomic response over the course of c. irritans infection. an in-house fabricated cdna microarray slides ... | 2012 | 22842150 |
| three new piscidins from orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides): phylogeny, expression and functional characterization. | the present study reports the identification, and characterization of three new putative piscidin paralogues, ecpis-2, ecpis-3 and ecpis-4, from orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides). the cdna of the three piscidins with the 207, 216, and 231 nt open reading frame encoded respectively a 68-, 71-, and 76-amino acid preprotein consisting of the predicted signal peptide, and putative mature peptide and prodomain. the phylogenetic analysis indicated that multiple piscidin paralogues in one f ... | 2017 | 28433718 |
| l-amino acid oxidase expression profile and biochemical responses of rabbitfish (siganus oramin) after exposure to a high dose of cryptocaryon irritans. | cryptocaryon irritans is an important protozoan parasite which infects almost all kinds of marine teleosts, causing heavy economic losses. in our previous studies, we found that rabbitfish (siganus oramin) displayed high resistance to c. irritans infection, and a novel protein, l-amino acid oxidase (laao), was identified from the serum that was lethal to c. irritans. in this study, the rabbitfish were firstly infected with a high dose of c. irritans, then the laao mrna expression pattern and the ... | 2017 | 28818617 |
| characterization and expression analysis of six interleukin-17 receptor genes in grouper (epinephelus coioides) after cryptocaryon irritans infection. | interleukin-17 receptors (il17rs) mediate the activation of several downstream signal pathways to induce inflammatory response and contribute to the pathology of many autoimmune diseases. in this study, six il17rs (il17ra1, ra2, rb, rc, rd and re) were cloned and characterized from epinephelus coioides, an orange-spotted grouper. multiple sequence alignment and structural analysis revealed that all members of il17rs were low in sequence identity with each other. but their structures were conserv ... | 2017 | 28811226 |
| molecular cloning and expression analysis of ccl25 and its receptor ccr9s from epinephelus coioides post cryptocaryon irritans infection. | among other functions, ccl25/ccr9 has an important role in regulating the trafficking of developing t cells in the thymus, and in homing memory t cells to the small intestine. the function of this chemokine-receptor complex is not well studied in fish. we identified a ccl25-like (ecccl25, 108 aa) and two ccr9-like sequences (ecccr9aa 373 aa; and ecccr9b, 375 aa) from a transcriptome database of orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides). ecccl25, ecccr9a, and ecccr9b shared conserved structur ... | 2017 | 28624470 |
| two novel p38 mapks identified from epinephelus coioides and their expression pattern in response to cryptocaryon irritans infection. | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are one of the most important central regulatory proteins response to extra environmental stresses. in this study, two novel p38 mapks, ec-p38γ and ec-p38δ, were identified from epinephelus coioides, an economically important cultured fish in china and southeast asian counties. both of ec-p38γ and ec-p38δ sequences contain a serine/threonine protein kinase (s_tkc) domain and a highly conserved thr-gly-tyr (tgy) motif. analysis of phylogenetic relatio ... | 2017 | 28602680 |
| identification and expression analysis of three xcr1-like receptors from epinephelus coioides after cryptocaryon irritans infection. | the unique receptor xcr1 of the xc subfamily of chemokines is specially expressed in cd8α-like dendritic cells. this receptor has one ligand in mice (xcl1) and two ligands in humans (xcl1 and xcl2). in mammals, the xcr1-xcl1 complex performs a vital role in regulating the localization and function of t cells, dendritic cells, and other cell types. in this study, three xcr1-like receptors (ecxcr1, ecxcr1l, and ecccr12) were identified from a transcriptome database of orange-spotted grouper. the o ... | 2017 | 28587832 |
| characterization and expression analysis of grouper (epinephelus coioides) co-stimulatory molecules cd83 and cd80/86 post cryptocaryon irritans infection. | co-stimulatory molecules (cd83, cd80 and cd86), belong to immunoglobulin superfamily, are type i membrane glycoprotein, which express on antigen presenting cells and provide the second signal for the activation of t lymphocytes. in the present study, we cloned the grouper's cd83 (675 bp) and cd80/86 (876 bp). homology analysis showed that both eccd83 and eccd80/86 shares the highest amino acid similarity (51% and 47%) for the overall sequence with puffer fish (takifugu rubripes). some conserved ... | 2017 | 28579524 |
| transcriptomic variation of locally-infected skin of epinephelus coioides reveals the mucosal immune mechanism against cryptocaryon irritans. | fish skin is the largest immunologically active mucosal organ, providing first-line defense against external pathogens. however, the skin-associated immune mechanisms of fish are still unclear. cryptocaryon irritans is an obligate ectoparasitic ciliated protozoan that infects almost all marine fish, and is believed to be an excellent pathogen model to study fish mucosal immunity. in this study, a de novo transcriptome assembly of epinephelus coioides skin post c. irritans tail-infection was perf ... | 2017 | 28526573 |
| ultrastructural features of the tomont of cryptocaryon irritans (ciliophora: prostomatea), a parasitic ciliate of marine fishes. | numerous studies have been conducted on the cellular morphology of cryptocaryon irritans. however, details regarding the tomont stage of its life cycle remain lacking. in this study, we investigated the morphology of the tomont stage throughout encystment and cell division using light and electron microscopy. results showed that there was no secretion of encystation-specific secretory vesicles or extrusomes during formation of the cyst wall. instead, the synthesis and construction of the c. irri ... | 2017 | 28134067 |
| comparative transcriptional profile of the fish parasite cryptocaryon irritans. | cryptocaryon irritans is an obligate ectoparasitic ciliate pathogen of marine fishes. it can infect most marine teleosts and cause heavy economic losses in aquaculture. there is currently no effective method of controlling this disease, and little information is available regarding the genes involved in its development and virulence. we aimed to investigate the distinct features of the three major life-cycle stages of c. irritans in terms of gene transcription level, and identify candidate vacci ... | 2016 | 27923398 |
| ultrastructure observation on the cells at different life history stages of cryptocaryon irritans (ciliophora: prostomatea), a parasitic ciliate of marine fishes. | cells of cryptocaryon irritans at different life history stages were studied using both light and electron microscopy. the characteristics of several organelles were revealed for the first time at the ultrastructural level. it was confirmed that the cytostome of trophonts, protomonts and theronts was surrounded by cilium-palp triplets rather than ciliary triplets. the nematodesmata underlying the circumoral dikinetids were single bundles, whereas these were always paired in prorodontids. toxicys ... | 2016 | 27460894 |
| transcriptome analysis of dormant tomonts of the marine fish ectoparasitic ciliate cryptocaryon irritans under low temperature. | cryptocaryon irritans, a species of obligatory ciliate ectoparasite, can infect various species of marine teleost fish. cryptocaryon irritans that fall to the seabed or aquarium bottom in winter can form "dormant tomonts" and wake up when the temperature rises the next year. abundant studies and analyses on the dormant tomonts were carried out at the transcriptome level, in order to investigate the molecular mechanism of c. irritans tomonts entering the dormant state under low-temperature condit ... | 2016 | 27177617 |
| transcriptome and analysis on the complement and coagulation cascades pathway of large yellow croaker (larimichthys crocea) to ciliate ectoparasite cryptocaryon irritans infection. | large yellow croaker (larimichthys crocea) is one of the most valuable marine fish in southern china. given to the rapid development of aquaculture industry, the l. crocea was subjected to ciliate ectoparasite cryptocaryon irritans. it therefore is indispensable and urgent to understand the mechanism of l. crocea host defense against c. irritans infection. in the present study, the extensively analysis at the transcriptome level for cryptocaryoniasis in l. crocea was carried out. these results s ... | 2016 | 26804649 |
| transcriptome analysis of the larimichthys crocea liver in response to cryptocaryon irritans. | the large yellow croaker (larimichthys crocea) is an economically important marine fish cultured in china and east asian countries and is facing a serious threat from cryptocaryon irritans, which is a protozoan ectoparasite that infects most reared marine fish species. to understand the molecular immune mechanisms underlying the response to c. irritans, we first performed a comparative gene transcription analysis using livers from c. irritans-immunized l. croceas and from a control group through ... | 2016 | 26578248 |
| stress, antioxidant defence and mucosal immune responses of the large yellow croaker pseudosciaena crocea challenged with cryptocaryon irritans. | to clarify the effects of a cryptocaryon irritans infection on the stress, antioxidant and mucosal immune response of the large yellow croaker pseudosciaena crocea, this study utilized c. irritans at dose of 12,000 (group i); 24,000 (group ii); and 36,000 (group iii) theronts/fish to infect large yellow croaker weighing 100 ± 10 g. the food intake, survival and relative infection intensity (rii); levels of reactive oxygen species (ros), malondialdehyde (mda) and vitamin c (vc), activities of sup ... | 2015 | 26370540 |
| co-expression of march5b and tlr7 in large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea in response to cryptocaryon irritans infection. | in this study, molecular characteristics of march5b and co-expression of march5b and tlr7 in response to the infection of cryptocaryon irritans in the large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea were investigated. the full-length complementary (c)dna of march5b was 1314 bp, including an open reading frame of 846 bp encoding a polypeptide of 281 amino acids, and the full-length genomic sequence was composed of 23,577 nucleotides, including six exons and five introns. the putative march5b protein con ... | 2015 | 26179830 |
| proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the marine fish parasitic ciliate cryptocaryon irritans. | cryptocaryoniasis is a severe disease of farmed marine fish caused by the parasitic ciliate cryptocaryon irritans. this disease can lead to considerable economic loss, but studies on proteins linked to disease development and antigenic proteins for vaccine development have been relatively scarce to date. in this study, 53 protein spots with differential abundance, representing 12 proteins, were identified based on a pair-wise comparison among theronts, trophonts, and tomonts. meanwhile, 33 prote ... | 2015 | 25997646 |
| characterization of e3 ubiquitin ligase neuregulin receptor degradation protein-1 (nrdp1) in the large yellow croaker (larimichthys crocea) and its immune responses to cryptocaryon irritans. | neuregulin receptor degradation protein-1 (nrdp1) was recently identified in humans as an important immune factor responding to the challenge of virus, lps or cytokine. its role in fish immune defense and whether it is involved in anti-parasite immunity have not been proven yet. in this report, the full-length cdna sequence and genomic structure of nrdp1 in the large yellow croaker larimichthys crocea (lcnrdp1) were identified and characterized. the full-length cdna of lcnrdp1 was 1248bp, includ ... | 2015 | 25447921 |
| ciliate diversity, community structure, and novel taxa in lakes of the mcmurdo dry valleys, antarctica. | we report an in-depth survey of next-generation dna sequencing of ciliate diversity and community structure in two permanently ice-covered mcmurdo dry valley lakes during the austral summer and autumn (november 2007 and march 2008). we tested hypotheses on the relationship between species richness and environmental conditions including environmental extremes, nutrient status, and day length. on the basis of the unique environment that exists in these high-latitude lakes, we expected that novel t ... | 2014 | 25411375 |
| effects of cryptocaryon irritans infection on the survival, feeding, respiratory rate and ionic regulation of the marbled rockfish sebastiscus marmoratus. | to clarify the effects of a cryptocaryon irritans infection on the physiological functions of the marbled rockfish sebastiscus marmoratus, this study utilized c. irritans at concentrations of 2500; 5000; 7500; 10,000; 20,000; and 30,000 theronts/fish to infect marbled rockfish weighing 45 ± 3 g. the survival rate, food intake, respiratory rate, serum ion concentrations and gill na+/k+-atpase activity were determined. with the increase of the infection concentration and the passage of time, the s ... | 2014 | 24139291 |
| further insights into the phylogeny of two ciliate classes nassophorea and prostomatea (protista, ciliophora). | the nassophorea and prostomatea are two of the key classes in understanding the morphological diversification and higher classification of the phylum ciliophora. however, their phylogenetic relationships with other ciliate groups within the subphylum intramacronucleata remain elusive. in this study, we investigated the small and large subunit (ssu and lsu) rrna gene-based phylogeny of these groups with sequences of additional taxa including several key species. the results show that: (1) the cla ... | 2014 | 24075983 |
| characterization of a novel piscidin-like antimicrobial peptide from pseudosciaena crocea and its immune response to cryptocaryon irritans. | piscidins, important components of the innate (nonspecific) immunity system in fish, have potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities. in this study, we reported a novel antimicrobial cationic peptide from pseudosciaena crocea. although this peptide exhibited a genomic (3 exons and 2 introns) and propeptide (signal peptide, mature peptide and prodomain) organization, conserved signal peptide (22 amino acids) and consensus motif i-x5-h-x4-i-h identical to the reported fish p ... | 2013 | 23727503 |
| ultrastructural features of cryptocaryon irritans, a ciliate parasite of marine fish. | the parasitic, reproductive, and free living phases of cryptocaryon irritans brown 1951, a ciliate parasite of marine fish, were studied by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. the ciliature of this protozoan is arranged in 78-80 monokinetid meridians which run lengthwise converging at the oral cavity and at the posterior pole of the cell. in the trophont, a crown of pointed ciliar triplets fused at the tip delimits a small cytostome whose radially ridged walls lead to a shall ... | 1993 | 23195741 |
| characterization and expression patterns of erk1 and erk2 from epinephelus coioides against cryptocaryon irritans infection. | mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), a group of serine-threonine protein kinases, play a crucial role in immunoreaction response to extra environmental stresses. in this study, two novel mapks, ec-erk1 and ec-erk2, were identified from epinephelus coioides. both ec-erk1 and ec-erk2 sequences contain a highly conserved thr-glu-tyr (tey) motif, an hrd domain, and an atp binding loop containing gxgxxg. an analysis of phylogenetic relationships demonstrated that erk amino acid sequences were c ... | 2017 | 29292199 |
| transcriptomic analysis reveals the key immune-related signalling pathways of sebastiscus marmoratus in response to infection with the parasitic ciliate cryptocaryon irritans. | false kelpfish (sebastiscus marmoratus) is one of the target species in artificial breeding in china, and is susceptible to infection by cryptocaryon irritans, which is an obligate parasitic ciliate that lives in the epithelium of the fish gills, skin and fins. here, we sought to understand the mechanisms of molecular immunity of s. marmoratus against c. irritans infection. | 2017 | 29157267 |
| identification and characterization of myeloperoxidase in orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides). | cryptocaryon irritans is an important protozoan ciliate, which has led to heavy economic losses in marine aquaculture. previous studies have indicated that c. irritans infection could induce the migration of neutrophils to infection sites. myeloperoxidase (mpo) mainly exists in the cytoplasmic granules of the neutrophil and performs its function by a unique enzymatic capacity to produce hypohalous acid and other toxic oxidants. to determine the involvement of mpo and neutrophils against c. irrit ... | 2018 | 29113861 |
| a novel stimulator of interferon gene (sting) from larimichthys crocea and their involvement in immune response to ectoparasite cryptocaryon irritans infection. | the marine white spot disease caused by protozoan ectoparasite cryptocaryon irritans is a severe problem to the large yellow croaker farming industry. to understand the molecular immune mechanisms and improve its immune capacity are particular important. sting, one of the important second messengers in innate immune response process, plays pivotal roles in defensing against different pathogenic microorganisms. many reports have pointed that sting could not only combine the uncovered dsdna, ssdna ... | 2017 | 28951221 |