| [bilateral asymmetry of the long bones of the extremities of the pigeon columba livia and the parrott amazona amazonica]. | | 1967 | 5586166 |
| mycobacteriosis due to mycobacterium genavense in six pet birds. | six cases of mycobacteriosis due to mycobacterium genavense in three budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus), one orange-winged amazon (amazona amazonica), one flycatcher (cyanoptila cyanomelana), and one zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata) are discussed. gross lesions associated with the infection included a high degree of muscular wasting (five cases), hepatomegaly (four cases), and thickening of the wall of the small intestine (four cases). granulomas were found in the lung (one case) and the sub ... | 1993 | 8463407 |
| pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in exotic and domestic avian species. | the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium were determined in domestic chicks, turkey poults, adult cockatiels (nymphicus hollandicus), and adult orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica) after subcutaneous (chicks and turkey poults and intramuscular (i.m.) dosing (cockatiels and amazon parrots). turkey poult data were best fit to a single exponential model with disappearance half-lives (t1/2) of 8.6, 7.4 and 5.6 h after doses of 0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 mg ceftiofur free acid equivalents (cfae) ... | 1998 | 9597644 |
| neonatal handling of amazon parrots alters the stress response and immune function. | the influence of neonatal handling on behavior and immune function was assessed in orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). chicks (n=11) were gently handled daily from 25 days of age until 38 days post-fledging, while control chicks (n=9) were not handled. at 10 days post-fledging ( approximately 66 days of age), chicks were given tests to evaluate tameness (e.g., willingness to perch on an offered finger). they were then restrained for 10 min, either by being held while perching (hand ... | 2000 | 10700631 |
| stereotypies in caged parrots, schizophrenia and autism: evidence for a common mechanism. | spontaneously occurring abnormal behaviors in animals have recently received considerable attention, both in veterinary medicine and as a potential model for abnormal behavior in several human mental disorders. stereotypies are abnormal repetitive, unvarying, and functionless behaviors that are often performed by captive and domesticated animals housed in barren environments. they closely resemble the stereotypies of autistic and mentally retarded patients, stereotypies of unmedicated chronic sc ... | 2003 | 14529811 |
| genetic variability in three amazon parrot species. | parrots of the genus amazona are among the most threatened species of the order pscittaciformes. this work describes allozyme polymorphisms in three amazon parrot species--the blue-fronted amazon (amazona aestiva), the orange-winged amazon (amazona amazonica), and the festive amazon (amazona festiva) -, and provides useful data for the evaluation of their genetic variability. we electrophoretically analyzed blood samples from 68 wild-caught individuals, maintained in captivity in three brazilian ... | 2007 | 18278355 |
| molecular diagnosis of salmonella species in captive psittacine birds. | cloacal swabs were collected from 280 captive psittacine birds belonging to 13 species. samples of dna were tested by pcr using a pair of primers that amplify a 284 base pair fragment of the salmonella genus inva gene, and the pcr-positive samples were tested by standard microbiological techniques. thirteen per cent of the samples were positive by pcr, but negative by microbiological techniques. the infection rates were significantly different among the 13 species, the most commonly infected bei ... | 2008 | 18567929 |
| avian malaria in captive psittacine birds: detection by microscopy and 18s rrna gene amplification. | a cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate the occurrence of malaria infection among captive psittacine birds (n=127) from three zoological gardens in brazil. malaria infection was evaluated by the association of direct examination of blood smears with amplification of the 18ssu rrna gene of the plasmodium genus, demonstrating an overall occurrence of 36%. most infected bird species were amazona aestiva (28/73), ara ararauna (6/10), and amazona amazonica (3/10). the low parasitemias obse ... | 2009 | 18937986 |
| identification of apolipoprotein a-i in the alpha-globulin fraction of avian plasma. | plasma protein electrophoresis is frequently used in birds as a tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease. identification of proteins in individual peaks can help improve our understanding of changes in protein concentration in physiologic and pathologic conditions. | 2009 | 19351330 |
| optimized nested polymerase chain reaction for antemortem detection of mycobacteria in amazon parrots (amazona aestiva) and orange-winged amazons (amazona amazonica). | the objectives of this study were to optimize nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for mycobacterium avium complex and mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and apply them on samples from parrots. results were negative for the presence of these mycobacterium in the samples, and nested pcr was specific, faster, and more sensitive than other tests, thereby justifying its use in antemortem diagnosis. | 2014 | 24712177 |
| hematologic, plasma biochemical, and lipid panel reference intervals in orange-winged amazon parrots ( amazona amazonica ). | to establish reference intervals in orange-winged amazon parrots ( amazona amazonica ) for the complete blood count, plasma biochemical values, and lipid panel and to evaluate age- and sex-related variations, blood samples were obtained from 29 healthy juvenile and adult parrots. concentrations of total protein, bile acids, phosphorus, total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl-c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in adult compared with juvenile ... | 2016 | 28107066 |
| diffusion of novel foraging behaviour in amazon parrots through social learning. | while social learning has been demonstrated in species across many taxa, the role it plays in everyday foraging decisions is not well understood. investigating social learning during foraging could shed light on the emergence of cultural variation in different groups. we used an open diffusion experiment to examine the spread of a novel foraging technique in captive amazon parrots. three groups were tested using a two-action foraging box, including experimental groups exposed to demonstrators us ... | 2017 | 27785585 |
| the relationship between personality dimensions and resiliency to environmental stress in orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica), as indicated by the development of abnormal behaviors. | parrots are popular companion animals, but are frequently relinquished because of behavioral problems, including abnormal repetitive behaviors like feather damaging behavior and stereotypy. in addition to contributing to pet relinquishment, these behaviors are important as potential indicators of diminished psychological well-being. while abnormal behaviors are common in captive animals, their presence and/or severity varies between animals of the same species that are experiencing the same envi ... | 2015 | 26114423 |
| analogical reasoning in amazons. | two juvenile orange-winged amazons (amazona amazonica) were initially trained to match visual stimuli by color, shape, and number of items, but not by size. after learning these three identity matching-to-sample tasks, the parrots transferred discriminative responding to new stimuli from the same categories that had been used in training (other colors, shapes, and numbers of items) as well as to stimuli from a different category (stimuli varying in size). in the critical testing phase, both parr ... | 2015 | 26084679 |
| testing problem-solving capacities: differences between individual testing and social group setting. | testing animals individually in problem-solving tasks limits distractions of the subjects during the test, so that they can fully concentrate on the problem. however, such individual performance may not indicate the problem-solving capacity that is commonly employed in the wild when individuals are faced with a novel problem in their social groups, where the presence of a conspecific influences an individual's behaviour. to assess the validity of data gathered from parrots when tested individual ... | 2014 | 24668582 |
| gestural communication in a new world parrot. | male birds can use visual signals to provide information about their sexual status, via bright coloration, sophisticated sexual displays and elaborate tail and head crests. the majority of forest bird species use vocal communication as their main strategy to show their physiological status during breeding season. it is also used to keep contact between individuals in the same group, in agonistic contexts, and by chicks begging for food. we registered, for the very first time, gestural communicat ... | 2014 | 24631994 |
| performance on the hamilton search task, and the influence of lateralization, in captive orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | psittacines are generally considered to possess cognitive abilities comparable to those of primates. most psittacine research has evaluated performance on standardized complex cognition tasks, but studies of basic cognitive processes are limited. we tested orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica) on a spatial foraging assessment, the hamilton search task. this task is a standardized test used in human and non-human primate studies. it has multiple phases, which require trial and error le ... | 2014 | 24370681 |
| influence of the nycthemeral cycle on the roosting behaviour of the orange-winged amazon. | environmental stimuli exert important effects on the expression of the endogenous rhythms. daily movements of groups of parrots in response to the light/dark cycle have been studied by several researchers. however, the factors modifying the intrinsic rhythmicity of this behaviour remain little known. this study describes how the nychthemeral/circadian periodicity of roost daily movements of the orange-winged amazon amazona amazonica is modified by weather factors. numbers of parrots arriving or ... | 2012 | 22569950 |
| ovarian hemangiosarcoma in an orange-winged amazon parrot (amazona amazonica). | a 25-year-old intact female orange-winged amazon parrot (amazona amazonica) presented for a 2-week history of straining to defecate, lethargy, open-beak breathing, decreased vocalization, and ruffled feathers. on physical examination, the parrot had a heart murmur, increased air sac and lung sounds, open-beak breathing, increased respiratory rate and effort, and coelomic distension. an ultrasound revealed intracoelomic fluid, and hemorrhagic fluid was aspirated from the coelom. cytologic analysi ... | 2009 | 19530404 |
| bone growth marks reveal protracted growth in new zealand kiwi (aves, apterygidae). | the presence of bone growth marks reflecting annual rhythms in the cortical bone of non-avian tetrapods is now established as a general phenomenon. in contrast, ornithurines (the theropod group including modern birds and their closest relatives) usually grow rapidly in less than a year, such that no annual rhythms are expressed in bone cortices, except scarce growth marks restricted to the outer cortical layer. so far, cyclical growth in modern birds has been restricted to the eocene diatryma, t ... | 2009 | 19515655 |
| comparison of biochemical values in serum and plasma, fresh and frozen plasma, and hemolyzed samples from orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | to the authors' knowledge, on the basis of sample type, storage condition, or hemolysis, differences in serum and plasma biochemical values have not been evaluated in orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | 2006 | 16783717 |
| environmental enrichment and development of cage stereotypy in orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | stereotypies are abnormal repetitive behaviors that often develop in animals housed in impoverished environments. stereotypy represents the interaction of several complex developmental phenomena. to characterize the temporal nature of stereotypy increase (escalation) and decrease (attenuation), we monitored changes in stereotypy performance in young orange-winged amazon parrots reared either in barren cages or cages provided with enrichments designed to facilitate foraging and locomotion. unenri ... | 2004 | 15103731 |
| measurement of the cardiac silhouette in psittacines. | to determine reference values for size of the radiographic cardiac silhouette in healthy adult medium-sized psittacines. | 2002 | 12420828 |
| sedative effects of intranasal midazolam administration in wild caught blue-fronted amazon (amazona aestiva) and orange-winged amazon (amazona amazonica) parrots. | safe and effective sedation protocols are important for chemical restraint of birds in clinical and diagnostic procedures, such as clinical evaluations, radiographic positioning, and blood collection. these protocols may reduce stress and ease the management of wild-caught birds, which are susceptible to injury or death when exposed to stressful situations. we compare the sedative effect of intranasal midazolam in wild-caught blue-fronted (amazona aestiva) and orange-winged (amazona amazonica) a ... | 2017 | 28891701 |
| mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the skull of an orange-winged amazon parrot (amazona amazonica). | a 33-year-old female intact orange-winged amazon parrot (amazona amazonica) presented for a slowly growing mass over the right eye. a computed tomography scan performed with and without intravenous contrast revealed a heterogeneous mixed soft tissue and mineral-dense mass with a small area of non-contrast-enhancing fluid density located between the orbits at the caudal aspect of the nasal passages, with associated lysis of the right caudal nasal passage and the right frontal bone. following euth ... | 2017 | 28891704 |
| pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after intramuscular and intravenous administration of a single dose to orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone hydrochloride after im and iv administration to orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | 2020 | 33107746 |
| evaluation of the thermal antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone hydrochloride after intramuscular administration to orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | to evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone hydrochloride after im administration to orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | 2020 | 32969733 |
| pharmacokinetics of amantadine after oral administration of single and multiple doses to orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | to determine the pharmacokinetics of amantadine after oral administration of single and multiple doses to orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | 2020 | 32700994 |
| evaluation of the thermal antinociceptive effects of subcutaneous administration of butorphanol tartrate or butorphanol tartrate in a sustained-release poloxamer 407 gel formulation to orange-winged amazon parrots (amazona amazonica). | to determine the thermal antinociceptive effects of butorphanol tartrate and butorphanol tartrate in a sustained-release 25% poloxamer 407 (p407) gel formulation (but-p407) in parrots. | 2020 | 32584180 |