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thrombotic microangiopathy in two tiger snake envenomations.thrombotic microangiopathies are a rare group of disorders with features such as microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. thrombotic microangiopathy has been previously reported in association with envenomation from a number of snake species. we present the first two reported cases of thrombotic microangiopathy caused by envenomation from the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus). both patients had classical features of thrombotic microangiopathy with microangiop ...201122165369
fine structure and development of the silver and golden cuticle in butterfly pupae.pupae of the butterflies danaus chrysippus and helioconius charitonius display characteristic patterns of golden spots, while the pupae of the genera euploea and amauris exhibit metallic lustre over most of their surface; e. core and midamus more golden, a. ochlea and niavius more silvery. the absolute reflectance exceeds 80% at wavelengths longer than 550 nm, but drops more or less steeply at shorter wavelengths (shown by microspectrophotometry for e. core and a. ochlea; in all species this eff ...198518620147
Essential oil composition of the fruits of Periploca laevigata Aiton subsp. angustifolia (Labill.) Markgraf (Apocynaceae - Periplocoideae).The essential oil of the fruits of Periploca laevigata Aiton subsp. angustifolia (Labill.) Markgraf (Apocynaceae) from Lampedusa Island was obtained by hydrodistillation and its composition was analysed. The analyses allowed the identification and quantification of 64 volatile compounds belonging to different classes. The most abundant compounds were nonacosane, heptacosane, hentriacontane and d-cadinene. Among the volatile compounds identified in the fruits of P. laevigata subsp. angustifolia, ...201121859258
sequencing and two-dimensional structure prediction of a phospholipase a(2) inhibitor from the serum of the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus).a phospholipase a(2) inhibitor has been identified in the serum of the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus). the inhibitor is composed of two chains, an alpha-chain and a beta-chain, that form a non-covalently associated complex capable of inhibiting the enzymatic activity of all phospholipase a(2) enzymes it was tested against. the alpha and beta-chains have been purified to homogeneity, digested and sequenced. from the peptide sequence generated, degenerate pcr primers were designed and used ...200111575939
incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly danaus chrysippus (l.) and the creation of a hybrid zone.subspecies chrysippus, dorippus and alcippus of the butterfly danaus chrysippus differ at three biallelic colour gene loci. they have partially vicariant distributions, but their ranges overlap over a substantial part of central and east africa, where hybridism is commonplace. we now report that the west african subspecies alcippus differs from other subspecies, not only in nuclear genotype but also in mitochondrial haplotype in both allopatry and sympatry. the maintenance of concordant nuclear ...200312634807
chemoenzymatic synthesis of (e)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene-1,8-diol isolated from the hairpencils of male danaus chrysippus (african monarch).the synthesis of (e)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene-1,8-diol (1), which was isolated from the hairpencils of male danaus chrysippus (african monarch), was investigated. the key step of the sequence involves asymmetric desymmetrization of the 1,3-propanediol 7 with lipase, in which high enantioselectivity was observed. total synthesis afforded (s)-1 in 12 steps and 26% overall yield from readily available geraniol.200312781175
myotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom in the dog.the myotoxicity and neurotoxicity of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom are major factors in the pathogenesis of envenomation in the dog. histological examination of the tissues of experimentally envenomed dogs has demonstrated the importance of muscle damage in affecting the clinical syndrome of tiger snake envenomation. within one hour of injection of the venom into dogs, there was selective involvement of some muscles. cardiac and smooth muscles were not significantly affected. the ...19948067946
some toxicity thresholds for the clinical effects of common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) envenomation in the dog.common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom was administered experimentally to dogs at doses from 0.25 lethal dose (ld) to 20 ld. haemolysis and increased creatine kinase values occurred rapidly after injection of sublethal (subparalytic) doses, but the clotting time of blood was extended and blood became incoagulable only when dogs were dosed with 10 ld or more of venom. haemolysis, although of a low threshold of toxicity, was not severe and should not greatly affect the lethality of the venom ...19948067945
common tiger snake envenomation in dogs and mice--relationship between the amount of venom injected and the onset of clinical signs.common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom was injected into mice and dogs at various dose rates calculated on the known lethal dose (ld) for each species. the larger the dose of venom, the earlier was the onset of clinical signs and the more rapid and severe the course of the disease in both species. in dogs injected with 32 ld of venom, there was sudden collapse and death in about one hour from the time of injection without recovery from premonitory depression and before mydriasis occurred. ...19948067944
a phylogenetic framework for wing pattern evolution in the mimetic mocker swallowtail papilio dardanus.the batesian mimetic swallowtail butterfly papilio dardanus exhibits numerous distinct wing colour morphs whose evolutionary origins require large phenotypic shifts. a phylogenetic framework to study the history of these morphs was established by dna sequencing of representative subspecies from sub-saharan africa and indian ocean islands. two mitochondrial genes and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer marker revealed deeply separated eastern and western african mainland lineages, plus one li ...200919694948
proteins isolated from the venom of the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus scutatus) promote hypotension and hemorrhage.notechis scutatus scutatus venom contains several toxic acidic proteins called hta-i which promote hypotension and hemorrhage in mice. they have apparent mol. wts in the 18,000-21,000 range, i.v. ld50 values between 0.5 and 1.5 micrograms/g, and no detectable phospholipase, arginine esterase, proteolytic or hemolytic activities. a polyclonal antibody raised against htg binds to other purified proteins, suggesting that they are isoforms of the same protein. many other elapid crude venoms contain ...19938503133
amino acid sequence of a new type of toxic phospholipase a2 from the venom of the australian tiger snake (notechis scutatus scutatus).venom from the common tiger snake, notechis scutatus scutatus, contains several toxic acidic proteins which promote hypotension and hemorrhage in mice. one of these toxins, hte, has a phospholipase a2 (pla2) amino acid sequence. it contains 125 amino acids rather than the 119/120 found in other n. s. scutatus pla2s, because it also has the loop of residues (62-66) found in helix d of pancreatic pla2s, the gamma-subunit of taipoxin, and the d-subunit of textilotoxin. high sequence identity is fou ...19957733680
new toxins from the venom of the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus scutatus).scutoxin a and b represent two isoforms of a new toxic protein from the venom of the australian tiger snake, notechis scutatus scutatus. both isoforms, of apparent mol. wt 13,000, are less basic than either notexin or notechis ii-5. they both have similar i.v. ld50-values in mice of ca 0.006 micrograms/g, and phospholipase activities of about 136 mumoles of fatty acid released/min/mg at 37 degrees c when acting on phosphatidylcholine in the presence of triton x-100. toxicities of the scutoxins a ...19912028475
effects of caffeine and theophylline on the fecundity of four lepidopteran species.effects of secondary plant metabolites (caffeine and theophylline on reproduction of lepidopteran species were studied using bombyx mori, spodoptera litura, danaus chrysippus and catopsilia crocale as test organisms. reproductive potential (ovary length and egg number) was significantly reduced in the lepidopterans receiving caffeine/theophylline treated leaves in comparison to the control. protein and energy contents in the egg of the moths showed remarkable decrease with increasing concentrati ...19853850026
sexual selection in a wild population of the butterfly danaus chrysippus l.danaus chrysippus has two common forms, chrysippus and dorippus, in east africa. form chrysippus males have a mating advantage lasting 3 to 4 months, which is lost as their frequency increases. female dorippus are normally superior to female chrysippus in sexual vigor. sexual selection favoring different morphs in each sex contributes to the maintenance of the polymorphism.197517810063
evidence for autosomal meiotic drive in the butterfly danaus chrysippus l. 19761062366
a comparative study on the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venoms.1. the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult common tiger snakes (notechis scutatus) were compared. 2. the lethality, procoagulant activity and enzymatic activities of the juvenile venom were not substantially different from those of the adult venom. 3. electrophoretic studies, however, indicated some minor differences in the protein composition of the juvenile and adult venoms.19938281760
the butterfly danaus chrysippus is infected by a male-killing spiroplasma bacterium.many insects carry maternally inherited bacteria which kill male offspring. such bacteria will spread if male death benefits the female siblings who transmit the bacterium, and they are therefore expected in insects with antagonistic sibling interactions. we report that the butterfly danaus chrysippus is host to a maternally inherited male-killing bacterium. using diagnostic pcr and rdna sequence, the bacterium was identified as a spiroplasma closely related to 2 ladybird beetle male-killers and ...200010840973
studies on the cardenolide sequestration in african milkweed butterflies (danaidae).butterflies of the danaidae family are considered to be toxic or distasteful due to the presence of cardiac glycosides sequestered from their larval food plants. alcoholic extracts of specimens of danaus chrysippus aegyptius and amauris ochlea ochlea from southern africa (namibia, s.-africa, mozambique) were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography for these cardenolides. but only 4 of 75 specimens of d. chrysippus aegyptius contained trace amounts, all others including 13 specimens of a. ochlea oc ...200515777953
all-female broods in the polymorphic butterfly danaus chrysippus l. and their ecological significance.many female danaus chrysippus produce all-female broods. of the two common colour forms at dar-es-salaam, tanzania, form dorippus usually givs normal broods while more than 50 per cent of form chrysippus tested produced all-female broods. it is suggested that all-female broods are the result of meiotic drive governed by a y-linked gene and that a dominant autosomal suppressor, closely linked with the forewing colour locus, must be present in the population. as selection for the colour morphs cha ...19751056323
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