| development of an in vivo himar1 transposon mutagenesis system for use in streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of the equine disease strangles. in this study we describe the development of an in vivo himar1 transposon system for the random mutagenesis of s. equi and, potentially, other gram-positive bacteria. we demonstrate efficient and random transposition of a modified mini-transposon onto the chromosome by southern blot analysis and insertion site sequencing. non-haemolytic mutants were isolated at a frequency of 0.2%, and acapsular mutants at a f ... | 2004 | 15358426 |
| streptococcus equi subspecies equi (lancefield group c) meningitis in a child. | we present a case of streptococcus equi subsp. equi meningitis in a young boy. this case represents the first report in the literature of meningitis caused by this organism, as far as we know. | 2003 | 14616711 |
| [susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the equine respiratory tract to trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfadimethoxine and combinations of these compounds]. | using a broth microdilution technique, the in vitro susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the equine respiratory tract to trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfadimethoxine, and combinations of these compounds was determined. the bacterial strains (n = 88) isolated recently from horses with respiratory symptoms belonged to the following species: streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (n = 34), streptococcus equi subsp. equi (n = 22), staphylococcus aureus (n = 9), klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 7), rh ... | 1995 | 7624856 |
| the fibrinogen-binding protein (fgbp) of streptococcus equi subsp. equi additionally binds igg and contributes to virulence in a mouse model. | the major cell-wall-associated protein of the equine pathogen streptococcus equi subsp. equi is an m-like fibrinogen-binding protein (fgbp) which binds equine fibrinogen (fg) avidly, through residues located at the extreme n-terminus of the molecule. in this study, it is shown that fgbp additionally binds equine igg-fc. when tested against polyclonal igg from ten other animal species, it was found that fgbp binds human, rabbit, pig and cat igg, but does not bind mouse, rat, goat, sheep, cow or c ... | 2001 | 11739763 |
| the c-terminal portion of the fibrinogen-binding protein of streptococcus equi subsp. equi contains extensive alpha-helical coiled-coil structure and contributes to thermal stability. | the major cell wall-associated protein of the equine pathogen streptococcus equi subsp. equi is a fibrinogen-binding protein (fgbp) which binds horse fibrinogen and equine igg-fc avidly through residues located in the n-terminal half and central regions of the molecule, respectively. the molecule is a major virulence factor for the organism and displays protective potential. in the present study, we use circular dichroism spectroscopy to investigate the secondary structure of the protein and sho ... | 2002 | 11786261 |
| dissemination of the phage-associated novel superantigen gene spel in recent invasive and noninvasive streptococcus pyogenes m3/t3 isolates in japan. | in japan, more than 10% of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (tsls) cases have been caused by streptococcus pyogenes m3/t3 isolates since the first reported tsls case in 1992. most m3/t3 isolates from tsls or severe invasive infection cases during 1992 to 2001 and those from noninvasive cases during this period are indistinguishable in pulsed-field gel electropherograms. the longest fragments of these recent isolates were 300 kb in size, whereas those of isolates recovered during or before ... | 2002 | 12011018 |
| localization of the equine igg-binding domain in the fibrinogen-binding protein (fgbp) of streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | fibrinogen-binding protein (fgbp, also termed sem) is a cell-wall-associated anti-phagocytic m-like protein of the equine pathogen streptococcus equi subsp. equi, and binds fibrinogen (fg) and igg. fgbp binds fg avidly through residues located at the extreme n terminus of the molecule, whereas the igg-binding site is more centrally located between the a and b repeats. fgbp binds equine igg4 and igg7 subclasses through interaction with the ch2-ch3 interdomain region of igg-fc, and possesses overl ... | 2009 | 19423628 |
| characterization of acid phosphatase activities in the equine pathogen streptococcus equi. | acid phosphatases hydrolyse phosphomonoesters at acidic ph in a variety of physiological contexts. the recently defined class c family of acid phosphatases includes the 32 kda lppc lipoprotein of streptococcus equisimilis. to define further the distribution of acid phosphatases in the genus streptococcus we have examined the equine pathogens streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. whole cell assays indicated that these organisms possess two acid phosphatases w ... | 2000 | 11108009 |
| molecular identification of streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in nasal swabs samples from horses suffering respiratory infections in iran. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus as probable agents associated with naturally occurring infection of the equine upper respiratory disease in mashhad area. nasal swabs samples from thirty horses with upper respiratory tract infections were collected. the bacteria isolated and identified were streptococcus equi subsp. equi (1 isolate), streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (25 isolates), pasteu ... | 2008 | 18817175 |
| neither the a- nor b-repeat regions of the fibrinogen-binding protein of streptococcus equi subsp. equi are essential for fibrinogen binding. | the major cell wall-associated protein (fgbp) of streptococcus equi subsp. equi possesses two internal blocks of repeated sequence (a and b) and binds horse fibrinogen (fg) avidly through residues located in the n-terminal half of the molecule. in the present study, we investigated the roles of the two repeats blocks in fg binding through construction of recombinant fgbp proteins containing defined internal deletions of sequence. ligand binding experiments clearly showed that neither repeat is e ... | 2000 | 11034298 |
| pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and distribution of the genes zag and fnz in isolates of streptococcus equi. | streptococcus equi subsp. equi and subsp. zooepidemicus are important pathogens of the equine respiratory tract. isolates of both subspecies were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). with the exception of eight isolates, a unique band pattern was displayed for each of the 48 subsp. zooepidemicus isolates tested. a method to distinguish isolates of the genetically very homogeneous subsp. equi has hitherto not been available, although several methods have been tested. by the use of ... | 1999 | 10208886 |
| isolation of streptococcus equi subsp. equi from thoroughbred horses in a racehorse-breeding area of japan. | for determination whether strangles has invaded the hidaka district of hokkaido, the main racehorse-breeding area of japan, a epizootiological survey with bacterial isolation was carried out during the breeding season in 1995. streptococcus equi subsp. equi, which is the causative agent of strangles, was isolated from two thoroughbred horses with submandibular lymphadenitis. isolates were identified by serological grouping, biochemical tests and analysis of cell surface proteins by western immun ... | 1997 | 9409520 |
| localization and characterization of the ligand-binding domain of the fibrinogen-binding protein (fgbp) of streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | the group c streptococcus streptococcus equi subsp. equi possesses a 498-residue major cell-wall-associated protein (fgbp) which binds horse fibrinogen (fg), reacts with convalescent horse serum and protects against lethal s. equi challenge in a small animal model. in the present study, analysis of a panel of 17 purified n- and c-terminal fgbp truncates by ligand affinity blotting and sds-page revealed that the region required for maximum binding of fg extended over the first half of the mature ... | 2000 | 10832647 |
| sfs, a novel fibronectin-binding protein from streptococcus equi, inhibits the binding between fibronectin and collagen. | the obligate parasitic bacterium streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of strangles, a serious disease of the upper respiratory tract in horses. in this study we have, using shotgun phage display, cloned from s. equi subsp. equi and characterized a gene, called sfs, encoding a protein termed sfs, representing a new type of fibronectin (fn)-binding protein. the sfs gene was found to be present in all 50 isolates of s. equi subsp. equi tested and in 41 of 48 s. equi subsp. zooepide ... | 1999 | 10225899 |
| comparison of the sequences and functions of streptococcus equi m-like proteins sem and szpse. | streptococcus equi (streptococcus equi subsp. equi), a lancefield group c streptococcus, causes strangles, a highly contagious purulent lymphadenitis and pharyngitis of members of the family equidae. the antiphagocytic 58-kda m-like protein sem is a major virulence factor and protective antigen. the amino acid sequence and structure of sem has been determined and compared to that of a second, 40-kda m-like protein (szpse) of s. equi and to those of other streptococcal proteins. both sem and szps ... | 1997 | 9284125 |
| inhibition of c3 deposition on streptococcus equi subsp. equi by m protein: a mechanism for survival in equine blood. | the effect of the m protein of streptococcus equi subsp. equi on complement deposition, complement degradation, and bacterial survival in equine whole blood was examined in vitro. preincubation of bacteria with rabbit m protein-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) inhibited the survival of the m+ strain in whole blood by 20-fold (p < 0.01). in addition, preincubation of bacteria with m protein-specific f(ab')2 fragments inhibited the survival of m+ cells in whole blood by 3.8-fold (p < 0.01). in the ... | 1994 | 8039922 |
| characterization of the antiphagocytic activity of equine fibrinogen for streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | the antiphagocytic property of equine fibrinogen for streptococcus equi subsp. equi strain cf32 was examined in vitro. the results of bactericidal assays demonstrated that the presence of fibrinogen enhanced the ability of overnight and early log-phase cultures of strain cf32 to resist killing by equine neutrophils by 12-fold and seven-fold, respectively (p > 0.01). in addition, fibrinogen-coated bacteria treated with fibrinogen specific f(ab')2 fragments were 32% more susceptible to killing by ... | 1994 | 7861956 |
| clinical and epidemiological investigation of chronic upper respiratory diseases caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci in horses. | an outbreak of strangle-like disease involving 26 horses farmed in central italy was investigated by clinic examination, endoscopy, cytology, bacteriology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). at weekly interval, a total of three nasal swabs and one guttural pouches lavage fluid (gplf) were collected, and no streptococcus equi subsp. equi carrier was found. some horses showed upper airways disease and endoscopic signs of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia of different grade and/or abnormal endoscopi ... | 2007 | 17433441 |
| retropharyngeal lymph node infection in horses: 46 cases (1977-1992). | a retrospective study of 46 horses with retropharyngeal lymph node (rpln) infection presented to the rural veterinary centre between 1977 and 1992 was undertaken. horses aged less than one year were most commonly represented (46%). thirty-nine percent of cases had been exposed to horses with confirmed or suspected strangles (streptococcus equi subsp equi infection) within the previous 8 weeks. most frequent signs were unilateral or bilateral swelling of the throat region (65%), respiratory stert ... | 1995 | 7661815 |
| comparison of mics of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial agents against bacterial pathogens of swine from the united states, canada, and denmark. | the mics of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial agents, tested for comparison, for 515 bacterial isolates of pigs from the united states, canada, and denmark with various diseases were compared. the organisms tested included actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, escherichia coli, pasteurella multocida, salmonella choleraesuis, salmonella typhimurium, streptococcus suis, streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, streptococcus equi subsp. equi, and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. in additio ... | 1995 | 7494042 |
| real-time pcr for detection and differentiation of streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | strangles is a contagious equine disease caused by streptococcus equi subsp. equi. in this study, clinical strains of s. equi (n=24) and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (n=24) were genetically characterized by sequencing of the 16s rrna and soda genes in order to devise a real-time pcr system that can detect s. equi and s. zooepidemicus and distinguish between them. sequencing demonstrated that all s. equi strains had the same 16s rrna sequence, whereas s. zooepidemicus strains could be ... | 2007 | 17531409 |
| standing surgical removal of inspissated guttural pouch exudate (chondroids) in ten horses. | to report use of a modified whitehouse approach in standing horses for management of inspissated guttural pouch empyema. | 2006 | 17026551 |
| streptococcus equi meningoencephalomyelitis in a foal. | a 4-month-old american paint horse colt was evaluated because of acute onset of ataxia, left-sided head tilt, and fever and a recently noticed heart murmur. upper respiratory tract infection caused by streptococcus equi subsp equi had been diagnosed at 3 months of age. | 2006 | 16948585 |
| studies of fibronectin-binding proteins of streptococcus equi. | streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of strangles, a disease of the upper respiratory tract in horses. the initiation of s. equi subsp. equi infection is likely to involve cell surface-anchored molecules mediating bacterial adhesion to the epithelium of the host. the present study describes the cloning and characterization of fneb, a fibronectin-binding protein with cell wall-anchoring motifs. fneb can thus be predicted as cell surface located, contrary to the two previously cha ... | 2005 | 16239519 |
| brain abscesses as a metastatic manifestation of strangles: symptomatology and the use of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic aid. | the occurrence of unexpectedly high numbers of horses with neurological signs during two outbreaks of strangles required prompt in-depth researching of these cases, including the exploration of magnetic resonance imaging (mri) as a possible diagnostic technique. | 2003 | 12638790 |
| dissemination of the superantigen encoding genes seel, seem, szel and szem in streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | bacterial superantigens are one of the major virulence factors produced by streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus. the two novel superantigen encoding genes seem and seel were described for s. equi subsp. equi which is known as the causative agent of strangles in equids. in the present study previously characterized s. equi subsp. equi strains and strains of various other animal pathogenic streptococcal species and subspecies were investigated for the presence of the superantigen encod ... | 2005 | 15953700 |
| multiplex polymerase chain reaction for identification and differentiation of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | the closely related streptococcal species streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and s. equi subsp. equi were identified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed according to species-specific parts of the superoxide dismutase a encoding gene soda. a further differentiation of both subspecies could be performed by amplification of the genes seeh and seei encoding the exotoxins seeh and seei, respectively, which could be detected for s. equi subsp. equi but not for s. e ... | 2004 | 15606870 |
| eustachian tube diverticulum chondroids and neck abscessation in a case of streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | a 12-year-old, grey, crossbred pony mare was presented with a swelling in the neck over the area of the 2nd cervical vertebra (c2), which was found to be painful on palpation. the neck was held stiffly. radiography of the cervical region showed a focal area of increased radio-opacity over the dorsal, caudal and lateral aspect of the dorsal spinous process of c2. ultrasound confirmed the presence of a hypoechoic area approximately 15 cm in diameter superimposed over the dorsal spinous process of ... | 2007 | 18237042 |
| a common theme in interaction of bacterial immunoglobulin-binding proteins with immunoglobulins illustrated in the equine system. | the m protein of streptococcus equi subsp. equi known as fibrinogen-binding protein (fgbp) is a cell wall-associated protein with antiphagocytic activity that binds igg. recombinant versions of the seven equine igg subclasses were used to investigate the subclass specificity of fgbp. fgbp bound predominantly to equine igg4 and igg7, with little or no binding to the other subclasses. competitive binding experiments revealed that fgbp could inhibit the binding of staphylococcal protein a and strep ... | 2008 | 18411272 |
| development of an unambiguous and discriminatory multilocus sequence typing scheme for the streptococcus zooepidemicus group. | the zoonotic pathogen streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) is commonly found harmlessly colonizing the equine nasopharynx. occasionally, strains can invade host tissues or cross species barriers, and s. zooepidemicus is associated with numerous different diseases in a variety of hosts, including inflammatory airway disease and abortion in horses, pneumonia in dogs and meningitis in humans. a biovar of s. zooepidemicus, streptococcus equi subsp. equi, is the causative agent ... | 2008 | 18832307 |
| surface immunolocalisation of hpr in the equine pathogen streptococcus equi. | we have investigated the surface localisation of the phosphotransferase system protein hpr in the equine pathogen streptococcus equi subsp. equi using immunogold localisation and transmission electron microscopy. like the lppc acid phosphatase lipoprotein, a reference surface antigen, the s. equi hpr could be clearly detected on the surfaces of intact cells. this study is consistent with previous reports that some streptococcal hpr is cell surface associated and suggests that the extracytoplasmi ... | 2001 | 11876354 |
| evolution of the hyaluronic acid synthesis (has) operon in streptococcus zooepidemicus and other pathogenic streptococci. | hyaluronic acid (ha) is a ubiquitous linear polysaccharide in vertebrates and also is the capsule material of some pathogenic bacteria including group a and c streptococci. in bacteria, the ha synthase occurs in an operon (has) coding for enzymes involved in the production of ha precursors. we report two new members of the has operon family from streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) and streptococcus equi subsp. equi (s. equi). the has operon of s. zooepidemicus contains, in ... | 2008 | 18551332 |
| streptococcus equi antigens adsorbed onto surface modified poly-epsilon-caprolactone microspheres induce humoral and cellular specific immune responses. | streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of strangles, which is one of the most costly and widespread infectious diseases, affecting the respiratory tract of equidae. in this work, polyvinyl alcohol, alginate and chitosan were used in formulations of surface modified poly-epsilon-caprolactone microspheres which were evaluated after adsorption of s.equi enzymatic extract for physicochemical characteristics and in vivo immune responses in mice. after subcutaneous immunisation, the for ... | 2008 | 18599166 |
| streptococcus dentapri sp. nov., isolated from the wild boar oral cavity. | four gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative, coccoid-shaped isolates were obtained from the oral cavities of wild boars and characterized by phenotypic and phylogenetic studies. on the results of biochemical tests, the organisms were tentatively identified as a streptococcal species. comparative 16s rrna gene sequencing studies confirmed that the organisms are members of the genus streptococcus, with streptococcus equi subsp. equi atcc 33398(t) as their closest phylogenetic relative (94.7 % simi ... | 2010 | 19661511 |
| affinity purification and characterization of a fibrinogen-binding protein complex which protects mice against lethal challenge with streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | cell-wall-associated proteins from streptococcus equi subsp. equi, the causative agent of strangles, were analysed with a view to identifying a potential protective antigen. preparations of these proteins, isolated from mutanolysin extracts of cell walls, were shown to contain one major high-m(r) protein species (apparent m(r) 220,000 and 550,000 when analysed by sds-page and gel-filtration chromatography, respectively). the high-m(r) protein bound horse fibrinogen and was purified under non-den ... | 1998 | 9579073 |
| etiologic and immunologic characteristics of thoroughbred horses with bacterial infectious upper respiratory disease at the seoul race park. | equine respiratory disease is a common cause of poor performance and training interruptions. the higher incidence rate of infectious upper respiratory disease (iurd) in thoroughbred racehorses at the seoul race park coincided with the frequent stabling season, shorter stabling periods, and younger ages in this study. incidence rates were also correlated with significantly lower proportions of cells expressing mhc class ii-, cd2 antigen-, cd4+- or cd8+-t lymphocyte-, and b lymphocyte in iurd pati ... | 2009 | 19809264 |
| isolation and characterization of β-haemolytic-streptococci from endometritis in mares. | the objective of this manuscript was to validate published pcr-based methods for detection of β-haemolytic streptococci by comparison with established bacteriological techniques using 85 clinical isolates recovered from uterine swabs of mares with clinical signs of endometritis and to determine the distribution of seel/seem and szel/szem superantigens in isolates of streptococcus equi subsp. equi (s. equi) and s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus). the conventional bacteriological tech ... | 2011 | 21570219 |
| etiologic and epidemiologic analysis of bacterial infectious upper respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses at the seoul race park. | infectious upper respiratory disease (iurd) of thoroughbred racehorses has been a frequent problem (29.6% of incidence) at the seoul race park (korea). risk factors for iurd include the season with a high transfer rate (summer and fall), the stabling period (≤ 3 months), and age (2 to 3 years old), suggesting that the movement and new environment may have depressed the immune system of the horses and decreased their ability to respond properly to pathogens. the bacterial strains (n = 98) isolate ... | 2011 | 21586881 |
| equine rhabdomyolysis. | a 1.5-year-old quarter horse gelding with a history of chronic nasal discharge and leukocytosis presented with signs of increased lethargy and muscular pain. the horse quickly became recumbent and unable to rise and was euthanized due to a poor prognosis. at necropsy, severe bilateral guttural pouch empyema was observed, as well as numerous well-demarcated areas of pallor within the skeletal muscles of all major muscle groups. polymerase chain reaction testing of the guttural pouch exudate confi ... | 2011 | 21810618 |
| evaluation of a commercially available modified-live streptococcus equi subsp equi vaccine in ponies. | objective-to evaluate a commercially available modified-live streptococcus equi subsp equi vaccine for safety and persistence in vaccinated ponies and to detect recombination or reversion events in the vaccine strain. animals-5 ponies that were 1.5 to 8 years old (group 1) and 4 ponies that were 6 months old (group 2). procedures-ponies were vaccinated, with a subsequent booster vaccination 2 to 3 weeks later, and monitored for 50 days. at booster vaccination, an equal amount of a tetracycline-r ... | 2011 | 21801073 |
| survival of streptococcus equi on surfaces in an outdoor environment. | management practices to prevent or control outbreaks of streptococcus equi subsp. equi often include consideration of environment survival, but limited objective data are available. this study involved evaluation of s. equi persistence following inoculation of wood, metal, and rubber surfaces in an outdoor environment. survival was short, ranging from < 1 to 3 d. there was no effect of rain (p = 0.33) or surface type (p = 0.95), but there was an effect of sunlight (p = 0.002). outdoor survival o ... | 2009 | 19949559 |
| characterization of the haem-uptake system of the equine pathogen streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | streptococcus equi possesses a haem-uptake system homologous to that of streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus zooepidemicus. the system consists of two ligand-binding proteins (shr and shp) and proteins (htsa-c) with homology to an abc transporter. the haem-uptake system of s. equi differs from that of s. pyogenes and s. zooepidemicus in that shr is truncated by two-thirds. this study focused on the seshr, seshp and sehtsa proteins of s. equi. analysis of shr, shp and shphtsa knockout mutants ... | 2010 | 20223800 |
| virulence gene pool detected in bovine group c streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae using a group a streptococcus pyogenes virulence microarray. | a custom designed microarray containing 220 virulence genes of s. pyogenes (gas) was used to test group c streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (gcs) field strains causative of bovine mastitis and group c or group g streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (gcs/ggs) isolates from human infections - the latter used for comparative purposes - for the presence of virulence genes. all bovine and all human isolates carried a fraction of the 220 genes (23% and 39%, respectively). the vir ... | 2011 | 21525223 |
| development and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification methods targeting the sem gene for detection of streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) constitutes a potentially valuable diagnostic tool for rapid diagnosis of contagious diseases. in this study, we developed a novel lamp method (sem-lamp) to detect the sem gene of streptococcus equi subsp. equi (s. equi), the causative agent of strangles in equids. the sem-lamp successfully amplified the target sequence of the sem gene at 63℃ within 60 min. the sensitivity of the sem-lamp was slightly lower than the 2nd reaction of the sem semi-neste ... | 2011 | 22032896 |