| protein quality of chickpea (cicer arietenum) with different grades of callosobruchus chinensis l. infestation. | the chickpea was infested at 20, 40, and 60% levels by callosobruchus chinensis l. (bruchids) and its protein quality was evaluated in comparison with that of uninfested chickpea and casein protein. the protein quality parameters used were protein efficiency ratio (per), net protein utilization (npu), apparent protein digestibility (apd), true protein digestibility (tpd), biological value (bv) and net protein ratio (npr). the proximate composition was also determined. the per, bv, npu, apd, tpd, ... | 1993 | 8378273 |
| protective mechanism of the mexican bean weevil against high levels of alpha-amylase inhibitor in the common bean. | alpha-amylase inhibitor (alpha ai) protects seeds of the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) against predation by certain species of bruchids such as the cowpea weevil (callosobruchus maculatus) and the azuki bean weevil (callosobruchus chinensis), but not against predation by the bean weevil (acanthoscelides obtectus) or the mexican bean weevil (zabrotes subfasciatus), insects that are common in the americas. we characterized the interaction of alpha ai-1 present in seeds of the common bean, of a ... | 1996 | 8787024 |
| effect of infestation (callosobruchus chinensis l.) of chick peas (bengal gram) on biological utilization of proteins. | bengal gram (cicer aritinum) was infested with callosobruchis chinensis (l) at 20%, 40% and 60% level of infestation and fed to rats for 40 days. effect of incorporation of uninfested and infested bengal gram on feed intake, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (per), true protein digestibility (tpd), biological value (bv), net protein utilization(npu) and changes in internal organs were studied. inclusion of infested grains had significant effect on the utilization of proteins. diets having 60 ... | 1997 | 9316011 |
| effect of callosobruchus chinensis (bruchid) infestation on antinutritional factors in stored legumes. | effect of bruchid infestation on selected antinutritional factors, saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activities, of three (mung bean, chickpea and pigeon pea) legumes stored for six months was studied. the three antinutritional factors, saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity (tia), increased with increased storage period. saponin, phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity values were significantly lower in control samples compared to stored infested samples. the difference ... | 1997 | 9477426 |
| antimicrobial and pesticidal activity of partially purified flavonoids of annona squamosa. | foliar extracts of annona squamosa (family: annonaceae) were screened for antimicrobial and insecticidal activity against the common microbial infestants of pulses and the stored grain pest pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). flavonoids isolated from aqueous extracts of a squamosa showed antimicrobial activity against all the common microbial contaminants of pulses and 80% insecticidal activity against c chinensis at a concentration of 0.07 mg ml-1. various physico-ch ... | 2002 | 11838282 |
| prevailing triple infection with wolbachia in callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). | prevailing triple infection with three distinct wolbachia strains was identified in japanese populations of the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis. when a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was conducted using universal primers for ftsz and wsp, wolbachia was detected in all the individuals examined, 288 males and 334 females from nine japanese populations. pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of cloned wsp gene fragments from single insects revealed that thr ... | 2002 | 11856419 |
| internal spatiotemporal population dynamics of infection with three wolbachia strains in the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). | the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis, is infected with three distinct lineages of endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the genus wolbachia, which were designated wbrucon, wbruori, and wbruaus. in an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying the infection with these three organisms, the spatiotemporal infection dynamics of the three wolbachia strains was investigated in detail by using a quantitative pcr technique. during the development of c. chinensis, the wbrucon, wbruori, and ... | 2002 | 12147509 |
| host-recognizing kairomones for parasitic wasp, anisopteromalus calandrae, from larvae of azuki bean weevil, callosobruchus chinensis. | host-recognizing kairomones for the stinging behavior of the parasitic wasp, anisopteromalus calandrae, were identified on host azuki bean weevil larvae, callosobruchus chinensis (l.). the kairomones were extracted with acetone from chinese green beans, from which emerged wasps and host weevils had been removed. the kairomones are a mixture of triacylglycerols and fatty acids, each of which is separately active, and with no observable synergistic effect between them. these compounds are known to ... | 2002 | 12184398 |
| bean [alpha]-amylase inhibitor confers resistance to the pea weevil (bruchus pisorum) in transgenic peas (pisum sativum l.). | bruchid larvae cause major losses of grain legume crops through-out the world. some bruchid species, such as the cowpea weevil and the azuki bean weevil, are pests that damage stored seeds. others, such as the pea weevil (bruchus pisorum), attack the crop growing in the field. we transferred the cdna encoding the [alpha]-amylase inhibitor ([alpha]-ai) found in the seeds of the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) into pea (pisum sativum) using agrobacterium-mediated transformation. expression was dr ... | 1995 | 12228429 |
| genome fragment of wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to x chromosome of host insect. | the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis, is triple-infected with distinct lineages of wolbachia endosymbiont, wbrucon, wbruori, and wbruaus, which were identified by their wsp (wolbachia surface protein) gene sequences. whereas wbrucon and wbruori caused cytoplasmic incompatibility of the host insect, wbruaus did not. although wbrucon and wbruori were easily eliminated by antibiotic treatments, wbruaus persisted over five treated generations and could not be eliminated. the inheritance ... | 2002 | 12386340 |
| a novel defensin encoded by a mungbean cdna exhibits insecticidal activity against bruchid. | a cdna encoding a small cysteine-rich protein designated vrcrp was isolated from a bruchid-resistant mungbean. vrcrp encodes a protein of 73 amino acids containing a 27 amino acid signal peptide and 8 cysteines. on the basis of the amino acid sequence similarity and conserved residues, it is suggested that vrcrp is a member of the plant defensin family. vrcrp protein was obtained by overexpression of vrcrp with a truncated signal peptide in an impact system. artificial seeds containing 0.2% (w/w ... | 2002 | 12452641 |
| characterization of resistance to three bruchid species (callosobruchus spp., coleoptera, bruchidae) in cultivated rice bean (vigna umbellata). | resistance of wild and cultivated rice bean (vigna umbellata [thunberg] ohwi and ohashi) to three bruchid species, callosobruchus chinensis l., callosobruchus maculatus f., and callosobruchus analis f., was evaluated. all but three accessions of cultivated, and all wild rice bean accessions tested, exhibited complete resistance to all three bruchid species. rice bean seeds with seed coat removed also showed complete resistance to the three bruchid species. results indicate that physical attribut ... | 2003 | 12650364 |
| sources of semiochemicals mediating host finding in callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). | bruchid pests such as callosobruchus chinensis (linnaeus) endanger stored legume seeds throughout the tropical belt. the chemical composition of the headspace volatiles from healthy and fourth instar larvae-infested cowpea seeds were identified, characterized, and compared using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. y-tube olfactometer bioassays were performed to evaluate the effect of these chemicals on the orientation of conspecific adult females. analysis of volatiles released from healthy an ... | 2003 | 12762860 |
| partial characterization and insecticidal properties of ricinus communis l foliage flavonoids. | aqueous leaf extract of ricinus communis l (euphorbiaceae), a cultivated plant in tropical countries, showed excellent insecticidal activity against callosobruchus chinensis l (coleoptera: bruchidae). we have isolated and tested flavonoids as insecticidal and antimicrobial agents. the isolated flavonoids showed potential insecticidal, ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities against c chinensis l. however, antimicrobial activity against the common microbial infestants of stored pulses, of w ... | 2003 | 14667057 |
| infection density of wolbachia endosymbiont affected by co-infection and host genotype. | infection density is among the most important factors for understanding the biological effects of wolbachia and other endosymbionts on their hosts. to gain insight into the mechanisms of infection density regulation, we investigated the adzuki bean beetles callosobruchus chinensis and their wolbachia endosymbionts. double-infected, single-infected and uninfected host strains with controlled nuclear genetic backgrounds were generated by introgression, and infection densities in these strains were ... | 2005 | 17148240 |
| evaluation of cymbopogon martinii oil extract for control of postharvest insect deterioration in cereals and legumes. | the essential oil of cymbopogon martinii was tested for its potency as a botanical pesticide to protect stored wheat (triticum aestivum) and gram (garbanzo bean, cicer arietinum) from insect infestation. the c. martinii oil was potent as a fumigant in stored gram. the oil was an effective repellent against the beetles callosobruchus chinensis and tribolium castaneum. geraniol, the major component of the oil, was not as effective as the oil itself. c. martinii oil significantly affected ovipositi ... | 2007 | 17265877 |
| efficacy of application of vegetable seed oils as grain protectant against infestation by callosobruchus chinensis and its effect on milling fractions and apparent degree of dehusking of legume-pulses. | the solvent extracted vegetable seed oils of cucurbitaceae family viz. bitter gourd (momordica charentia), small bitter gourd (momordica dioica), bottle gourd (lagenaria siscraria) and ridge gourd (luffa acutangula) were evaluated as grain protectant against callosobruchus chinensis on the stored legume-pulse grains. all the vegetable seed oils were found effective as legume-pulse grain protectant, which provided, negligible weight loss at the oil-application rate of 6-8 ml/kg in legume-pulse gr ... | 2006 | 17693691 |
| wolbachia genome integrated in an insect chromosome: evolution and fate of laterally transferred endosymbiont genes. | recent accumulation of microbial genome data has demonstrated that lateral gene transfers constitute an important and universal evolutionary process in prokaryotes, while those in multicellular eukaryotes are still regarded as unusual, except for endosymbiotic gene transfers from mitochondria and plastids. here we thoroughly investigated the bacterial genes derived from a wolbachia endosymbiont on the nuclear genome of the beetle callosobruchus chinensis. exhaustive pcr detection and southern bl ... | 2008 | 18073380 |
| fumigant toxicity of essential oils from some common spices against pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). | in the present study, the essential oil from seven common spices, anethum graveolens, cuminum cyminum, illicium verum, myristica fragrans, nigella sativa, piper nigrum and trachyspermum ammi was isolated and its insecticidal, oviposition, egg hatching and developmental inhibitory activities were determined against pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis. essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation method using clevenger apparatus. these essential oils caused death of adults and larvae of ca ... | 2008 | 18270466 |
| relationship between bruchid resistance and seed mass in mungbean based on qtl analysis. | bruchids (coleoptera: bruchidae) can cause serious damage to mungbean and several other leguminous crops and there is a strong association between small seed size and bruchid resistance. in investigating the feasibility of breeding large-seeded cultivars with high levels of bruchid resistance, we studied the relationship between these two traits by qtl analysis. a major locus conferring resistance to callosobruchus chinensis was identified from a wild mungbean genotype, 'acc41' (belonging to vig ... | 2009 | 19767890 |
| efficacy of essential oils of lippia alba (mill.) n.e. brown and callistemon lanceolatus (sm.) sweet and their major constituents on mortality, oviposition and feeding behaviour of pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis l. | background: pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis l., is the most destructive insect pest of pulses under storage in asia and africa. keeping in view the negative impacts of synthetic insecticides and the demands of botanical pesticides, the present investigation explores the repellents, antifeedants, ovicidal, larvicidal and pupaecidal activity of two plant essential oils (eos) and their major components, geranial and 1,8-cineole, when applied as fumigants for the management of the pulse beetl ... | 2011 | 21547925 |
| study on disinfestation of pulses using microwave technique. | mortality of the pulse beetle (callosobruchus chinensis l.) exposed, continuously, to microwave radiation (2450 mhz) was evaluated as a function of exposure time and percent power level, at adult stages. the microwave exposure time to attain 100% insect mortality at 100 %, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% power levels for chickpea, pigeon pea and green gram was optimized. effect of optimized microwave exposure time on viability, germination, cooking and milling characteristics of chickpea, pigeon pea and ... | 2011 | 23904661 |
| safety profile assessment and efficacy of chemically characterized cinnamomum glaucescens essential oil against storage fungi, insect, aflatoxin secretion and as antioxidant. | the study explores the efficacy of cinnamomum glaucescens essential oil (eo) as insecticidal, antifungal, antiaflatoxin and antioxidant agent so as to recommend its application as plant based preservatives for food commodities. the study reports the chemical characterization of c. glaucescens oil and its 100% insecticidal activity against insect pest callosobruchus chinensis on 12 h exposure and 98.74% oviposition deterrency at 0.15 μl/ml. the eo significantly inhibited growth and aflatoxin prod ... | 2013 | 23220615 |
| laboratory evaluation of seven pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes against a stored grain insect pest, pulse beetle callosobruchus chinensis (l.). | seven pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to the genera steinernema and heterorhabditis were tested against last instar and adult stages of the pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (l.). these nematodes included steinernema pakistanense shahina, anis, reid and maqbool (ham 10 strain); s. asiaticum anis, shahina, reid and rowe (211 strain); s. abbasi elawad, ahmad and reid (507 strain); s. siamkayai stock, somsook and reid (157 strain); s. feltiae filipjev (a05 strains); h ... | 2009 | 22736823 |
| mineral content of insect infested stored legumes treated with edible oils. | mineral content of three insect (pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis l.) infested legumes viz. chick pea, mung pea and pigeon pea stored for six months and treated with three edible oils viz. groundnut, mustard and coconut oil has been studied. with increase in storage period significant increase in calcium, phosphorus and iron content of untreated legumes was observed. after three months of storage slight increase in three minerals was observed in the legumes treated with coconut oil which c ... | 2000 | 11190836 |
| efficacy of natural products against callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae) in nepal. | this study was conducted to determine the efficacy of local natural products against the beetle, callosobruchus chinensis l. (coleoptera: bruchidae), in stored chickpea cicer arietinum l. (fabaceae) in chitwan, nepal. five natural products and one synthetic pesticide (malathion) and two storage regimes (aluminum sheet bin vs. jute bags with plastic lining) were tested for their effect on stored pulse with respect to damage by c. chinensis. the five natural products included xanthoylum armatum dc ... | 2012 | 22812152 |
| resistance of αai-1 transgenic chickpea (cicer arietinum) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata) dry grains to bruchid beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). | dry grain legume seeds possessing αai-1, an α-amylase inhibitor from common bean (phaseolus vulgaris), under the control of a cotyledon-specific promoter have been shown to be highly resistant to several important bruchid pest species. one transgenic chickpea and four cowpea lines expressing αai-1, their respective controls, as well as nine conventional chickpea cultivars were assessed for their resistance to the bruchids acanthoscelides obtectus (say), callosobruchus chinensis l. and callosobru ... | 2013 | 23458831 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of gpdh in callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). | the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdh: nad+ 2-oxidoreductase, ec 1.1.1.8) gene of c. chinensis was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was analyzed. the gene was obtained by screening a genomic library with drosophila melanogaster gpdh and pcr amplification. the 5,126 bp gene obtained is comprised of one 5' untranslated region, eight exons, seven introns, and three 3' untranslated regions. comparison of gpdh of d. melanogaster with that of c. chinensis showed a 89.9% identity in the cod ... | 2001 | 11459233 |
| contact and fumigant activities of constituents of foeniculum vulgare fruit against three coleopteran stored-product insects. | the insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of fennel, foeniculum vulgare, against adults of sitophilus oryzae, callosobruchus chinensis and lasioderma serricorne were examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods. the biologically active constituents of the foeniculum fruits were characterized as the phenylpropenes (e)-anethole and estragole, and the monoterpene (+)-fenchone, by spectroscopic analysis. responses varied with insect species, compound, dose a ... | 2001 | 11455661 |
| effect of oil treatments on the levels of antinutritional factors in callosobruchus chinensis (l.) infested stored pulses. | coconut, groundnut and mustard oil treated whole red gram, green gram and bengal gram were infested with callosobruchus chinensis (l.), stored for 6 months, and observed at monthly intervals for antinutritional factors (phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor activity (tia) and saponins). the values of phytic acid and tia of treated and untreated pulses were similar at month one. the saponin content of green gram and bengal gram were, however, higher in control than the oil treated pulses at month one. f ... | 1993 | 8121473 |
| novel alleles of two tightly linked genes encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (vrpgip1 and vrpgip2) associated with the br locus that confer bruchid (callosobruchus spp.) resistance to mungbean (vigna radiata) accession v2709. | nearly all mungbean cultivars are completely susceptible to seed bruchids (callosobruchus chinensis and callosobruchus maculatus). breeding bruchid-resistant mungbean is a major goal in mungbean breeding programs. recently, we demonstrated in mungbean (vigna radiata) accession v2802 that vrpgip2, which encodes a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (pgip), is the br locus responsible for resistance to c. chinensis and c. maculatus. in this study, mapping in mungbean accession v2709 using a bc11f ... | 2017 | 29033965 |
| purification of a novel α-amylase inhibitor from local himalayan bean (phaseolus vulgaris) seeds with activity towards bruchid pests and human salivary amylase. | six bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) cultivars of himalayan region were analysed for α- amylase inhibitor activity. the α-amylase inhibitor from seeds of screened bean cultivar kr-9, showing maximum inhibitory activity was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography (sephadex g-100) and ion exchange chromatography (deae-sephadex). the inhibitor was purified to homogeneity as judged by native-page with 14.22 fold purification and 71.66% recovery. purified inhibitor co ... | 2014 | 24966421 |
| assessment of the importance of alpha-amylase inhibitor-2 in bruchid resistance of wild common bean. | both alpha-amylase inhibitor-2 (alphaai-2) and arcelin have been implicated in resistance of wild common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) to the mexican bean weevil (zabrotes subfasciatus boheman). near isogenic lines (nils) for arcelin 1-5 were generated by backcrossing wild common bean accessions with a cultivated variety. whereas seeds of a wild accession (g12953) containing both alphaai-2 and arcelin 4 were completely resistant to z. subfasciatus, those of the corresponding nil were susceptible ... | 2007 | 17186215 |
| insecticidal activity of an alpha-amylase inhibitor-like protein resembling a putative precursor of alpha-amylase inhibitor in the common bean, phaseolus vulgaris l. | alpha-amylase inhibitor (alphaai) in the common bean, phaseolus vulgaris l., protects seeds from insect pests such as the cowpea weevil (callosobruchus maculatus) and the azuki bean weevil (c. chinensis). cultivars which lack alphaai still show resistance to both bruchids. these cultivars have a glycoprotein that reacts with anti-alphaai-1 antibodies. the glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 29 kda (gp29) was purified and the encoding gene was isolated. the primary structure of gp29 is the same ... | 1999 | 10366733 |
| resistance of faba bean and pea germplasm to callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae) and its relationship with quality components. | in total, 339 faba bean (vicia faba l.) and 100 pea (pisum sativum l.) accessions were screened for their ability to resist callosobruchus chinensis l. in free choice laboratory tests. four, 15, and 43 faba bean varieties were highly resistant, resistant, and moderately resistant to c. chinensis, respectively. three immune, three highly resistant, and six resistant accessions were discovered among the pea germplasm. the faba bean and pea varieties presented a hundred-kernel weight reduction vari ... | 2014 | 26309291 |
| the evolution of between-species reproductive interference capability under different within-species mating regimes. | sexual selection sometimes favors male traits that benefit their bearers, but harm their mates. the harmful effects of male traits may also extend to females of other species via heterospecific mating interactions. this could affect the coexistence of closely related species during secondary contact. we examined the evolution of the interspecific interfering capability of a beetle (callosobruchus chinensis) with a congener (c. maculatus) using c. chinensis males reared under conditions of monoga ... | 2017 | 28884796 |
| coevolution of competing callosobruchus species does not stabilize coexistence. | interspecific resource competition is expected to select for divergence in resource use, weakening interspecific relative to intraspecific competition, thus promoting stable coexistence. more broadly, because interspecific competition reduces fitness, any mechanism of interspecific competition should generate selection favoring traits that weaken interspecific competition. however, species also can adapt to competition by increasing their competitive ability, potentially destabilizing coexistenc ... | 2017 | 28861255 |
| mechanism of resistance in mungbean [vigna radiata (l.) r. wilczek var. radiata] to bruchids, callosobruchus spp. (coleoptera: bruchidae). | mungbean [vigna radiata (l.) r. wilczek var. radiata] is an important pulse crop in asia, and is consumed as dry seeds and as bean sprouts. it is an excellent source of digestible protein. bruchids [callosobruchus chinensis (l.) and callosobruchus maculatus (f.)] are the important pests of mungbean and cause damage in the field and in storage. bruchid infestation reduces the nutritional and market value of the grain and renders seeds unfit for human consumption, agricultural and commercial uses. ... | 2017 | 28676807 |
| assessment of toxicity and biochemical mechanisms underlying the insecticidal activity of chemically characterized boswellia carterii essential oil against insect pest of legume seeds. | the present study was undertaken to investigate the insecticidal activity of chemically characterized boswellia carterii essential oil (eo) and its mode of action against the pulse beetle callosobruchus chinensis and c. maculatus. gc-ms analysis depicted α-thujene (69.16%), α-pinene (7.20) and α-phellandrene (6.78%) as the major components of test eo. eo exhibited absolute toxicity at 0.10μl/ml air against both c. chinensis and c. maculatus following 24h exposure. eo caused a significant reducti ... | 2017 | 28595917 |
| a generalized population dynamics model for reproductive interference with absolute density dependence. | interspecific mating interactions, or reproductive interference, can affect population dynamics, species distribution and abundance. previous population dynamics models have assumed that the impact of frequency-dependent reproductive interference depends on the relative abundances of species. however, this assumption could be an oversimplification inappropriate for making quantitative predictions. therefore, a more general model to forecast population dynamics in the presence of reproductive int ... | 2017 | 28515417 |
| genomic and functional characterization of coleopteran insect-specific α-amylase inhibitor gene from amaranthus species. | the smallest 32 amino acid α-amylase inhibitor from amaranthus hypochondriacus (aai) is reported. the complete gene of pre-protein (ahai) encoding a 26 amino acid (aa) signal peptide followed by the 43 aa region and the previously identified 32 aa peptide was cloned successfully. three cysteine residues and one disulfide bond conserved within known α-amylase inhibitors were present in ahai. identical genomic and open reading frame was found to be present in close relatives of a. hypochondriacus ... | 2017 | 28405784 |
| comparative metabolomics analysis of callosobruchus chinensis larvae under hypoxia, hypoxia/hypercapnia and normoxia. | insect tolerance to low oxygen (hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) is critical for insect control. on the basis of bioassay, metabolism profiles were built to investigate adaptive mechanisms in bean weevil under hypoxia (2% o2 ), hypoxia/hypercapnia (2% o2 + 18% co2 ) and normoxia (control, 20% o2 + 80% n2 ) using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (gc/tof-ms). | 2017 | 27718517 |
| a gene encoding a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip) is a candidate gene for bruchid (coleoptera: bruchidae) resistance in mungbean (vigna radiata). | the br locus confers bruchid resistance in mungbean; vrpgip2 (encoding a polygalacturonase inhibitor) is a strong candidate gene for this resistance. the vrpgip2 sequence differs between resistant and susceptible lines. azuki bean weevil (callosobruchus chinensis) and cowpea weevil (callosobruchus maculatus) are serious insect pests of mungbean during storage. bruchid resistance in mungbean is controlled by a single dominant locus, br. although the br locus has been located on a genetic map, mol ... | 2016 | 27220975 |
| characterization of two coleopteran α-amylases and molecular insights into their differential inhibition by synthetic α-amylase inhibitor, acarbose. | post-harvest insect infestation of stored grains makes them unfit for human consumption and leads to severe economic loss. here, we report functional and structural characterization of two coleopteran α-amylases viz. callosobruchus chinensis α-amylase (ccamy) and tribolium castaneum α-amylase (tcamy) along with their interactions with proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous α-amylase inhibitors. secondary structural alignment of ccamy and tcamy with other coleopteran α-amylases revealed conserved mo ... | 2016 | 27132147 |
| genetic differentiation and diversity of callosobruchus chinensis collections from china. | callosobruchus chinensis (linnaeus) is one of the most destructive pests of leguminous seeds. genetic differentiation and diversity analysis of 345 c. chinensis individuals from 23 geographic populations using 20 polymorphic simple sequence repeats revealed a total of 149 alleles with an average of 7.45 alleles per locus. the average shannon's information index was 1.015. the gene flow and genetic differentiation rate values at the 20 loci ranged from 0.201 to 1.841 and 11.0-47.2%, with averages ... | 2016 | 26548842 |
| leaves of lantana camara linn. (verbenaceae) as a potential insecticide for the management of three species of stored grain insect pests. | insects cause extensive damage to stored grains and their value added products. among the stored grain pests sitophilus oryzae (l.) callosobruchus chinensis (fab.) and tribolium castaneum (herbst.) are considered as destructive pests in india. plants may provide alternatives to currently used insect control agents as they constitute rich source in bioactive molecules. lantana camara, an erect shrub, which grows widely in the tropics, exhibits insecticidal activity against several insects. the me ... | 2014 | 26396352 |
| exaggerated male genitalia intensify interspecific reproductive interference by damaging heterospecific female genitalia. | male-male competition over fertilization can select for harmful male genital structures that reduce the fitness of their mates, if the structures increase the male's fertilization success. during secondary contact between two allopatrically formed, closely related species, harmful male genitalia may also reduce the fitness of heterospecific females given interspecific copulation. we performed a laboratory experiment to determine whether the extent of genital spine exaggeration in callosobruchus ... | 2015 | 25882439 |
| does heterospecific seminal fluid reduce fecundity in interspecific copulation between seed beetles? | reproductive interference through mating between related species can cause fitness reduction and affect population dynamics of the interacting species. in experimental matings between two seed beetles, callosobruchus chinensis and callosobruchus maculatus, c. maculatus females, but not c. chinensis females, suffer from significant loss of fecundity when conspecific mating is followed by heterospecific mating. we hypothesized that male traits associated with sexual conflict, which are often harmf ... | 2015 | 25497118 |
| repellent activity of some essential oils against two stored product beetles callosobruchus chinensis l. and c. maculatus f. (coleoptera: bruchidae) with reference to chenopodium ambrosioides l. oil for the safety of pigeon pea seeds. | essential oils from 35 aromatic and medicinal plant species of gorakhpur division (u. p., india) were evaluated for their repellent activity against pulse bruchids callosobruchus chinensis l. and c. maculatus f. of stored pigeon pea seeds. the oil concentration was at 0.36 μl/ml. out of 35 essential oils, adhatoda vasica ness and chenopodium ambrosioides l. oils showed absolute (100 %) insect repellency. chenopodium oil exhibited 100 % mortality for both the test insects at 10 μl concentration ( ... | 2014 | 25477682 |
| receptive females mitigate costs of sexual conflict. | males typically gain fitness from multiple mating, whereas females often lose fitness from numerous mating, potentially leading to sexual conflict over mating. this conflict is expected to favour the evolution of female resistance to mating. however, females may incur male harassment if they refuse to copulate; thus, greater female resistance may increase costs imposed by males. here, i show that the evolution of resistance to mating raises fitness disadvantages of interacting with males when ma ... | 2015 | 25430865 |
| genetic variation in the effect of monoamines on female mating receptivity and oviposition in the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). | female mate choice after mating is a strong force in sexual selection and could lead to coevolution of mating traits between the sexes. how females of different genotypes respond to substances in the male ejaculate should be mediated by females' mate choices. monoamines regulate animal physiology and behavior, including the post-mating behavior of females of the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). this study examined differences in females' response to four mono ... | 2014 | 25098756 |
| rapid development of microsatellite markers for callosobruchus chinensis using illumina paired-end sequencing. | the adzuki bean weevil, callosobruchus chinensis l., is one of the most destructive pests of stored legume seeds such as mungbean, cowpea, and adzuki bean, which usually cause considerable loss in the quantity and quality of stored seeds during transportation and storage. however, a lack of genetic information of this pest results in a series of genetic questions remain largely unknown, including population genetic structure, kinship, biotype abundance, and so on. co-dominant microsatellite mark ... | 2014 | 24835431 |
| biological activities of zingiber officinale (zingiberaceae) and piper cubeba (piperaceae) essential oils against pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). | zingiber officinale (zingiberaceae) and piper cubeba (piperaceae) was essential oils were investigated for repellent, insecticidal, antiovipositional, egg hatching, persistence of its insecticidal activities against pulse beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). essential oil vapours repelled bruchid adults significantly as oviposition was found reduced in choice oviposition assay. z. officinale and p. cubeba essential oils caused both fumigant and contact toxicity in c. chinens ... | 2013 | 24498820 |
| different patterns of oviposition learning in two closely related ectoparasitoid wasps with contrasting reproductive strategies. | many parasitoid wasps learn host-associated cues and use them in subsequent host-searching behavior. this associative learning, namely "oviposition learning," has been investigated in many studies. however, few studies have compared multiple species, and no comparative study has previously been conducted on ectoparasitoid species. we compared the effects of oviposition learning on host preference and offspring sex ratio in two closely related ectoparasitoid wasps with contrasting reproductive st ... | 2013 | 23212705 |
| female size constrains egg size via the influence of reproductive organ size and resource storage in the seed beetle callosobruchus chinensis. | the standard egg size model predicts that a mother lays an optimal size of eggs in a given environment. however, there is evidence that larger females lay larger eggs across diverse animal taxa. this positive correlation suggests there are morphological constraints on egg size imposed by the size of the maternal organ through which eggs pass during oviposition. there is also evidence that large mothers that have greater capital resources produce large eggs. we tested whether morphological (ovipo ... | 2012 | 23000737 |
| intra-specific variation in the morphology and the benefit of large genital sclerites of males in the adzuki bean beetle (callosobruchus chinensis). | rapid evolution has led to a large diversity in the sizes and morphology of male genitals across taxa, but the mechanisms driving this evolution remain controversial. in this study, we investigated the function of male genital sclerites in the adzuki bean beetle (callosobruchus chinensis) and compared the length and morphology of genital sclerites between two populations that vary in their degree of polyandry. we found that the length of male genital sclerites was negatively correlated with copu ... | 2012 | 22536996 |
| learning predator promotes coexistence of prey species in host-parasitoid systems. | ecological theory suggests that frequency-dependent predation, in which more common prey types are disproportionately favored, promotes the coexistence of competing prey species. however, many of the earlier empirical studies that investigated the effect of frequency-dependent predation were short-term and ignored predator-prey dynamics and system persistence. therefore, we used long-term observation of population dynamics to test how frequency-dependent predation influences the dynamics and coe ... | 2012 | 22411808 |
| vapor-phase toxicity of derris scandens benth.-derived constituents against four stored-product pests. | the vapor-phase toxicity of derris scandens benth.-derived constituents was evaluated against four stored-product pests ( callosobruchus chinensis l., sitophilus oryzae l., rhyzopertha dominica l., and tribolium castaneum h.) using fumigation bioassays and compared to those of commonly used insecticides. the structures of all constituents of were characterized by spectroscopic analyses [nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and mass spectrometry]. the sensitivity of the test insect to compounds varie ... | 2011 | 21314138 |
| independence of genetic variation between circadian rhythm and development time in the seed beetle, callosobruchus chinensis. | a positive genetic correlation between periods of circadian rhythm and developmental time supports the hypothesis that circadian clocks are implicated in the timing of development. empirical evidence for this genetic correlation in insects has been documented in two fly species. in contrast, here we show that there is no evidence of genetic correlation between circadian rhythm and development time in the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis. this species has variation that is explained b ... | 2011 | 21211539 |
| insecticidal activity of the root extract of decalepis hamiltonii against stored-product insect pests and its application in grain protection. | root extracts of decalepis hamiltonii were tested for insecticidal activity against the stored products pests, rhyzopertha domonica, sitophilus oryzae, stigobium pancieum, tribolium castaneum and callosobruchus chinensis, in residual and contact toxicity bioassays. methanolic extract showed lc50 value of 0.14 mg/cm(2) for all the test species in a filter paper residual bioassay. the extract was effective as a grain protectant for wheat and green gram. reduction of f1 progeny was observed in trea ... | 2010 | 23572643 |
| genetic basis of incidence and period length of circadian rhythm for locomotor activity in populations of a seed beetle. | circadian rhythms are ubiquitous in a wide variety of organisms, although their genetic variation has been analyzed in only a few species. we found genetic differences in the circadian rhythm of adult locomotor activity among strains of the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis, which differed in origin and have been maintained in isolation. all beetles in some strains clearly had free-running rhythms in constant darkness whereas most beetles in other strains were arrhythmic. the period o ... | 2010 | 20145671 |
| reduced female mating receptivity and activation of oviposition in two callosobruchus species due to injection of biogenic amines. | analyses of proximate mechanisms that control mating and oviposition behaviours in insects are important because they link behavioural ecology and physiology. recently, seed beetles have been used as models to study evolution of female multiple mating and cost of reproduction including mating. in the present study, we investigated the effects of biogenic amines into the abdomens of females of two callosobruchus species, callosobruchus chinensis and callosobruchus maculatus, on mating receptivity ... | 2010 | 19895815 |
| testing for direct and indirect effects of mate choice by manipulating female choosiness. | despite a massive research effort, our understanding of the evolution of female mate choice remains incomplete [1, 2]. a central problem is that the predominating empirical research tradition has focused on male traits, yet the key question is whether female choice traits are maintained because of direct effects on female fitness or because of indirect genetic effects in offspring that may be associated with such traits. here, we address this question by using a novel research strategy that empl ... | 2009 | 19853448 |
| reproductive interference determines persistence and exclusion in species interactions. | 1. reproductive interference is a negative interspecific sexual interaction that adversely affects the fitness of males and females during reproductive process. theoretical studies suggest that because reproductive interference is characterized by positive frequency dependence it is far more likely to cause species exclusion than the density dependence of resource competition. however, the respective contributions of resource competition and reproductive interference to species exclusion, which ... | 2009 | 19457018 |
| the effects of colonization, extinction and competition on co-existence in metacommunities. | 1. the co-existence of competitors in heterogeneous landscapes depends on the processes of colonization, extinction and spatial scale. in this study, we explore the metapopulation dynamics of competitive interactions. 2. rather than simply evaluating the outcome of interspecific competition in the traditional manner, we focus on both the local population dynamic effects and the regional metapopulation processes affecting species co-existence. 3. we develop a theoretical model of regional co-exis ... | 2009 | 19302319 |
| scanning electron microscopy studies of antennal sensilla of bruchid beetles, callosobruchus chinensis (l.) and callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera: bruchidae). | the bruchid beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (l.) and c. maculatus (f.) (coleoptera: bruchidae), are important stored-product insects of stored legume seeds. in this study, the external morphologies of the antennal sensilla on the antennae of both female and male adults of these two species were described using scanning electron microscopy. antennae of both species are made up of the scape, pedicel, and nine segments of flagellomeres. antennae of female and male c. maculatus and female of c. chi ... | 2009 | 19101159 |
| effects of temperature on mating duration, sperm transfer and remating frequency in callosobruchus chinensis. | insect body temperature is usually determined by ambient temperature. therefore, most biochemical and physiological processes underlying behavioural patterns are temperature dependent. mating duration is also dependent on temperature, and therefore temperature should influence on sperm transfer and female remating frequency. in the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis, we found negative relationships between ambient temperature and mating duration, sperm transfer and sperm transfer durat ... | 2009 | 19027746 |
| female mating receptivity after injection of male-derived extracts in callosobruchus maculatus. | the effects of male-derived extracts on female receptivity were investigated in callosobruchus maculatus (coleoptera: bruchidae). injection of aqueous extracts of the male reproductive tract into the abdomen of females reduced receptivity. aqueous extracts of male reproductive tracts were divided to three molecular weight (mw) fractions by ultrafiltration: fractions: (i) mw<3 kda, (ii) 3-14 kda, and (iii)>14 kda. fraction ii reduced female receptivity from 3h after injection, and fraction iii re ... | 2008 | 18831977 |
| overcompensatory population dynamic responses to environmental stochasticity. | 1. to quantify the interactions between density-dependent, population regulation and density-independent limitation, we studied the time-series dynamics of an experimental laboratory insect microcosm system in which both environmental noise and resource limitation were manipulated. 2. a hierarchical bayesian state-space approach is presented through which it is feasible to capture all sources of uncertainty, including observation error to accurately quantify the density dependence operating on t ... | 2008 | 18647195 |
| homofarnesals: female sex attractant pheromone components of the southern cowpea weevil, callosobruchus chinensis. | the southern cowpea weevil, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae), is a major pest of stored legumes in warm temperate and tropical climates. the female sex attractant pheromone was extracted from filter-paper shelters taken from containers that housed virgin females. the extracts were purified by various chromatographic techniques, and the biologically active components in the fractions were screened by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis with male antennae. ... | 2008 | 18351422 |
| female mating receptivity inhibited by injection of male-derived extracts in callosobruchus chinensis. | the effects of male-derived extracts on female receptivity to remating were investigated in callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). injection of aqueous extracts of male reproductive tracts into the abdomen of females reduced receptivity. when aqueous extracts of male reproductive tracts were divided to three molecular weight (mw) fractions by ultrafiltration: <3, 3-14, and >14 kda, the filtrate containing mw substances <3 kda reduced female receptivity 3h and 1 day after injection, wh ... | 2008 | 18177665 |
| no genetic correlation between the sexes in mating frequency in the bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis. | female multiple mating, which is common in animals, may have evolved not in response to fitness advantages to females but as a genetic corollary to selection on males to mate frequently. this nonadaptive hypothesis assumes a genetic correlation between females and males in mating frequency, which has received a few empirical investigations. we tested this hypothesis by observing the correlated response in male mating frequency in the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis to artificial sel ... | 2007 | 17551526 |
| direct determination of the stereoisomeric composition of callosobruchusic acid, the copulation release pheromone of the azuki bean weevil, callosobruchus chinensis l., by the 2d-ohrui-akasaka method. | the stereoisomeric composition of the copulation release pheromone of the azuki bean weevil, callosobruchus chinensis l., was determined to be r:s=3.3-3.4:1 by the 2d-ohrui-akasaka method. | 2007 | 17516029 |
| drop or fly? negative genetic correlation between death-feigning intensity and flying ability as alternative anti-predator strategies. | a prey animal may have the alternative of flying away or feigning death when it encounters predators. these alternatives have a genetic base as anti-predator strategies in the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis. a negative genetic correlation between death-feigning intensity and flying ability was found in c. chinensis, i.e. lower flying ability is genetically connected to escaping by dropping from a perch and then feigning death, whereas higher flying ability does not correspond to de ... | 2007 | 17476776 |
| habitat shape, metapopulation processes and the dynamics of multispecies predator-prey interactions. | 1. the effects of habitat shape, connectivity and the metapopulation processes of persistence and extinction are explored in a multispecies resource-consumer interaction. 2. the spatial dynamics of the indirect interaction between two prey species (callosobruchus chinensis, callosobruchus maculatus) and a predator (anisopteromalus calandrae) are investigated and we show how the persistence time of this interaction is altered in different habitat configurations by the presence of an apparent comp ... | 2006 | 17009753 |
| costs of mating and egg production in female callosobruchus chinensis. | costs of reproduction include the costs of mating and egg production. specific techniques such as irradiation or genetic mutation have been used to divide the expense into costs of mating and egg production in previous studies. we tried to divide the costs in the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae), which needs some kinds of bean as an oviposition substrate. mated females that were not allowed to lay eggs had a shorter life span than virgin females, but they had ... | 2003 | 16256684 |
| intra-specific variation in strategic ejaculation according to level of polyandry in callosobruchus chinensis. | optimal sperm allocation should differ according to the level of polyandry within a population, because the risk of sperm competition depends on the re-mating frequency of females. we compared the number of sperm ejaculated by males into the female reproductive organ between strains with different levels of polyandry in the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae) when males were reared in different larval densities in a bean. the results showed that males derived fro ... | 2005 | 16098984 |
| intra-specific variation in female remating in callosobruchus chinensis and c. maculatus. | the effects of mating duration on female remating (exp. 1) and under different male densities (exp. 2) were examined in two strains of the adzuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis and in one strain of the bruchid beetle, c. maculatus. in experiment 1, the frequency of female remating was markedly different between the two strains of c. chinensis. females of the jc strain, reared long-term in the laboratory, did not remate after being allowed to mate freely (=monogamy), whereas females of the ... | 2004 | 15121453 |
| habitat-related mtdna polymorphism in the stored-bean pest callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae). | the genetic diversity of populations of the azuki bean beetle, callosobruchus chinensis (linnaeus) from natural, pre-harvest and post-harvest sites, was investigated to understand population structure and gene flow. a 522-bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene coi was sequenced for eight populations of c. chinensisfrom japan, korea and taiwan collected from different habitats. six haplotypes were detected, one of which, u1, occurred most frequently and widely. the following hypotheses were tested ... | 2004 | 14972052 |
| efficacy of crude extracts of andrographis paniculata nees. on callosobruchus chinensis l. during post harvest storage of cowpea. | bioefficacy of different solvent fractions of a. paniculata was tested against the cowpea weevil, c. chinensis in terms of its effect on adult mortality, total egg output and emergence of f1 adults. all the extracts were effective against the weevil, the efficacy was however more significant with respect to methanol and ethyl acetate extracts at the highest concentrations (1,000 ppm) which lead to 72.01 and 67.69% adult mortality respectively. the efficacy was dose dependent. total egg and perce ... | 2001 | 12019768 |
| effect of callosobruchus chinensis (l.) (coleoptera: bruchidae) on carbohydrate content of chickpea, green gram and pigeon pea. | effect of callosobruchus chinensis (l.) infestation was seen on the carbohydrate and dietary fibre content of chickpea, green gram and pigeon pea at 10,20,30,40,50 and 60 per cent levels of infestation. with increase in level of infestation energy, starch, total sugars and non-reducing sugars decreased, whereas significant increase in the reducing sugars, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin was observed. | 1996 | 8975144 |
| delayed density dependence and oscillatory population dynamics in overlapping-generation systems of a seed beetle callosobruchus chinensis: matrix population model. | long-term experimental systems with overlapping generations using a seed beetle, callosobruchus chinensis, were maintained by providing 5 g of azuki beans (vigna angularis) in two different renewal intervals: either 7 days or 10 days. the 7-day-renewal system (system 1) showed oscillatory dynamics with a constant periodic cycle of ca. 7 weeks. more stable population dynamics were seen in the 10-day-interval system (system 2). short-term experiments showed that survivorship of adults increased wi ... | 1996 | 28307130 |
| oryzacystatins exhibit growth-inhibitory and lethal effects on different species of bean insect pests, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera) and riptortus clavatus (hemiptera). | oryzacystatins i and ii, cysteine proteinase inhibitors in rice seeds, caused growth retardation of different species of bean insect pests, callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera) and riptortus clavatus (hemiptera), when added to their diets at concentrations of 0.3-0.5% (w/w). at concentrations of up to 1%, almost all insects died. our results suggest the usefulness of cystatin for insect pest control and also the critical role of cysteine proteinase in the digestive events of insects. | 1996 | 27299395 |
| developmental schedules and persistence of experimental host-parasitoid systems at two different temperatures. | in experimental systems of a bruchid host, callosobruchus chinensis, and a braconid parasitoid, heterospilus prosopidis, the effects of changes in developmental schedules were examined in relation to the persistence of the system, or the time to extinction of a component species. we modified the developmental schedules by changing the temperature from 30°c to 32°c. to compare persistence, a long-term system with overlapping generations was set up and the bruchid host resource, azuki beans (vigna ... | 1995 | 28306821 |
| repellent, toxic, and food protectant effects of pithraj,aphanamixis polystachya extracts against pulse beetle,callosobruchus chinensis in storage. | ground leaves, bark, seeds, and four seed extracts of pithraj,aphanamixis polystachya (family meliaceae), a locally grown plant in bangladesh, were evaluated for their repellency, contact toxicity, and food protectant efficacy against adult pulse beetle (callosobruchus chinensis l.). the seed extracts showed poor repellent effects, but high contact toxicity to adults at 72 hr after application. the ground leaves, bark, and seeds provided good protection for mung beans against pulse beetles, and ... | 1994 | 24242204 |
| antinutritional factors in pulses as influenced by different levels of callosobruchus chinensis l. (bruchids) infestation. | influence of six (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60%) levels of bruchids infestation on the contents of selected antinutritional factors-phytic acid, saponins, trypsin inhibitors activity (tia) of three (chickpea, red gram, and green gram) pulses was studied. comparisons of infested samples were made with uninfested controls of each pulse. the three antinutritional factors viz tia, phytic acid and saponins were found to increase with the increase in the level of infestation. all the control pulse value ... | 1993 | 8378269 |
| synthesis of (r)-callosobruchusic acid from methyl (r)-3-carboxybutanoate. | (r)-callosobruchusic acid [(2e,7r)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene-l,8-dioic acid (1)], the pheromone component of azuki bean weevil (callosobruchus chinensis), was synthesized from methyl (r)-3-carboxybutanoate. | 1993 | 27314780 |
| chemosensory responses of cowpea weevil,callosobruchus chinensis to an aquatic weed, water hyacinth,eichhornia crassipes (mart) solms. | the behavioral responses of cowpea weevil,callosobruchus chinensis to the leaf extracts of the aquatic weed, water hyacinth,eichhornia crassipes (mart) solms. was evaluated by three different methods. the petroleum ether-soluble fraction ofe. crassipes induced high weevil attraction in all methods employed. the olfactometer assay provided a reading on weevil chemosensory responses, whereas the free-choice tests measured response and preference of weevils to the untreated or extract-treated food ... | 1990 | 24263726 |
| approaches to insect control based on chemical ecology--case studies. | in this article two attempted approaches to control a stored product insect, azuki bean weevil, are discussed based on host selection study and oviposition ecology. the latter study indicated the presence of an oviposition marker, a new kind of pheromone, which was derived from the weevil and was lipid in nature, and suggested its possible use as an oviposition inhibitor. | 1976 | 1032307 |
| the -amylase of the beetle callosobruchus chinensis. purification and action pattern. | callosobruchus chinensis larval amylase was isolated and purified in five steps, which included co-precipitation with glycogen and column chromatography on ecteola-cellulose. the enzyme was homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide. the alpha-amylase nature was evidenced by the action on amylopectin beta-amylase limit-dextrin, by the effect on the substrate-iodine complex and by the action pattern on several polysaccharide substrates. these action patterns are compared with those ... | 1971 | 5117033 |
| the -amylase of the beetle callosobruchus chinensis. properties. | c. chinensis larval amylase is activated by ca(2+) and inhibited by cl(-) and edta (k(i) 6.7x10(-3)m). gsh and 2-mercaptoethanol activate, presumably at different sites, as 2-mercaptoethanol interferes with ca(2+) activation, whereas gsh enhances it. the inhibition by iodoacetic acid and n-ethylmaleimide (k(i) 1.55x10(-2)m) suggest that free thiol groups are essential for activity. the ph optimum of 5.2-5.4 is moved to 5.6-5.8 by ca(2+) and 2-mercaptoethanol. the activation energy is 7270 cal/mo ... | 1971 | 5000646 |