| genetic diversity in the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla): inferred from restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial dnas. | two different forms of chinese pangolins can be recognized according to the color of their scales, i.e., brown and dusky. we analyzed mitochondrial dna (mtdna) purified from the livers of seven dusky and six brown chinese pangolins from the same locality, using cleavage patterns from 19 restriction enzymes. from the 19 6-bp recognition enzymes used, 51-56 sites were observed. by combining the cleavage patterns for each enzyme, the 13 samples were classified into four restriction types: two in du ... | 1991 | 1772403 |
| histological and histochemical investigations on the stomach of man, japanese monkey (macaca fuscata yakui) and other animals. v. on the stomach of the pangolin (manis pentadactyla linne). | | 1973 | 4740712 |
| dipetalonema fausti sp. n. (filarioidea: onchocercidae), a filarial parasite of the scaly anteater, manis pentadactyla l. (pholidota), from china. | | 1966 | 5942527 |
| genetic diversity in the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) inferred from protein electrophoresis. | we examined protein polymorphism of chinese pangolins (manis pentadactyla) from yunnan province of china, including two forms of three brown and nine dusky chinese pangolins. sixty-two genetic loci were screened; 12 loci were found to be polymorphic. the percentage of polymorphic loci (p) is 0.194, the mean individual heterozygosity (h) is 0.078, and the mean number of alleles (a) is 1.258. furthermore, we calculated the genetic distance (d) between the two forms and found a low level of genetic ... | 1994 | 7702548 |
| [a preliminary study on burrow ecology of manis pentadactyla]. | a total of 61 pangolin(manis pentadactyla) burrows at dawuling natural reserve were recorded and measured from june 2000 to may 2001, and 40 of them were dissected. the results indicated that all the burrows were blind without branch. the long diameter of entrance was 14.20 +/- 2.79 cm(n = 61), and the short one was 12.50 +/- 2.83 cm(n = 61). these burrows could be divided into two types, i.e., winter burrows and summer burrows. winter burrows were relatively deeper(1.44 +/- 0.73 m, n = 28), and ... | 2004 | 15227988 |
| construction, characterization and fish mapping of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla). | chinese pangolins as a representative species in the order pholidota have highly specified morphological characters and occupy an important place in the mammalian phylogenetic tree. to obtain genomic data for this species, we have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library of chinese pangolin. the library contains 208,272 clones with an average insert size of 122.1 kb and represents approximately eight times the chinese pangolin haploid genome (if we assume that the chinese pang ... | 2008 | 18931486 |
| chromosomal rearrangements underlying karyotype differences between chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) and malayan pangolin (manis javanica) revealed by chromosome painting. | the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla), a representative species of the order pholidota, has been enlisted in the mammalian whole-genome sequencing project mainly because of its phylogenetic importance. previous studies showed that the diploid number of m. pentadactyla could vary from 2n = 36 to 42. to further characterize the genome organization of m. pentadactyla and to elucidate chromosomal mechanism underlying the karyotype diversity of pholidota, we flow-sorted the chromosomes of 2n = 40 ... | 2009 | 19283495 |
| promoting effects of chinese pangolin and wild pink medicines on the mammary gland development in immature mice. | the effects of the mixture of crude aqueous extracts from chinese pangolin and wild pink (c+p), traditional chinese medicine, on the proliferation and differentiation of mammary gland epithelium in intact and ovariectomized immature mice were investigated by light and electron microscopy and brdu immunohistochemistry. although there were no significant differences in mammary gland fat pad and parenchyma areas between the intact experimental groups, the numbers of duct branchings and buds were si ... | 2009 | 19887738 |
| [controlled clinical trials of therapeutic effects of chinese herbs promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis on the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy with type of stagnation of vital energy and blood stasis]. | to observe clinical results of chinese herbs promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis on the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (rsd) with type of stagnation of vital energy and blood stasis. | 2009 | 20112576 |
| molecular delineation of the y-borne sry gene in the formosan pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) and its phylogenetic implications for pholidota in extant mammals. | the systematic status of pholidota has been a matter of debate, particularly regarding the apparent inconsistency between morphological and molecular studies. the sry gene, a master regulator of male sex determination in eutherian mammals, has not yet been used for phylogenetic analyses of extant mammals. the objective of the present study was to clone and characterize the complete gene (1300 base pairs; bp) and amino acid sequences (229 residues) of sry from the formosan pangolin (manis pentada ... | 2011 | 20739052 |
| changes in attitudes toward wildlife and wildlife meats in hunan province, central china, before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. | two surveys of opinions about wildlife conservation were carried out in hunan province, china, before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic. hunan is the northern neighbor of guangdong province, where the first sars case was reported. the custom of consuming wild meat was not common in hunan 30 years ago. however, in recent years, consumption of wildlife such as snakes has spread to northern china. we handed out 1300 questionnaires between 22 february and 10 may 2002, b ... | 2007 | 21396016 |
| pgd: a pangolin genome hub for the research community. | pangolins (order pholidota) are the only mammals covered by scales. we have recently sequenced and analyzed the genomes of two critically endangered asian pangolin species, namely the malayan pangolin (manis javanica) and the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla). these complete genome sequences will serve as reference sequences for future research to address issues of species conservation and to advance knowledge in mammalian biology and evolution. to further facilitate the global research effo ... | 2016 | 27616775 |
| surveillance of ticks and associated pathogens in free-ranging formosan pangolins (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). | chinese pangolins are critically endangered insectivorous mammals distributed in several south and southeast asian countries. in recent years, there has been an increase in spread of tick-borne diseases in both humans and animals worldwide. currently, limited information is available on ticks and associated pathogens infesting pangolins. the objective of the present study was to survey ticks and associated pathogens in the formosan pangolin population in southeastern taiwan. free-ranging formosa ... | 2016 | 27426438 |
| inactivation of c4orf26 in toothless placental mammals. | previous studies have reported inactivated copies of six enamel-related genes (ambn, amel, amtn, enam, klk4, mmp20) and one dentin-related gene (dspp) in one or more toothless vertebrates and/or vertebrates with enamelless teeth, thereby providing evidence that these genes are enamel or tooth-specific with respect to their critical functions that are maintained by natural selection. here, we employ available genome sequences for edentulous and enamelless mammals to evaluate the enamel specificit ... | 2016 | 26596502 |
| establishing the pangolin mitochondrial d-loop sequences from the confiscated scales. | pangolin scales are encountered in traditional east asian medicines (team) and the ever increasing demand for these scales has escalated the decline in the numbers of these mammals. the identification of protected pangolin species is necessary to enforce international and national legislation as well as assist with conservation measures. there is limited morphological feature on a pangolin scale thus requiring dna analysis as a means of identification. we report on the isolation of dna from pang ... | 2011 | 20638354 |
| new and already known acanthocephalans mostly from mammals in vietnam, with descriptions of two new genera and species in archiacanthocephala. | adults of 2 new species and 2 new genera of acanthocephalans in class archiacanthocephala, collected between 1998 and 2004 in vietnam from the intestines of mammals, are described, i.e., cucullanorhynchus constrictruncatus n. gen., n. sp. (oligacanthorhynchidae) from a leopard panthera pardus (linnaeus) (mammalia: felidae) and paraprosthenorchis ornatus n. gen. n. sp. (oligacanthorhynchidae) from the chinese pangolin manis pentadactyla (linnaeus) (mammalia: manidae). adult sphaerechinorhynchus m ... | 2008 | 18372641 |
| on a new nematode leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. (strongyloididae), parasitic in the pangolin manis pentadactyla from hyderabad, india. | leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. is described from the pangolin manis pentadactyla in india. both parasitic free-living generations have been examined. features which differentiate the parasite from strongyloides and parastrongyloides are described. | 1976 | 1034651 |
| body temperature and rate of o2 consumption in chinese pangolins. | body temperatures and rates of o2 consumption and co2 production were measured in four chinese pangolins (manis pentadactyla) during short-term exposures (2-4 h) to ambient temperatures (ta) of 10-34 degrees c. at ta less than 27 degrees c the pangolins curled into a sphere. at ta greater than 28 degrees c the animals laid on their backs with their soft abdominal skin exposed. rectal temperatures between 33.4 and 35.5 degrees c were recorded from animals exposed to ta of 10-32 degrees c. at ta g ... | 1986 | 3953849 |
| comparative optical genome analysis of two pangolin species: manis pentadactyla and manis javanica. | the pangolin is a pholidota mammal with large keratin scales protecting its skin. two pangolin species ( manis pentadactyla and manis javanica ) have been recorded as critically endangered on the international union for conservation of nature red list of threatened species. optical mapping constructs high-resolution restriction maps from single dna molecules for genome analysis at the megabase scale and to assist genome assembly. here, we constructed restriction maps of m. pentadactyla and m. ja ... | 2016 | 28369358 |
| comparison of mitochondrial genome sequences of pangolins (mammalia, pholidota). | the complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced for three species of pangolins, manis javanica, phataginus tricuspis, and smutsia temminckii, and comparisons were made with two other species, manis pentadactyla and phataginus tetradactyla. the genome of manidae contains the 37 genes found in a typical mammalian genome, and the structure of the control region is highly conserved among species. in manis, the overall base composition differs from that found in african genera. phylogenetic analyses ... | 2015 | 25746396 |
| [allometry of scales in chinese pangolins (manis pentadactyla) and malayan pangolins (manis javanica) and application in judicial expertise]. | pangolins are unique mammals in that they possess scales that serve a protective biological function. as an important raw material of traditional medicine, illegal trades of these scales are frequent and difficult to investigate or prosecute. we used allometric models of dry weight of scales to compare 35 chinese pangolins (manis pentadactyla) and 119 malayan pangolins (manis javanica). our results showed that the dry weight of scales increases significantly faster with the length of head and bo ... | 2012 | 22653854 |
| [dna molecular identification of manis pentadactyla]. | the study was aimed to establish a stable, accurate site specific pcr identification system to identify manis pentadactyla and its adulterants using dna molecular identification. the genomic dna was extracted from experimental samples using the dna extraction kit. the cytb and co ⅰ genes were amplified using pcr and sequenced bi-directionally. obtained sequences were assembled using the bioedit software. the neighbor-joining tree was constructed by mega 6.0. specific identification primers were ... | 2017 | 28822151 |
| pangolin distribution and conservation status in bangladesh. | asian pangolins are a highly-threatened species group, mainly due to the perceived medicinal value of their scales. increased demand from china has resulted in pangolins being the most trafficked mammal in the world. three pangolin species are reported to occur in bangladesh: manis pentadactyla, m. crassicaudata, and m. javanica. no peer-reviewed studies exist detailing these species' current distribution or status within bangladesh. a literature review was conducted resulting in the clarificati ... | 2017 | 28388644 |
| a note on captive breeding and reproductive parameters of the chinese pangolin,manis pentadactylalinnaeus, 1758. | the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactylalinnaeus, 1758) is a critically endangered species, and documents on its captive breeding and reproductive parameters are scarce. mp8, kept in the pangolin research base for artificial rescue and conservation breeding of south china normal university (the prb-scnu), gave birth to a male offspring (mp86) on 19 october 2011. the baby pangolin was well developed, with a weight of 120 g and a total length of 23.2 cm. the gestation length of mp8 was estimated t ... | 2016 | 27853403 |
| dietary specialization drives multiple independent losses and gains in the bitter taste gene repertoire of laurasiatherian mammals. | bitter taste perception is essential for species with selective food intake, enabling them to avoid unpalatable or toxic items. previous studies noted a marked variation in the number of tas2r genes among various vertebrate species, but the underlying causes are not well understood. laurasiatherian mammals have highly diversified dietary niche, showing repeated evolution of specialized feeding preferences in multiple lineages and offering a unique chance to investigate how various feeding niches ... | 2016 | 27366197 |
| reference intervals for hematology, serum biochemistry, and basic clinical findings in free-ranging chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) from taiwan. | there are 8 species of pangolins found in asia and africa. among them, the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) is an endangered insectivorous mammal found only in asia. hematology and serum chemistry reference intervals are critical for evaluating an animal's well-being and can be useful for clinical diagnostic purposes. currently, there are no such reference intervals available for any pangolin species. | 2015 | 26175074 |
| anatomy of shoulder girdle muscle modifications and walking adaptation in the scaly chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla: pholidota) compared with the partially osteoderm-clad armadillos (dasypodidae). | because pangolins are unique mammals with a body and limbs almost entirely sheathed in hard keratinous overlapping scales and with digging and climbing abilities, the shoulder girdle muscles may differ significantly from those of other mammals including the partially osteoderm-clad armadillos. therefore, we conducted a functional anatomical study of the shoulder girdle muscles in chinese pangolins (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla, pholidota) and some armadillo species (dasypodidae). our ct scans ... | 2015 | 25950650 |
| aspects of digestive anatomy, feed intake and digestion in the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) at taipei zoo. | pangolins are considered difficult to maintain in zoos, often attributed to problems in feeding management. taipei zoo's designation as a wildlife rescue center for chinese pangolins (manis pentadactyla) has resulted in long term feeding experience with development of diets that support recovery, maintenance, and reproduction, as well as experimental opportunities to further understand digestive physiology to optimize nutrition. opportunistic dissection of 10 animals revealed details of the tong ... | 2015 | 25914383 |
| hematologic and serum biochemical parameters of apparently healthy rescued formosan pangolins (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). | natural habitats of pangolins are rapidly deteriorating because of extensive farming, logging, and human construction activities. in addition, the illegal trading of pangolins substantially accelerated the decline of the pangolins' population in southeastern asia. the maintenance of confiscated pangolins in rescue centers is currently a daunting task for veterinarians and conservation biologists. there is limited information in the literature about the reference values regarding the physiology o ... | 2015 | 25831578 |
| [molecular identification of manis pentadactyla using dna barcoding]. | the coi gene as dna barcode was used to identify the manis pentadactyla and its adulterants in order to provide a scientific basis for the molecular identification of m. pentadactyla. genomic dna was extracted from experimental samples using the dna extraction kit. the coi genes were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced bi-directionally. obtained sequences were assembled using the codoncode aligner. the neighbor-joining (nj) tree was constructed by mega 6.0. the results ... | 2014 | 25244747 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of temminck's ground pangolin (smutsia temminckii; smuts, 1832) and phylogenetic position of the pholidota (weber, 1904). | temmincki's ground pangolin is primarily a nocturnal mammal belonging to the order pholidota. the body is covered in hard overlapping scales and these animals find refuge in burrows, feeding only on termites and ants. in this study, the whole mtdna of temmincki's ground pangolin was sequenced and the phylogenetic position of pholidota determined within eutheria, using whole mtdna sequences from various representative species. the results indicate that the whole mtdna of temmincki's ground pangol ... | 2014 | 25158133 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of the manis pentadactyla (pholidota, manidae): comparison of m. pentadactyla and m. tetradactyla. | in this paper, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the manis pentadactyla (pholidota: manidae), which is considered as an endemic species in china. it is listed as a vulnerable species by the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources red list and also an endangered species in china. the genome is 16,578 bp in size. its gene arrangement pattern was identical with those of manis tetradactyla. we compared the mitochondrial genome of m. pentadactyla with that ... | 2012 | 22295866 |
| monitoring the gestation period of rescued formosan pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) with progesterone radioimmunoassay. | eight species of pangolin have been identified in the world. however, understanding of pangolin reproductive biology has been limited to fragmentary records. in this study, the concentration of serum progesterone in three pregnant and two nonpregnant rescued female formosan pangolins (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) was monitored using a commercial progesterone radioimmunoassay kit. during gestation, the serum progesterone of pregnant pangolins a, b, and c remained at 28.5-55 ng/ml (n = 31 samp ... | 2013 | 21866570 |
| autoradiographic study of the retinal projections in the chinese pangolin, manis pentadactyla. | autoradiography was used to investigate the optic system of the chinese pangolin, manis pentadactyla. the pattern of retinal projections in the chinese pangolin is similar to that described in other mammals. each retina projects bilaterally to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, pretectal area, and superior colliculus (sc). only contralateral projections are found to the medial, lateral, and dorsal accessory optic nuclei. the large lateral nucleus receives ... | 1991 | 2054583 |
| [studies of chemical constituents of manis pentadactyla]. | | 1988 | 3254038 |
| oxygen binding functions of blood and hemoglobin from the chinese pangolin, manis pentadactyla: possible implications of burrowing and low body temperature. | we measured o2 equilibria of adult blood and of 'stripped' (cofactor-free) hemolysates from adult and newborn manis pentadactyla, in order to assess the implications of the burrowing habit and the low deep-core temperature in pangolins, and to discern the mechanisms for maternal-fetal o2 transfer. at ph 7.4 and body temperature (33 degrees c) the blood o2 affinity was significantly higher than in similarly sized non-burrowing, 'normothermic' mammals (p50 = 21 and 33 mm hg, respectively) indicati ... | 1986 | 3085185 |
| comparative anatomical studies on the cerebellar nuclei of the pangolins. | the configurations and volumes of the cerebellar nuclei of left and right 10 sides of 5 cases of the pangolins (manis pentadactyla) were examined with sagittal myelin sheath and toluidine blue stained serial sections and reconstruction models based upon these serial sections respectively. the cerebellar nuclei of the pangolins, same as in other mammals can be divided into four nuclei, nucleus medialis (m), nucleus interpositus posterior (p), nucleus interpositus anterior (a) and nucleus laterali ... | 1983 | 6663057 |
| somatic chromosomes of pangolin, manis pentadactyla (pholidota: mammalia) with special reference to satellite association. | | 1982 | 7166055 |
| the facial muscles of manis pentadactyla linne. | | 1978 | 673318 |
| the stomach of the pangolin (manis pentadactyla) with emphasis on the pyloric teeth. | | 1974 | 4838366 |
| comparative anatomical and neurohistological observationf on the tongue of the pangolin (manis pentadactyla, linneus). | | 1962 | 13927259 |
| evidence for the medicinal value of squama manitis (pangolin scale): a systematic review. | squama manitis (pangolin scale) has been used in traditional chinese medicine for thousands of years. however, its efficacy has not been systematically reviewed. this review aims to fill the gap. | 2021 | 32837905 |
| pangolin indexing system: implications in forensic surveillance of large seizures. | demand for pangolin scales in east asia has increased dramatically in the past two decades, raising concern to the pangolin survival and bringing them to the brink of local extinction. enumerating the number of individuals from the seized pangolin scales primarily goes undocumented, mostly due to the unavailability of the appropriate methods. in this study, we developed a pangolin indexing system, a multi-locus str panel of eight dinucleotide microsatellites that showed promising results in indi ... | 2020 | 32621146 |
| phylogenetic relationship and molecular dating of indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) with other extant pangolin species based on complete cytochrome b mitochondrial gene. | pangolins are a group of eight endangered mammalian species included in the family manidae (order pholidota) and divided into four each african (arboreal species; phataginus tetradactyla, phataginus tricuspis, ground dwelling species; smutsia gigantea and smutsia temminckii) and asian (ground dwelling; manis crassicaudata, manis pentadactyla, manis javanica and manis culionensis) species. the taxonomy of all the eight extant pangolin species based on molecular genetics studies, remains unresolve ... | 2018 | 29540087 |
| fatal canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2) infection in a rescued free-ranging taiwanese pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). | carnivore protoparvovirus 1 includes feline parvovirus (fpv), variants of canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2), mink enteritis virus, and raccoon parvovirus, important pathogens affecting both wild and domestic carnivores. in this report, we described a fatal cpv-2 infection in a rescued taiwanese pangolin, which provides the first evidence of cpv-2 infection in a non-carnivore. post-rescue, the taiwanese pangolin died from complications resulting from a severe panleucocytopenia and bloody diarrhoea. a f ... | 2020 | 31886933 |
| newly identified viral genomes in pangolins with fatal disease. | epizootic pathogens pose a major threat to many wildlife species, particularly in the context of rapidly changing environments. pangolins (order pholidota) are highly threatened mammals, in large part due to the trade in illegal wildlife. during july to august 2018 four sick wild pangolins (three manis javanica and one manis pentadactyla) exhibiting a variety of clinical symptoms were rescued by the jinhua wildlife protection station in zhejiang province, china. although three of these animals d ... | 2020 | 32296543 |
| estimating occupancy of chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) in a protected and non-protected area of nepal. | chinese pangolin is the world's most heavily trafficked small mammal for luxury food and traditional medicine. although their populations are declining worldwide, it is difficult to monitor their population status because of its rarity and nocturnal behavior. we used site occupancy (presence/absence) sampling of pangolin sign (i.e., active burrows) in a protected (gaurishankar conservation area) and non-protected area (ramechhap district) of central nepal with multiple environmental covariates t ... | 2020 | 32489598 |
| digesta retention time and recovery rates of ants and termites in chinese pangolins (manis pentadactyla). | pangolins are myrmecophagous mammals whose biology and ecology remain poorly studied. termite mandibles and ant head capsules are the two primary remains found in pangolin feces. determining the retention time of insect cuticles is important for understanding the digestive physiology of pangolins, while determining the recovery rate of termites and ants in feces is required to estimate the number of these prey items that are consumed by pangolins. in this study, the authors conducted feeding tri ... | 2020 | 32039510 |
| identifying the tick amblyomma javanense (acari: ixodidae) from chinese pangolin: generating species barcode, phylogenetic status and its implication in wildlife forensics. | zoonotic diseases transmitted through ticks and other ectoparasites often travel across the globe with illegally traded wildlife parts and products. in this study, we analyzed a confiscated case of pangolin scales and observed a few dead ticks attached. on genetic analysis, the pangolin scales were identified to be originated from chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla), an iucn listed critically endangered species, and ticks were identified as amblyomma javanense. here, we provide the first authe ... | 2019 | 31168752 |
| correction: mortality and morbidity in wild taiwanese pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198230.]. | 2019 | 30789960 |
| mortality and morbidity in wild taiwanese pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). | globally, pangolins are threatened by poaching and illegal trade. taiwan presents a contrary situation, where the wild pangolin population has stabilized and even begun to increase in the last two decades. this paper illustrates the factors responsible for causing mortality and morbidity in the wild taiwanese pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) based on radio-tracking data of wild pangolins and records of sick or injured pangolins admitted to a taiwanese wildlife rehabilitation center. de ... | 2019 | 30726204 |
| historical data for conservation: reconstructing range changes of chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) in eastern china (1970-2016). | the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) has long suffered from intense exploitation driven by consumer demand for medicinal use and food. effective conservation management is hampered by insufficient data on pangolin status and distribution. we integrated ecological niche modelling with long-term ecological records at the local scale (e.g. from local historical documents, grey and published literature and interviews) to estimate the magnitude of potential distribution change of the chinese pan ... | 2018 | 30135158 |
| canine parvovirus infections in taiwanese pangolins (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). | canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) is among the most important and highly contagious pathogens that cause enteric or systemic infections in domestic and nondomestic carnivores. however, the spillover of cpv-2 to noncarnivores is rarely mentioned. taiwanese pangolins (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) are threatened due to habitat fragmentation and prevalent animal trafficking. interactions between taiwanese pangolins, humans, and domestic animals have become more frequent in recent years. however, ... | 2021 | 33866880 |