| ulcerative duodenitis in foals. | seven foals aged 18 days to 3 1/2 months had either single or multiple full-circumference segments or long antimesenteric bands of necrotizing duodenitis, sharply delineated from adjacent viable duodenum. perforation of the necrotic wall had occurred in all foals, leading to acute fibrinous peritonitis. on the mucosal surface severe diffuse, acute inflammation and ulceration involved the anterior half of the duodenum. two further foals, aged 28 and 30 days, had lesions that are believed to be a ... | 1983 | 6649336 |
| characterization of a coronavirus isolated from a diarrheic foal. | a coronavirus was isolated from feces of a diarrheic foal and serially propagated in human rectal adenocarcinoma (hrt-18) cells. antigenic and genomic characterizations of the virus (isolate nc99) were based on serological comparison with other avian and mammalian coronaviruses and sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid (n) protein gene. indirect fluorescent-antibody assay procedures and virus neutralization assays demonstrated a close antigenic relationship with bovine coronavirus (bcv) and porc ... | 2000 | 11101590 |
| common rna replication signals exist among group 2 coronaviruses: evidence for in vivo recombination between animal and human coronavirus molecules. | 5' and 3' utr sequences on the coronavirus genome are known to carry cis-acting elements for di rna replication and presumably also virus genome replication. 5' utr-adjacent coding sequences are also thought to harbor cis-acting elements. here we have determined the 5' utr and adjacent 289-nt sequences, and 3' utr sequences, for six group 2 coronaviruses and have compared them to each other and to three previously reported group 2 members. extensive regions of highly similar utr sequences were f ... | 2003 | 14592769 |
| genomic characterization of equine coronavirus. | the complete genome sequence of the first equine coronavirus (ecov) isolate, nc99 strain was accomplished by directly sequencing 11 overlapping fragments which were rt-pcr amplified from viral rna. the ecov genome is 30,992 nucleotides in length, excluding the polya tail. analysis of the sequence identified 11 open reading frames which encode two replicase polyproteins, five structural proteins (hemagglutinin esterase, spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid) and four accessory proteins (ns2 ... | 2007 | 17706262 |
| equine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells. | equine coronavirus (ecov) was first isolated from a diarrheic foal and was found genetically similar to group ii coronaviruses. however, its pathological characteristics were not adequately investigated. in our preliminary in vitro investigation, ecov-induced cell death was observed in bovine kidney-derived mdbk cells. based on this finding, we investigated whether the ecov-induced cpe was apoptosis. following ecov infection, mdbk cells showed morphological changes such as cell rounding and deta ... | 2008 | 18243587 |
| detection of group 2a coronaviruses with emphasis on bovine and wild ruminant strains. virus isolation and detection of antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid. | group 2a of the coronaviridae family contains human and animal pathogens that include mouse hepatitis virus, rat coronavirus, human respiratory coronaviruses oc43 and the recently identified hku1 strain, a newly recognized canine respiratory coronavirus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, equine coronavirus, bovine coronavirus (bcov), and wild-ruminant coronaviruses. the presence of a hemagglutinin-esterase (he) surface glycoprotein in addition to the viral spike protein is a dist ... | 2008 | 19057864 |
| coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping. | the sars epidemic has boosted interest in research on coronavirus biodiversity and genomics. before 2003, there were only 10 coronaviruses with complete genomes available. after the sars epidemic, up to december 2008, there was an addition of 16 coronaviruses with complete genomes sequenced. these include two human coronaviruses (human coronavirus nl63 and human coronavirus hku1), 10 other mammalian coronaviruses [bat sars coronavirus, bat coronavirus (bat-cov) hku2, bat-cov hku4, bat-cov hku5, ... | 2009 | 19546349 |
| isolation of an equine coronavirus from adult horses with pyrogenic and enteric disease and its antigenic and genomic characterization in comparison with the nc99 strain. | a new equine coronavirus was isolated from the feces of adult horses with pyrogenic and enteric disease. the disease outbreak was mainly observed among 2- to 4-year-old horses living in stables of a draft-horse racetrack in japan. on comparing the isolated virus (isolate tokachi09) with the equine coronavirus nc99 strain, no significant differences were observed in several biological properties such as hemagglutinating activity, antigenicity (in indirect immunofluorescence and neutralization tes ... | 2011 | 21273011 |
| multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses. | the potential involvement of viruses in inflammatory airway disease (iad) was previously investigated through either serology or pcr from nasopharyngeal swabs (ns). the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of viral genome detection by qpcr in the equine airways, and their association with respiratory clinical signs. | 2016 | 27899161 |
| evolutionary dynamics of bovine coronaviruses: natural selection pattern of the spike gene implies adaptive evolution of the strains. | coronaviruses demonstrate great potential for interspecies transmission, including zoonotic outbreaks. although bovine coronavirus (bcov) strains are frequently circulating in cattle farms worldwide, causing both enteric and respiratory disease, little is known about their genomic evolution. we sequenced and analysed the full-length spike (s) protein gene of 33 bcov strains from dairy and feedlot farms collected during outbreaks that occurred from 2002 to 2010 in sweden and denmark. amino acid i ... | 2013 | 23804565 |
| infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study. | diarrhoea caused by infectious agents is common in foals but there is no comprehensive molecular work-up of the relative prevalence of common agents and appearance of coinfections. | 2014 | 23773143 |
| evaluation of equine coronavirus fecal shedding among hospitalized horses. | currently, diagnosis of equine coronavirus (ecov) relies on the exclusion of other infectious causes of enteric disease along with molecular detection of ecov in feces or tissue. although this approach is complete, it is costly and may not always be achievable. | 2019 | 30788861 |
| disease features of equine coronavirus and enteric salmonellosis are similar in horses. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is an emerging pathogen associated with fever and enteric disease in adult horses. clinical features of ecov infection have been described, but no study has compared these features to those of salmonella infections. | 2019 | 30632200 |
| detection of equine coronavirus in horses in the united kingdom. | | 2019 | 30530800 |
| investigation of an experimental infection model of equine coronavirus in adult horses. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is a recently reported enteric disease of adult horses. natural infection by ecov has been reported in adult horses worldwide, whereas experimental infection has only been reported in juvenile horses. an experimental infection model is needed to study the clinical presentation, laboratory abnormalities, and pathophysiological changes associated with ecov. | 2018 | 30353949 |
| enteric coronavirus infection in adult horses. | a new enteric virus of adult horses, equine coronavirus (ecov), has recently been recognized. it is associated with fever, lethargy, anorexia, and less frequently, colic and diarrhea. this enteric virus is transmitted via the feco-oral route and horses become infected by ingesting fecally contaminated feed and water. various outbreaks have been reported since 2010 from japan, europe and the usa. while the clinical signs are fairly non-specific, lymphopenia and neutropenia are often seen. specifi ... | 2018 | 29429482 |
| the first detection of equine coronavirus in adult horses and foals in ireland. | the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of equine coronavirus (ecov) in clinical samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in ireland. a total of 424 clinical samples were examined from equids with enteric disease in 24 irish counties between 2011 and 2015. a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect ecov rna. nucleocapsid, spike and the region from the p4.7 to p12.7 genes of positive samples were sequenced, and sequence and phylogenetic ... | 2019 | 31615132 |
| epidemic of equine coronavirus at obihiro racecourse, hokkaido, japan in 2012. | equine coronavirus (ecov) outbreaks have occurred three times at obihiro racecourse in hokkaido, japan. the third ecov outbreak occurred between late february and early april 2012. the main clinical signs of affected horses were anorexia, pyrexia and leucopenia; gastrointestinal disease was observed in about 10% of affected horses. two ecov strains were isolated from diarrheal samples. all paired sera (9/9) collected from febrile horses showed seroconversion by neutralization test. sequence and ... | 2013 | 23648375 |
| disease associated with equine coronavirus infection and high case fatality rate. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is associated with clinical disease in adult horses. outbreaks are associated with a low case fatality rate and a small number of animals with signs of encephalopathic disease are described. | 2015 | 25319406 |
| necrotizing enteritis and hyperammonemic encephalopathy associated with equine coronavirus infection in equids. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is a betacoronavirus recently associated clinically and epidemiologically with emerging outbreaks of pyrogenic, enteric, and/or neurologic disease in horses in the united states, japan, and europe. we describe the pathologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular findings in 2 horses and 1 donkey that succumbed to natural infection with ecov. one horse and the donkey (case nos. 1, 3) had severe diffuse necrotizing enteritis with marked villous attenuation, ... | 2015 | 25648965 |
| rapid detection of equine coronavirus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for the rapid detection of equine coronavirus (ecov). this assay was conducted at 60 °c for 40 min. specificity of the rt-lamp assay was confirmed using several equine intestinal and respiratory pathogens in addition to ecov. the novel assay failed to cross-react with the other pathogens tested, suggesting it is highly specific for ecov. using artificially synthesized ecov rna, the 50% detection limit of ... | 2015 | 25682750 |
| prevalence of equine coronavirus in nasal secretions from horses with fever and upper respiratory tract infection. | | 2015 | 26260064 |
| complete genome analysis of equine coronavirus isolated in japan. | equine coronavirus has been responsible for several outbreaks of disease in the united states and japan. only one complete genome sequence (nc99 isolated in the us) had been reported for this pathogenic rna virus. here, we report the complete genome sequences of three equine coronaviruses isolated in 2009 and 2012 in japan. the genome sequences of tokachi09, obihiro12-1 and obihiro12-2 were 30,782, 30,916 and 30,916 nucleotides in length, respectively, excluding the 3'-poly (a) tails. all three ... | 2015 | 26271151 |
| low prevalence of equine coronavirus in foals in the largest thoroughbred horse breeding region of japan, 2012-2014. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is considered to be a diarrheic pathogen in foals. in central kentucky in the united states, it has been shown that approximately 30 % of thoroughbred foals are infected with ecov and thus it is considered widely prevalent. in contrast, the epidemiology of ecov and its relationship to diarrhea in foals are poorly understood in japan. we investigated ecov in rectal swabs collected from thoroughbred foals in japan. | 2015 | 26395082 |
| development of an equine coronavirus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine serologic responses in naturally infected horses. | equine coronavirus (eqcov) infection has been documented in most reports through quantitative qpcr analysis of feces and viral genome sequencing. although qpcr is used to detect antigen during the acute disease phase, there is no equine-specific antibody test available to study eqcov seroprevalence in various horse populations. we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) targeting antibodies to the spike (s) protein of eqcov and validated its use, using acute and convalescent sera ... | 2016 | 27216723 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors for infection with equine coronavirus in healthy horses in the usa. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is considered an enteric pathogen of foals and has only recently been associated with infections in adult horses. seroprevalence data is needed to better understand the epidemiology of ecov in adult horses, evaluate diagnostic modalities and develop preventive measures. the objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and selective risk factors for ecov in 5247 healthy adult horses in the usa, using a recently established and validated igg enzyme-linked ... | 2017 | 28190504 |
| coronavirus infections in horses in saudi arabia and oman. | equine coronaviruses (ecov) are the only coronavirus known to infect horses. so far, data on ecov infection in horses remain limited to the usa, france and japan and its geographic distribution is not well understood. we carried out rt-pcr on 306 nasal and 315 rectal swabs and tested 243 sera for antibodies to detect coronavirus infections in apparently healthy horses in saudi arabia and oman. we document evidence of infection with ecov and hku23 coronavirus by rt-pcr. there was no conclusive ev ... | 2017 | 28296228 |
| lineage a betacoronavirus ns2 proteins and the homologous torovirus berne pp1a carboxy-terminal domain are phosphodiesterases that antagonize activation of rnase l. | viruses in the family coronaviridae, within the order nidovirales, are etiologic agents of a range of human and animal diseases, including both mild and severe respiratory diseases in humans. these viruses encode conserved replicase and structural proteins as well as more diverse accessory proteins, encoded in the 3' ends of their genomes, that often act as host cell antagonists. we previously showed that 2',5'-phosphodiesterases (2',5'-pdes) encoded by the prototypical betacoronavirus, mouse he ... | 2017 | 28003490 |
| frequency of molecular detection of equine coronavirus in faeces and nasal secretions in 277 horses with acute onset of fever. | due to the inconsistent development of enteric signs associated with ecov infection in adult horses, many practitioners collect nasal secretions rather than feces for the molecular diagnostic work-up of such horses. | 2019 | 30850426 |
| clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and outcome of adult horses with equine coronavirus infection at a veterinary teaching hospital: 33 cases (2012-2018). | equine coronavirus (ecov) is a recently described enteric virus with worldwide outbreaks; however, there are little data available on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and outcome. the study objective was to document case management of ecov in adult horses presented to a referral hospital and compare to a cohort of horses that tested negative for ecov. a retrospective case series was performed based on positive real-time quantitative pcr results for ecov on faeces from horses treated at the uc d ... | 2019 | 31113572 |
| erratum to: "clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and outcome of adult horses with equine coronavirus infection at a veterinary teaching hospital: 33 cases (2012-2018)" [vet. j. 248 (2019) 95-100]. | | 2019 | 31383414 |
| development and validation of a s1 protein-based elisa for the specific detection of antibodies against equine coronavirus. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is considered to be involved in enteric diseases in foals. recently, several outbreaks of ecov infection have also been reported in adult horses from the usa, france and japan. epidemiological studies of ecov infection are still limited, and the seroprevalence of ecov infection in europe is unknown. in this study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method utilizing ecov spike s1 protein was developed in two formats, and further validated by analyzing ... | 2019 | 31801275 |
| equine coronavirus-associated colitis in horses: a retrospective study. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is a known cause of fever, anorexia, and lethargy in adult horses. although there are multiple reports of ecov outbreaks, less is known about the clinical presentation of individual horses during a nonoutbreak situation. the purpose of this study was to describe the clinical presentation of horses diagnosed with ecov infection that were not associated with an outbreak. medical records of all horses admitted to washington state university, veterinary teaching hospital, d ... | 2020 | 32172908 |
| science-in-brief: equine coronavirus - a decade long journey to investigate an emerging enteric virus of adult horses. | | 2020 | 32589298 |
| equine coronavirus: an emerging enteric virus of adult horses. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is an emerging virus associated clinically and epidemiologically with fever, depression, anorexia and less frequently colic and diarrhoea in adult horses. sporadic cases and outbreaks have been reported with increased frequency since 2010 from japan, the usa and more recently from europe. a faeco-oral transmission route is suspected and clinical or asymptomatic infected horses appear to be responsible for direct and indirect transmission of ecov. a presumptive clinical ... | 2016 | 32313392 |
| evaluation of safety, humoral immune response and faecal shedding in horses inoculated with a modified-live bovine coronavirus vaccination. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is considered an emerging enteric virus with reported morbidity rates ranging from 10 to 83% and fatality rates ranging from 7 to 27% in adult horses; a vaccine for ecov is currently not available. this study investigated the safety, humoral response and viral shedding in horses inoculated with a commercially available modified-live bovine coronavirus (bcov) vaccine. twelve healthy adult horses were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart, either orally, intranasally or intrare ... | 2019 | 32427191 |
| coronavirus infections in companion animals: virology, epidemiology, clinical and pathologic features. | coronaviruses are enveloped rna viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. the host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric ... | 2020 | 32933150 |
| antibody response to equine coronavirus in horses inoculated with a bovine coronavirus vaccine. | a vaccine for equine coronavirus (ecov) is so far unavailable. bovine coronavirus (bcov) is antigenically related to ecov; it is therefore possible that bcov vaccine will induce antibodies against ecov in horses. this study investigated antibody response to ecov in horses inoculated with bcov vaccine. virus neutralization tests showed that antibody titers against ecov increased in all six horses tested at 14 days post inoculation, although the antibody titers were lower against ecov than against ... | 2017 | 28993568 |
| emerging outbreaks associated with equine coronavirus in adult horses. | the purpose of this study was to describe clinical, hematological and fecal pcr results from 161 horses involved in outbreaks associated with ecov. the outbreaks happened at four separate boarding facilities between november 2011 and april 2012 in the states of ca, tx, wi and ma. following the molecular detection of ecov in the feces from the initial index cases, the remaining herdmates were closely observed for the development of clinical signs. fecal samples were collected from sick and health ... | 2013 | 23123176 |
| first detection of equine coronavirus (ecov) in europe. | equine coronavirus (ecov) is involved mainly in enteric infections. following the recent description of ecov in 2000, this study reports for the first time the presence of ecov in france and, on a wider scale, in europe. ecov was molecularly detected from diarrheic and respiratory specimens. sequencing and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that european strains are most closely related to the reference north american strain (ecov-nc99) than the asian strain (ecov-tokachi09). | 2014 | 24768449 |
| experimental inoculation of equine coronavirus into japanese draft horses. | recently, outbreaks associated with equine coronavirus (ecov) have occurred in japan and the united states. while ecov is likely to be pathogenic to horses, it has not been shown that experimental inoculation of horses with ecov produces clinical signs of disease. in this study, we inoculated three japanese draft horses with an ecov-positive diarrheic fecal sample to confirm infection after inoculation and to investigate the clinical course and virus shedding patterns of ecov. virus neutralizati ... | 2014 | 25139547 |