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classification of citrobacteria by dna hybridization: designation of citrobacter farmeri sp. nov., citrobacter youngae sp. nov., citrobacter braakii sp. nov., citrobacter werkmanii sp. nov., citrobacter sedlakii sp. nov., and three unnamed citrobacter genomospecies.dna relatedness studies (hydroxyapatite method) were done on 112 strains of citrobacteria. by using the recommended definition of a genomospecies 11 genomospecies were identified in the genus citrobacter. these genomospecies were separable by their biochemical profiles. citrobacter koseri (citrobacter diversus) and citrobacter amalonaticus proved to be homogeneous species, as previously described. c. amalonaticus biogroup 1, as described by farmer et al. (j. clin. microbiol. 21:46-76, 1985), was ...19938240948
re-speciation of the original reference strains of serovars in the citrobacter freundii (bethesda-ballerup group) antigenic scheme of west and edwards.the antigenic scheme for the bethesda-ballerup group of bacteria established by west and edwards in 1954 has continued to be applied as a serotyping scheme for citrobacter freundii. in 1993, however, the classification of the citrobacter was drastically revised and the species c. freundii redefined by brenner et al. accordingly, to judge the propriety to continuously use a single antigenic scheme for the c. freundii complex, the 90 reference strains listed in the antigenic scheme for c. freundii ...19969013489
molecular characterization of salmonella spp. isolated from bulk tank milk and cull dairy cow fecal samples.the consumption of meat from cull dairy cows and of raw milk has been associated with foodborne salmonellosis. this survey was conducted to establish the prevalence of salmonella in cull dairy cow fecal samples and bulk tank milk and to determine the proportion of salmonella-positive dairy farms (n = 30) in east tennessee. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical protocols were generally used for salmonella isolation. primary enrichment was performed with lactose broth, and second ...200212117241
the identity of the o-specific polysaccharide structure of citrobacter strains from serogroups o2, o20 and o25 and immunochemical characterisation of c. youngae pcm 1507 (o2a,1b) and related strains.serological studies using sds-page and immunoblotting revealed that from five strains that are ascribed to citrobacter serogroup o2, four strains, pcm 1494, pcm 1495, pcm 1496 and pcm 1507, are reactive with specific anti-citrobacter o2 serum. in contrast, strain pcm 1573 did not react with anti-citrobacter o2 serum and, hence, does not belong to serogroup o2. the lps of citrobacter youngae o2a,1b (strain pcm 1507) was degraded under mild acidic conditions and the o-specific polysaccharide (ops) ...200312727368
structures of two o-polysaccharides of the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae pcm 1538 (serogroup o9).mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae o9, strain pcm 1538 released a homopolysaccharide of 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose (d-rha4nac, n-acetyl-d-perosamine). studies by methylation analysis and (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, using two-dimensional (1)h,(1)h cosy, tocsy, noesy and h-detected (1)h,(13)c hsqc experiments showed the presence of two structurally different polysaccharides consisting of the following units: -->)-alpha-d-rhap4nac-(1 --> and --> 3)-al ...200414980832
analysis of ampc beta-lactamase expression and sequence in biochemically atypical ceftazidime-resistant enterobacteriaceae from paediatric patients.to analyse the variation of ampc beta-lactamase gene sequence and expression in biochemically atypical enterobacteriaceae isolates, and to identify them definitively.200415014062
histidine decarboxylase in enterobacteriaceae revisited.with a modification of taylor's decarboxylation broth, histidine decarboxylase was detected in enterobacter aerogenes, morganella morganii, raoultella ornithinolytica, and some strains of citrobacter youngae and raoultella planticola. this method provides a useful confirmatory test for identification of e. aerogenes strains.200415583342
ten new temperate bacteriophages of citrobacter youngae.in a cross-test, we examined 55 strains of citrobacter youngae against each other as potential producers of temperate bacteriophages and as potential sensitive indicators for them. ten strains (18.2 %) showed the production of phages. seven different strain-specific spectra of activity (from 1 to 11 strains each) were found. phage production by 6 strains was inducible with mitomycin c, in 4 strains it was not inducible. the plaques of the phages were more or less turbid, without a lytic halo, ti ...200415881402
structure of the glycerol phosphate-containing o-specific polysaccharide and serological studies on the lipopolysaccharides of citrobacter werkmanii pcm 1548 and pcm 1549 (serogroup o14).the o-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter werkmanii pcm 1548 and pcm 1549 (serogroup o14) and found to contain d-glucose, d-glucosamine and glycerol-1-phosphate in molar ratios 2 : 2 : 1. based on methylation analysis and 1h and 13c nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data, it was established that the o-specific polysaccharides from both strains have the identical branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit with 3,6-disubstituted ...200818811720
production of biogenic amines "in vitro" in relation to the growth phase by enterobacteriaceae species isolated from traditional sausages.histidine, lysine, ornithine and tyrosine decarboxylase activities were tested in 79 strains of enterobacteriaceae (41 of hafnia alvei, 17 of serratia liquefaciens, 5 of enterobacter cloacae, 4 of citrobacter braakii, 2 of proteus vulgaris, 2 of proteus mirabilis, 2 of providencia stuartii, 2 of klebsiella terrigena, 1 of rahnella aquatilis, 1 of salmonella arizonae, 1 of citrobacter youngae and 1 of escherichia coli) isolated from botillo, a spanish traditional sausage. in general, the strains ...201020673614
fecal carriage of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in swine and cattle at slaughter in switzerland.during the past decade, extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae have become a matter of great concern in human medicine. esbl-producing strains are found in the community, not just in hospital-associated patients, which raises a question about possible reservoirs. recent studies describe the occurrence of esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae in meat, fish, and raw milk; therefore, the impact of food animals as reservoirs for and disseminators of such strains into the food ...201121375882
citrobacter spp. as a source of qnrb alleles.qnrb is the most common of the five qnr families and has the greatest number of allelic variants. almost two thirds of the qnrb alleles have been reported in citrobacter spp., and several were shown to be located on the chromosome. in this study pcr was used to investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in 71 clinical isolates belonging to the citrobacter freundii complex. thirty-seven percent contained qnrb alleles, including 7 (qnrb32 to qnrb38) that were novel a ...201121844311
non-pathogenic microflora of a spring water with regenerative properties.the comano spring water (comano, italy) has been demonstrated to improve skin regeneration, not only by increasing keratinocyte proliferation and migration, but also by modulating the regenerated collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis. however, such biological properties may not be entirely explained by its mineral composition only. as the non-pathogenic bacterial populations have demonstrated an active role in different biological processes, the potential presence of non-pathogenic bacterial ...201526623012
microbiological quality of fresh nopal juice.the consumption of fresh nopal cactus juice is widely popular among health-conscious consumers in mexico. the juice is prepared from fresh cladodes that have only been rinsed with tap water and are not subjected to a pasteurization or terminal bacterial reduction process. the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of commercially available fresh juices (n = 162) made with nopal in texcoco, state of mexico, during the summer and spring season. standard microbiological methods, th ...201627973398
citrobacter youngae and pantoea agglomerans peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient. 201323660614
occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) producing enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals, minced meat and raw milk.the impact of food animals as a possible reservoir for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) producing enterobacteriaceae, and the dissemination of such strains into the food production chain need to be assessed. in this study 334 fecal samples from pigs, cattle, chicken and sheep were investigated at slaughter. additionally, 100 raw milk samples, representing bulk tank milk of 100 different dairy farms, 104 minced meat (pork and beef) samples and 67 e. coli isolates from cattle e. coli mastit ...201222397509
esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae: occurrence, risk factors for fecal carriage and strain traits in the swiss slaughter cattle population younger than 2 years sampled at abattoir level.during the past decade extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) producing enterobacteriaceae have become a matter of great concern in human and veterinary medicine. in this cross-sectional study fecal swabs of a geographically representative number of swiss cattle at slaughterhouse level were sampled i) to determine the occurrence of esbl producing enterobacteriaceae in the swiss slaughter cattle population younger than 2 years, and ii) to assess risk factors for shedding esbl producing enterobac ...201323977126
postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of côte d'ivoire.the distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in côte d'ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, bacillus spores, fungi and clostridium perfringens. the results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) cfu g( ...201323078634
antibacterial susceptibility of enterobacteriaceae isolated from raw horsemeat isolated for human consumption (basashi).drug susceptibility testing was carried out using 14 antibiotics in order to identify trends in the antibiotic tolerance of 142 strains of enterobacteriaceae isolated from horsemeat commercially available for raw consumption (basashi). a comparison of the sensitivity to the 14 antibiotics using the 90% mic (minimum inhibitory concentration) values (mic90) showed the strongest tolerance to ampicillin (abpc) at a concentration of > 128 μg/ml, followed by that to fosfomycin (fom) at a concentration ...201525817809
structure of the o-polysaccharide of citrobacter youngae pcm 1503.the o-polysaccharide (o-antigen) was obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae pcm 1503, which is currently classified to the o7 serogroup. the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established by sugar and methylation analyses along with 1d and 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy: structural and serological data of the o-antigen suggest that strain pcm 1503 should be reclassified to a new citrobacter serogroup.201020934177
structure of the o-polysaccharide of citrobacter youngae o1 containing an alpha-d-ribofuranosyl group.the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae o1, strain pcm 1492 was degraded with acid or alkali under mild conditions, and the resultant polysaccharide was isolated by gpc and studied by sugar and methylation analyses and 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopies, including 2d cosy, tocsy, noesy and 1h, 13c hsqc experiments. the following structure of the branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide was established: [structure: see text] where substitution with the alpha-d-ribf group i ...200414698890
occurrence of a new metallo-beta-lactamase imp-4 carried on a conjugative plasmid in citrobacter youngae from the people's republic of china.during the course of an antimicrobial resistance surveillance programme in guangzhou, the people's republic of china, single strains of citrobacter youngae and pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified which were resistant to imipenem and found to carry the carbapenemase gene bla(imp). pcr screening of the citrobacter strain with specific primers for the bla(imp) type genes gave a 587-bp product which when sequenced gave 100% homology with the bla(imp-4) sequence reported recently from acinetobacte ...200111150665
citrobacter youngae and pantoea agglomerans peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient. 201728153975
structural and serological studies on the o-antigen show that citrobacter youngae pcm1505 must be classified to a new citrobacter o-serogroup.the o-polysaccharide obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide of citrobacter youngae pcm1505 was studied by sugar and methylation analyses along with 1d and 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopies. the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established: [formula: see text]. structural and serological data obtained earlier and in this work show that the strain studied is a candidate to a new citrobacter o-serogroup.201222975279
no evidence so far for the dissemination of carbapenemase-producing enterobactericeae in the community in switzerland.carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae represent an increasing threat to public health and to the treatment of serious nosocomial infections. the aim of this study was to screen for the presence of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in human carriers in community settings in switzerland, a country representative of central europe.201324139304
detection of escherichia coli colonies on confluent plates of chromogenic media used in membrane filtration.mi agar (mi), chromocult® coliform agar es (chromocult), and dc with bcig agar (dc) are chromogenic membrane filtration culture-based methods used to assess microbiological water quality. in this study, their ability to detect escherichia coli colonies on confluent growth plates was determined by testing water samples containing increasing concentrations of a non-e. coli growing bacterium, citrobacter youngae. then, their ability to inhibit the growth of non-coliform bacteria was determined by s ...201424365108
multilocus sequence analysis of the genus citrobacter and description of citrobacter pasteurii sp. nov.strains originating from various sources and classified as members of the genus citrobacter within the family enterobacteriaceae were characterized by sequencing internal portions of genes rpob, fusa, pyrg and leus, 16s rrna gene sequencing, average nucleotide identity (ani) of genomic sequences and biochemical tests. phylogenetic analysis based on the four housekeeping genes showed that the 11 species of the genus citrobacter with validly published names are well demarcated. strains cip 55.13(t ...201525687346
enhancement of microbial 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene transformation with increased toxicity by exogenous nutrient amendment.in this study, the bacterial strain citrobacter youngae strain e4 was isolated from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt)-contaminated soil and used to assess the capacity of tnt transformation with/without exogenous nutrient amendments. c. youngae e4 poorly degraded tnt without an exogenous amino nitrogen source, whereas the addition of an amino nitrogen source considerably increased the efficacy of tnt transformation in a dose-dependent manner. the enhanced tnt transformation of c. youngae e4 was mediat ...201728006730
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