| activities of novel polyhydroxylated cardiotonic steroids purified from nuchal glands of the snake, rhabdophis tigrinus. | seven novel polyhydroxylated steroids were isolated from the nucho-dorsal glands of the snake, rhabdophis tigrinus. biological activities of these steroids in inhibiting (na+ + k+)atpase and in producing positive inotropic action were examined in comparison with those of ouabain and gamabufotalin. gamabufotalin was approximately 10 times more potent than ouabain in inhibiting (na+ + k+)atpase. two compounds, compounds iii and xiii, of the seven, produced nearly equipotent enzyme inhibitory activ ... | 1986 | 2872318 |
| studies on japanese encephalitis virus infection of reptiles. i. experimental infection of snakes and lizards. | experimental infection of four species of snakes, rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus, elaphe quadrivirgata, elaphe climacophora and agkistrodon halys, and five species of lizards, takydromus tachydromoides, eumeces latiscutatus, eumeces barbouri, eumeces marginatus oshimensis and gekko japonicus, with japanese encephalitis virus (jev) was carried out. evidence of jev multiplication in snakes was not obtained at least under the conditions used in the present study. all lizards except g. japonicus were ... | 1983 | 6141310 |
| segmentina (polypylis) hemisphaerula (gastropoda: planorbidae): a new molluscan intermediate host of a human intestinal fluke neodiplostomum seoulensis (trematoda: diplostomatidae) in korea. | three species of the pulmonate snails of the family planorbidae have been reported from korea, gyraulus convexiusculus, hippeutis (helicorbis) cantori, and segmentina (polypylis) hemisphaerula. of these 3 species, only h. cantori is reported as the molluscan intermediate host of neodiplostomum seoulensis, 1 of the important snail-borne human intestinal trematodes in korea. however, s. hemisphaerula was also found to be an intermediate host for n. seoulensis. in field-collected snails, h. cantori ... | 1996 | 8604110 |
| gnathostomiasis in frog-eating snakes from japan. | gnathostoma doloresi parasitizes the gastric wall of wild (boars) and domestic (pigs) swine (sus scrofa). its larvae cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. amphibians, reptiles and a freshwater fish are infected with the advanced 3rd stage larvae. prevalence of g. doloresi larvae were surveyed in several snakes, especially in a common frog-eating snake (rhabdophis tigrinus). all species of snakes examined were infected with g. doloresi larvae suggesting that snakes are important reservoir host ... | 1997 | 9391975 |
| the first discovery of larval gnathostoma hispidum (nematoda: gnathostomidae) from a snake host, agkistrodon brevicaudus. | the present study was performed to observe the infection status of several kind of animals with indigenous gnathostoma in korea, and morphological characteristics of gnathostome larvae detected from pit-viper, agkistrodon brevicaudus, for the species identification. to know the existence of gnathostoma in korea, 3,450 loaches, 24 bullfrogs, several kinds of snakes, i.e., 55 elaphe rufodorsata, 2 dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, 62 rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus and 87 agkistrodon spp., and 438 cat ... | 1998 | 9637825 |
| planorbid snails as potential molluscan intermediate host of a human intestinal fluke, neodiplostomum seoulensis (trematoda : diplostomatidae) in korea. | three species of the pulmonate snails of the family planorbidae have been reported from korea; gyraulus convexiusculus, hippeutis (helicorbis) cantori and segmentina (polypylis) hemisphaerula. of these 3 species, only h. cantori is reported as the molluscan intermediate host of neodiplostomum seoulensis, one of the important snail-borne human intestinal trematodes in korea. however, s. hemisphaerula was also found to be an intermediate host for n. seoulensis. in field-collected snails, h. cantor ... | 1997 | 9656378 |
| occurrence of cryptosporidium sp. in snakes in japan. | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium in snakes in japan. fecal samples or intestinal contents of 469 snakes, consisting of five species, were analyzed and cryptosporidium oocysts were detected only from the japanese grass snake rhabdophis tigrinus. the mean prevalence of cryptosporidium sp. in japanese grass snakes was approximately 26% in the region studied. histopathological observations revealed that the organism caused proliferative enteritis in the small ... | 2008 | 18548279 |
| biological and proteomic analysis of venom from the puerto rican racer (alsophis portoricensis: dipsadidae). | the puerto rican racer alsophis portoricensis is known to use venom to subdue lizard prey, and extensive damage to specific lizard body tissues has been well documented. the toxicity and biochemistry of the venom, however, has not been explored extensively. we employed biological assays and proteomic techniques to characterize venom from a. portoricensis anegadae collected from guana island, british virgin islands. high metalloproteinase and gelatinase, as well as low acetylcholinesterase and ph ... | 2010 | 19835906 |
| extraintestinal migration of centrorhynchus sp. (acanthocephala: centrorhynchidae) in experimentally infected rats. | reptiles were known to serve as paratenic hosts for centrorhynchus (acanthocephala: centrorhynchidae) in korea, but the infection course in experimental animals was not elucidated yet. in this study, the tiger keelback snakes (rhabdophis tigrinus) were collected and digested with artificial pepsin solution, and the larvae of centrorhynchus were recovered from them. then, the collected larvae were orally infected to rats for developmental observations. in rats, all the larvae were observed outsid ... | 2010 | 20585530 |
| Experimental manufacture of equine antivenom against yamakagashi (Rhabdophis tigrinus). | Yamakagashi, Rhabdophis tigrinus, is a natricine snake widely distributed in eastern Asia. Severe bite cases, some with fatal outcomes, occur regularly in Japan. Because previous production of R. tigrinus antivenom in rabbits and goats was quite effective, we considered the experimental manufacture of a new antivenom against R. tigrinus in horses. This new antivenom could be used in emergency treatment of snakebite victims. Two horses were immunized with venom extracted from about 500 snakes. Af ... | 2011 | 21937821 |
| discovery of larval gnathostoma nipponicum in frogs and snakes from jeju-do (province), republic of korea. | a survey was performed to find out the intermediate hosts of gnathostoma nipponicum in jeju-do (province), the republic of korea. in august 2009 and 2010, a total of 82 tadpoles, 23 black-spotted pond frogs (rana nigromaculata), 7 tiger keelback snakes (rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus), 6 red-tongue viper snakes (agkistrodon ussuriensis), and 2 cat snakes (elaphe dione) were collected in jeju-do and examined by the pepsin-hcl digestion method. total 5 gnathostome larvae were detected in 3 (50%) of ... | 2011 | 22355217 |
| chemical defense of an asian snake reflects local availability of toxic prey and hatchling diet. | species that sequester toxins from prey for their own defense against predators may exhibit population-level variation in their chemical arsenal that reflects the availability of chemically defended prey in their habitat. rhabdophis tigrinus is an asian snake that possesses defensive glands in the skin of its neck ('nuchal glands'), which typically contain toxic bufadienolide steroids that the snakes sequester from consumed toads. in this study, we compared the chemistry of the nuchal gland flui ... | 2012 | 23853424 |
| venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment. | snake bites are life-threatening injuries that can require intensive care. the diagnosis and treatment of venomous snake bites is sometimes difficult for clinicians because sufficient information has not been provided in clinical practice. here we review the literature to present the proper management of bites by mamushi, habu, and yamakagashi snakes, which widely inhabit japan and other asian countries. no definite diagnostic markers or kits are available for clinical practice; therefore, defin ... | 2015 | 25866646 |
| genetic identification of spirometra decipiens plerocercoids in terrestrial snakes from korea and china. | human sparganosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with larval forms (procercoid/plerocercoid) of spirometra spp. the purpose of this study was to identify spirometra spp. of infected snakes using a multiplex pcr assay and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial dna sequence data from the spargana of terrestrial snakes obtained from korea and china. a total of 283 snakes were obtained that included 4 species of colubridae comprising rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus (n=150), dinodon rufozonat ... | 2016 | 27180576 |
| detection of sfts virus in ixodes nipponensis and amblyomma testudinarium (ixodida: ixodidae) collected from reptiles in the republic of korea. | a survey of reptile-associated ticks and their infection status with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) virus was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution among lizards, skinks, and snakes in the republic of korea (rok). in total, 132 reptiles, including 49 lizards (two species), 15 skinks (one species), and 68 snakes (eight species) were collected. in total, 84 ixodid ticks belonging to two genera (ixodes and amblyomma) were collected from 28/132 (21.2%) li ... | 2016 | 26957392 |
| properties of duvernoy's secretions from opisthoglyphous and aglyphous colubrid snakes. | relatively little attention has been given to the biological properties of duvernoy's secretions produced by opisthoglyphous and some aglyphous colubrid snakes. a review is presented of literature pertaining to these secretions. most detailed analyses of duvernoy's secretions and their biological properties have been performed since the late 1970s. the dispholidines, dispholidus typus and thelotornis sp., and the natricines, rhabdophis tigrinus and r. subminiata, have received the most attention ... | 1994 | 7846688 |
| phylogenetic relationships of 3 korean neodiplostomum species (digenea: neodiplostomidae) based on partial co1 gene. | the phylogenetic relationships of the 3 neodiplostomum spp. (digenea: neodiplostomidae) occurring in korea (n. seoulense, n. leei, and n. boryongense) were analyzed using the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (co1) gene. the adult flukes were recovered from sprague-dawley rats (n. seoulense) and newborn chicks (n. leei and n. boryongense) experimentally infected with the neodiplostomula from the grass snake, rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus. the genomic dna was amplified using spe ... | 2014 | 25031477 |
| do tiger keelback snakes (rhabdophis tigrinus) recognize how toxic they are? | animals that depend on defensive chemicals acquired from food may face a decision when attempting to deter predatory attacks: should they exhibit antipredator behavior that relies on the toxicity of the sequestered chemicals or should they adopt other behaviors that can avoid predation without using the chemical defense, such as flight? thus, it is reasonable to assume that animals that sequester prey toxins have evolved the ability to flexibly change their antipredator responses according to th ... | 2017 | 28447805 |
| toxin ophthalmia caused by nuchal gland secretion of the taiwan tiger keelback (rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus). | rhabdophis tigrinus is a common colubrid snake that can be found in an extensive geographical region in east asia. it consists of two subspecies: r.t. tigrinus (yamakagashi) and r.t. formosanus (taiwan tiger keelback). r. tigrinus possesses two different sets of poisonous glands: the duvernoy's glands in the maxilla, and the nuchal glands in the dorsal skin of the neck. we report the first case in current english literature of toxin ophthalmia caused by the nuchal gland secretion of r.t. formosa ... | 2014 | 25240304 |
| first reported case of systemic envenoming by the sri lankan keelback (balanophis ceylonensis). | envenoming by colubrid snakes is rarely reported. however, some colubrid snakes (e.g. rhabdophis tigrinus and rhabdophis subminiatus) have caused severe systemic envenoming. we report here the first case of a bite with systemic envenoming by balanophis ceylonensis, an opisthoglyphous natricine colubrid, in sri lanka. a 33-year-old healthy male field biologist was bitten while handling the snake for photography. within 5 min of the bite on the dorsum of the right hand, he reported severe occipita ... | 2015 | 25447769 |
| comparative study of biological activities of venom from colubrid snakes rhabdophis tigrinus (yamakagashi) and rhabdophis lateralis. | rhabdophis lateralis, a colubrid snake distributed throughout the continent of asia, has recently undergone taxonomic revisions. previously,rhabdophis lateraliswas classified as a subspecies ofr. tigrinus(yamakagashi) until 2012, when several genetic differences were discovered which classified this snake as its own species. to elucidate the toxicity of venom from this poorly studied colubrid, various biological activities were compared between the venom from the two snake species. the component ... | 2017 | 29149042 |
| corticosteroid responses of snakes to toxins from toads (bufadienolides) and plants (cardenolides) reflect differences in dietary specializations. | toads are chemically defended by cardiotonic steroids known as bufadienolides. resistance to the acute effects of bufadienolides in snakes that prey on toads is conferred by target-site insensitivity of the toxin's target enzyme, the na+/k+-atpase. previous studies have focused largely on the molecular mechanisms of resistance but have not investigated the physiological mechanisms or consequences of exposure to the toxins. adrenal enlargement in snakes often is associated with specialization on ... | 2017 | 28347742 |
| effect of antivenom therapy of rhabdophis tigrinus (yamakagashi snake) bites. | rhabdophis tigrinus (yamakagashi snake) is a rear-fanged colubrid snake present throughout russia and asia. its venom induces life-threatening hemorrhagic symptoms and severe disseminated intravascular coagulation with a fibrinolytic phenotype. r. tigrinus antivenom manufactured by the immunization of horses to neutralize the venom has the risk of adverse events such as anaphylaxis and serum sickness disease. it should be used when benefit is greater than the risk of adverse effects; however, it ... | 2014 | 25520846 |
| rhabdophis tigrinus is not a pit viper but its bites result in venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy similar to many viper bites. | as a response to the recent article by hifumi et al. published in the journal of intensive care, the present correspondence clarifies the family-level taxonomy of the yamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus). further, the relevance of the term 'venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy,' instead of disseminated intravascular coagulation, in describing the procoagulant coagulopathy of r. tigrinus is highlighted. | 2014 | 25520845 |
| active foraging for toxic prey during gestation in a snake with maternal provisioning of sequestered chemical defences. | many animals sequester dietary defensive compounds and incorporate them into the offspring, which protects the young against predation. one possible but poorly investigated question is whether females of such species actively prey upon toxic diets. the snake rhabdophis tigrinus sequesters defensive steroids from toads consumed as prey; it also feeds on other amphibians. females produce chemically armed offspring in direct proportion to their own level of toad-derived toxins by provisioning the t ... | 2015 | 25392472 |
| potentially fatal coagulopathy secondary to yamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus) bites that completely recovered with antivenom treatment. | a healthy 40-year-old man was admitted with severe coagulopathy that developed afterrhabdophis tigrinusbites. on admission, he showed significantly elevated levels of thrombin-antithrombin iii complex (60 ng/ml), plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex (22.3 μg/ml), and fibrinogen degradation products (592 μg/ml). he subsequently developed severe hypofibrinogenemia (50 mg/dl). | 2015 | 29123706 |
| clinical characteristics of yamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus) bites: a national survey in japan, 2000-2013. | yamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus) is a species of pit viper present throughout russia and eastern asia. although r. tigrinus venom is known to induce life-threatening hemorrhagic symptoms, the clinical characteristics and effective treatment of r. tigrinus bites remain unknown. the present study aimed to clarify these issues. | 2014 | 25908983 |
| [clinical feature of envenomation by the snake, yamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus)]. | | 2007 | 17784557 |
| embryonic growth and mobilization of energy and material in oviposited eggs of the red-necked keelback snake, rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis. | we used the red-necked keelback (rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis) as a model animal to study embryonic growth and mobilization of energy and material in oviposited snake eggs. females (n=12) laid eggs between late may and early june. eggs were incubated at 30 (+/-0.3) degrees c. one egg from each clutch was dissected at five-day intervals starting at oviposition. incubation length averaged 27.9 days. three phases of embryonic growth or yolk depletion could be detected in this study. the first phas ... | 2007 | 17289412 |
| dietary sequestration of defensive steroids in nuchal glands of the asian snake rhabdophis tigrinus. | the asian snake rhabdophis tigrinus possesses specialized defensive glands on its neck that contain steroidal toxins known as bufadienolides. we hypothesized that r. tigrinus does not synthesize these defensive steroids but instead sequesters the toxins from toads it consumes as prey. to test this hypothesis, we conducted chemical analyses on the glandular fluid from snakes collected in toad-free and toad-present localities. we also performed feeding experiments in which hatchling r. tigrinus we ... | 2007 | 17284596 |
| characterization of a novel metalloproteinase in duvernoy's gland of rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus. | during the characterization of hemorrhagic factor in venom of rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus, so-called yamakagashi in japan, one of the colubridae family, a novel metalloproteinase with molecular weight of 38 kda in the duvernoy's gland of yamakagashi was identified by gelatin zymography and by monitoring its proteolytic activity using a fluorescence peptide substrate, mocac-plgla2pr(dnp)ar-nh2, which was developed for measuring the well-known matrix metalloproteinase (mmp) activity. after purifi ... | 2006 | 16772705 |
| does prey matter? geographic variation in antipredator responses of hatchlings of a japanese natricine snake (rhabdophis tigrinus). | rhabdophis tigrinus, which typically forages on toads, has unusual nuchal glands on its dorsal neck region containing secretions chemically comparable to cardiac steroids found in toads. r. tigrinus also has several peculiar antipredator displays involving the neck region. if the nuchal gland secretions of r. tigrinus are derived from toads obtained as prey, populations of r. tigrinus that have not eaten toads over an evolutionary time scale would be expected to lose antipredator displays relate ... | 2000 | 11149545 |
| histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of nerves in the duvernoy's gland of the japanese colubrid snake, rhabdophis tigrinus. | nerve fibers supplying the duvernoy's gland, a venom-secreting oral gland, of the japanese colubrid snake, rhabdophis tigrinus, were examined by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (fif) and acetylcholinesterase (ache) histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. the innervation by the fif fibers was rather meager and was restricted to the area around the arteries localized in the interlobular connective tissue. the ache-reactive fibers, in contrast, were abundantly supplied all ... | 1988 | 3223801 |
| [a case of severe defibrination syndrome due to snake (rhabdophis tigrinus) bite]. | | 1983 | 6887532 |
| occurrence of the myoid cell in the harderian gland of the japanese colubrid snake, rhabdophis tigrinus. | an electron microscope study of the harderian gland of the snake, rhabdophis tigrinus, revealed the occurrence of a myoid cell in the glandular body. the myoid cell, in oval profile, is located in the perivascular space and enveloped by a basement membrane. the plasma membrane of the cell is studded with a number of vesicular caveoli. the myoid cell cytoplasm is largely occupied by myofilaments which do not form discrete bundles of myofibrils. the striations comprise the a and i bands together w ... | 1983 | 6870490 |
| fine structure of duvernoy's gland of the japanese colubrid snake, rhabdophis tigrinus. | duvernoy's gland (a type of venom gland) of the japanese colubrid snake, rhabdophis tigrinus, was examined by electron microscopy. the secretory units of the gland consist of the secretory and myoepithelial cells. the secretory cells are columnar in shape and have well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer), golgi apparatus and mitochondria in the basal perinuclear cytoplasm. the secretory granules are homogeneous in structure and moderately dense. they are accumulated in the apical cytopla ... | 1982 | 7165495 |
| parathyroidectomy in the snake rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus. | | 1972 | 5016220 |
| early pathology in venom-induced consumption coagulopathy by rhabdophis tigrinus (yamakagashi snake) envenomation. | objective:rhabdophis tigrinus (yamakagashi in japanese) is a venomous non-front-fanged colubroid snake capable of inflicting envenoming with life-threatening defibrinating coagulopathy. however, because of the uncommon incidence of bites and tendency for late development of symptoms/signs, the early effects of the venom on the coagulation system are poorly known. case report: we describe a boy bitten by a wild r. tigrinus and report his clinical course starting at 30 min after the bite. results: ... | 2019 | 30689439 |
| evolution of nuchal glands, unusual defensive organs of asian natricine snakes (serpentes: colubridae), inferred from a molecular phylogeny. | a large body of evidence indicates that evolutionary innovations of novel organs have facilitated the subsequent diversification of species. investigation of the evolutionary history of such organs should provide important clues for understanding the basis for species diversification. an asian natricine snake, rhabdophis tigrinus, possesses a series of unusual organs, called nuchal glands, which contain cardiotonic steroid toxins known as bufadienolides. rhabdophis tigrinus sequesters bufadienol ... | 2018 | 30397460 |