| demographic models inform selection of biocontrol agents for garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata). | nonindigenous invasive plants pose a major threat to natural communities worldwide. biological control of weeds via selected introduction of their natural enemies can affect control over large spatial areas but also risk nontarget effects. to maximize effectiveness while minimizing risk, weed biocontrol programs should introduce the minimum number of host-specific natural enemies necessary to control an invasive nonindigenous plant. we used elasticity analysis of a matrix model to help inform bi ... | 2006 | 17205913 |
| density-dependent phytotoxicity of impatiens pallida plants exposed to extracts of alliaria petiolata. | invasive plants are by definition excellent competitors, either indirectly through competition for resources or directly through allelopathic inhibition of neighboring plants. although both forms of competition are commonly studied, attempts to explore the interactions between direct and indirect competition are rare. we monitored the effects of several doses of extracts of alliaria petiolata, a eurasian invader in north america, on the growth of impatiens pallida, a north american native, at se ... | 2009 | 19381723 |
| sequestration of glucosinolates and iridoid glucosides in sawfly species of the genus athalia and their role in defense against ants. | in this study, the larval sequestration abilities and defense effectiveness of four sawfly species of the genus athalia (hymenoptera: tenthredinidae) that feed as larvae either on members of the brassicaceae or plantaginaceae were investigated. brassicaceae are characterized by glucosinolates (glss), whereas plantaginaceae contain iridoid glucosides (igs) as characteristic secondary compounds. athalia rosae and a. liberta feed on members of the brassicaceae. larvae of a. rosae sequester aromatic ... | 2010 | 20127151 |
| arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi protect a native plant from allelopathic effects of an invader. | the allelopathic potential of the eurasian invasive plant alliaria petiolata has been well documented, with the bulk of the effects believed to be mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf). we exposed the herbaceous annual impatiens pallida, which is native to north america, to fractionated a. petiolata extracts at four developmental stages (germination, presymbiosis growth, symbiosis formation, and symbiosis growth) by using exposure levels expected to be similar to field levels. surprisin ... | 2010 | 20229215 |
| infection by powdery mildew erysiphe cruciferarum (erysiphaceae) strongly affects growth and fitness of alliaria petiolata (brassicaceae). | garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata) is an invasive biennial that negatively impacts plant and animal communities throughout north america and lacks significant herbivory in its invasive range. throughout ohio, many garlic mustard populations support the powdery mildew fungus erysiphe cruciferarum, although disease incidence varies among populations and environments. effects of infection on plant growth, as well as both plant and fungal responses to drought and light conditions, were examined on ... | 2007 | 21636376 |
| climate change both facilitates and inhibits invasive plant ranges in new england. | forecasting ecological responses to climate change, invasion, and their interaction must rely on understanding underlying mechanisms. however, such forecasts require extrapolation into new locations and environments. we linked demography and environment using experimental biogeography to forecast invasive and native species' potential ranges under present and future climate in new england, united states to overcome issues of extrapolation in novel environments. we studied two potentially nonequi ... | 2017 | 28348212 |
| invasive plant alters community and ecosystem dynamics by promoting native predators. | placing invasion in a more complete food web context expands our understanding of species invasions to reflect the inherent complexity of ecological networks. garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata) has traditionally been predicted to dominate native communities through mechanisms embodied in popular hypotheses such as direct plant-plant interactions (allelopathy) and plant-herbivore interactions (enemy escape). however, garlic mustard also interacts directly with native predators by providing habit ... | 2017 | 28035682 |
| black and garlic mustard plants are highly suitable for the development of two native pierid butterflies. | in multivoltine insects that oviposit and develop on short-lived plants, different herbivore generations across a growing season often exploit different plant species. here, we compare the development time, pupal mass, and survival of two closely related oligophagous herbivore species on two species of brassicaceous plants that grow in different habitats and which exhibit little overlap in temporal growth phenology. in central europe, the green-veined white butterfly, pieris napi l., is bivoltin ... | 2016 | 27106821 |
| a novel mechanism to explain success of invasive herbaceous species at the expense of natives in eastern hardwood forests. | | 2016 | 26763677 |
| diversified glucosinolate metabolism: biosynthesis of hydrogen cyanide and of the hydroxynitrile glucoside alliarinoside in relation to sinigrin metabolism in alliaria petiolata. | alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard, brassicaceae) contains the glucosinolate sinigrin as well as alliarinoside, a γ-hydroxynitrile glucoside structurally related to cyanogenic glucosides. sinigrin may defend this plant against a broad range of enemies, while alliarinoside confers resistance to specialized (glucosinolate-adapted) herbivores. hydroxynitrile glucosides and glucosinolates are two classes of specialized metabolites, which generally do not occur in the same plant species. administrati ... | 2015 | 26583022 |
| invader disruption of belowground plant mutualisms reduces carbon acquisition and alters allocation patterns in a native forest herb. | invasive plants impose novel selection pressures on naïve mutualistic interactions between native plants and their partners. as most plants critically rely on root fungal symbionts (rfss) for soil resources, invaders that disrupt plant-rfs mutualisms can significantly depress native plant fitness. here, we investigate the consequences of rfs mutualism disruption on native plant fitness in a glasshouse experiment with a forest invader that produces known anti-fungal allelochemicals. over 5 months ... | 2016 | 26506529 |
| the invasive plant, brassica nigra, degrades local mycorrhizas across a wide geographical landscape. | disruption of mycorrhizal fungi that form symbioses with local native plants is a strategy used by some invasive exotic plants for competing within their resident communities. example invasive plants include alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and brassica nigra (black mustard), both non-mycorrhizal plants in the family brassicaceae. although there is clear evidence for mycorrhizal degradation, it is not known if such an effect is widespread across the naturalized range. in this study, we tested ... | 2015 | 26473052 |
| how does garlic mustard lure and kill the west virginia white butterfly? | as it pertains to insect herbivores, the preference-performance hypothesis posits that females will choose oviposition sites that maximize their offspring's fitness. however, both genetic and environmental cues contribute to oviposition preference, and occasionally "oviposition mistakes" occur, where insects oviposit on hosts unsuitable for larval development. pieris virginiensis is a pierine butterfly native to north america that regularly oviposits on an invasive plant, alliaria petiolata, but ... | 2015 | 26399433 |
| the effects of leaf litter nutrient pulses on alliaria petiolata performance. | nutrient pulses can facilitate species establishment and spread in new habitats, particularly when one species more effectively uses that nutrient pulse. biological differences in nutrient acquisition between native and exotic species may facilitate invasions into a variety of habitats including deciduous forest understories. alliaria petiolata (bieb.) cavara & grande is an important invader of deciduous forest understories throughout much of north america. these understory communities contain m ... | 2015 | 26312176 |
| competitive interactions between a nonmycorrhizal invasive plant, alliaria petiolata, and a suite of mycorrhizal grassland, old field, and forest species. | the widespread invasion of the nonmycorrhizal biennial plant, alliaria petiolata in north america is hypothesized to be facilitated by the production of novel biochemical weapons that suppress the growth of mycorrhizal fungi. as a result, a. petiolata is expected to be a strong competitor against plant species that rely on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient uptake services. if a. petiolata is also a strong competitor for soil resources, it should deplete nutrients to levels lower than can be tolerat ... | 2015 | 26213654 |
| invasive plants may promote predator-mediated feedback that inhibits further invasion. | understanding the impacts of invasive species requires placing invasion within a full community context. plant invaders are often considered in the context of herbivores that may drive invasion by avoiding invaders while consuming natives (enemy escape), or inhibit invasion by consuming invaders (biotic resistance). however, predators that attack those herbivores are rarely considered as major players in invasion. invasive plants often promote predators, generally by providing improved habitat. ... | 2015 | 26120430 |
| garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata) glucosinolate content varies across a natural light gradient. | garlic mustard is a well-known invader of deciduous forests of north america, yet the influence of environmental factors on garlic mustard allelochemical production is not well understood. three experiments were conducted to detect interactions between one garlic mustard allelochemical (glucosinolate) production and light availability. first, to detect patterns of glucosinolate production across a natural light gradient, leaves and roots of mature plants and first-year rosettes were sampled in p ... | 2015 | 25912227 |
| parasitism disruption a likely consequence of belowground war waged by exotic plant invader. | | 2015 | 25784465 |
| mutualism-disrupting allelopathic invader drives carbon stress and vital rate decline in a forest perennial herb. | invasive plants can negatively affect belowground processes and alter soil microbial communities. for native plants that depend on soil resources from root fungal symbionts (rfs), invasion could compromise their resource status and subsequent ability to manufacture and store carbohydrates. herbaceous perennials that depend on rfs-derived resources dominate eastern north american forest understories. therefore, we predict that forest invasion by alliaria petiolata, an allelopathic species that pr ... | 2015 | 25725084 |
| glucosinolate-related glucosides in alliaria petiolata: sources of variation in the plant and different metabolism in an adapted specialist herbivore, pieris rapae. | specialized metabolites in plants influence their interactions with other species, including herbivorous insects, which may adapt to tolerate defensive phytochemicals. the chemical arsenal of alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard, brassicaceae) includes the glucosinolate sinigrin and alliarinoside, a hydroxynitrile glucoside with defensive properties to glucosinolate-adapted specialists. to further our understanding of the chemical ecology of a. petiolata, which is spreading invasively in north ame ... | 2014 | 25308480 |
| ephemeral disturbances have long-lasting impacts on forest invasion dynamics. | ephemeral disturbances are common in many systems. often, these brief events are assumed to be a nuisance with little long-term ecological impact. we quantified the impact of the ephemeral forest disturbance caused by gypsy moth canopy defoliation on exotic plant invasion in eight hardwood forests in the delaware water gap national recreation area, usa. six years following the gypsy moth disturbance, we were able to predict 59% of the increase in alliaria petiolata abundance and 42% of the incre ... | 2014 | 25163111 |
| synthesis of the allelochemical alliarinoside present in garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata), an invasive plant species in north america. | the allelochemical alliarinoside present in garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata), an invasive plant species in north america, was chemically synthesized using an efficient and practical synthetic strategy based on a simple reaction sequence. commercially available 1,2,3,4,6-penta-o-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranose was converted into prop-2-enyl 2',3',4',6'-tetra-o-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and subjected to epoxidation. in a one-pot reaction, ring-opening of the epoxide using tmscn under solvent free con ... | 2014 | 24908553 |
| in a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives. | a major goal in ecology is to understand mechanisms that increase invasion success of exotic species. a recent hypothesis implicates altered species interactions resulting from ungulate herbivore overabundance as a key cause of exotic plant domination. to test this hypothesis, we maintained an experimental demography deer exclusion study for 6 y in a forest where the native ungulate odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) is overabundant and alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) is aggressively ... | 2014 | 24616522 |
| intraspecific variation among clones of a naïve rare grass affects competition with a nonnative, invasive forb. | intraspecific variation can have a major impact on plant community composition yet there is little information available on the extent that such variation by an already established species affects interspecific interactions of an invading species. the current research examined the competitiveness of clones of a globally rare but locally common native grass, calamagrostis porteri ssp. insperata to invasion by alliaria petiolata, a non-native invasive species. a greenhouse experiment was conducted ... | 2014 | 24558574 |
| a seasonal, density-dependent model for the management of an invasive weed. | the population effects of harvest depend on complex interactions between density dependence, seasonality, stage structure, and management timing. here we present a periodic nonlinear matrix population model that incorporates seasonal density dependence with stage-selective and seasonally selective harvest. to this model, we apply newly developed perturbation analyses to determine how population densities respond to changes in harvest and demographic parameters. we use the model to examine the ef ... | 2013 | 24555315 |
| an exotic invader drives the evolution of plant traits that determine mycorrhizal fungal diversity in a native competitor. | the symbiosis between land plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) is one of the most widespread and ancient mutualisms on the planet. however, relatively little is known about the evolution of these symbiotic plant-fungal interactions in natural communities. in this study, we investigated the symbiotic amf communities of populations of the native plant species pilea pumila (urticaceae) with varying histories of coexistence with a nonmycorrhizal invasive species, alliaria petiolata (brassi ... | 2013 | 24118244 |
| phytoliths in pottery reveal the use of spice in european prehistoric cuisine. | here we present evidence of phytoliths preserved in carbonised food deposits on prehistoric pottery from the western baltic dating from 6,100 cal bp to 5750 cal bp. based on comparisons to over 120 european and asian species, our observations are consistent with phytolith morphologies observed in modern garlic mustard seed (alliaria petiolata (m. bieb) cavara & grande). as this seed has a strong flavour, little nutritional value, and the phytoliths are found in pots along with terrestrial and ma ... | 2013 | 23990910 |
| gas exchange, growth, and defense responses of invasive alliaria petiolata (brassicaceae) and native geum vernum (rosaceae) to elevated atmospheric co2 and warm spring temperatures. | global increases in atmospheric co2 and temperature may interact in complex ways to influence plant physiology and growth, particularly for species that grow in cool, early spring conditions in temperate forests. plant species may also vary in their responses to environmental changes; fast-growing invasives may be more responsive to rising co2 than natives and may increase production of allelopathic compounds under these conditions, altering species' competitive interactions. | 2013 | 23857735 |
| species invasion alters local adaptation to soil communities in a native plant. | plant populations are often adapted to their local conditions, including abiotic factors as well as the biotic communities with which they interact. soil communities, in particular, have strong effects on both the ecology and evolution of plant populations. many invasive plant species alter the ecological relationships between native plants and soil communities; however, whether invaders also alter the evolutionary dynamics between native plants and soils is less well known. here i show that pop ... | 2013 | 23600238 |
| inbreeding depression and partitioning of genetic load in the invasive biennial alliaria petiolata (brassicaceae). | | 2013 | 23445827 |
| dissecting the contributions of plasticity and local adaptation to the phenology of a butterfly and its host plants. | phenology affects the abiotic and biotic conditions that an organism encounters and, consequently, its fitness. for populations of high-latitude species, spring phenology often occurs earlier in warmer years and regions. here we apply a novel approach, a comparison of slope of phenology on temperature over space versus over time, to identify the relative roles of plasticity and local adaptation in generating spatial phenological variation in three interacting species, a butterfly, anthocharis ca ... | 2012 | 23070325 |
| two shoot-miners, ceutorhynchus alliariae and ceutorhynchus roberti, sharing the same fundamental niche on garlic mustard. | a combination of observational and experimental methods, in both the laboratory and field, were used to assess niche partitioning between ceutorhynchus alliariae brisout and c. roberti gyllenhal (coleoptera: curculionidae), two coexisting shoot-boring weevils on garlic mustard, alliaria petiolata (m. bieb.) cavara and grande (brassicaceae). we compared their morphology, oviposition behavior, larval development, distribution, abundance, and attack rates in their sympatric range, and of c. alliari ... | 2012 | 23068164 |
| the importance of space, time, and stochasticity to the demography and management of alliaria petiolata. | as population modeling is increasingly called upon to guide policy and management, it is important that we understand not only the central tendencies of our study systems, but the consequences of their variation in space and time as well. the invasive plant alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) is actively managed in the united states and is the focus of a developing biological control program. two weevils (coleoptera: curculionidae: ceutorhynchus) that reduce fecundity (c. alliariae) and rosette ... | 2012 | 22908709 |
| scale-dependent effects of habitat area on species interaction networks: invasive species alter relationships. | the positive relationship between habitat area and species number is considered a fundamental rule in ecology. this relationship predicts that the link number of species interactions increases with habitat area, and structure is related to habitat area. biological invasions can affect species interactions and area relationships. however, how these relationships change at different spatial scales has remained unexplored. we analysed understory plant-pollinator networks in seven temperate forest s ... | 2012 | 22817690 |
| coevolution between invasive and native plants driven by chemical competition and soil biota. | although reciprocal evolutionary responses between interacting species are a driving force behind the diversity of life, pairwise coevolution between plant competitors has received less attention than other species interactions and has been considered relatively less important in explaining ecological patterns. however, the success of species transported across biogeographic boundaries suggests a stronger role for evolutionary relationships in shaping plant interactions. alliaria petiolata is a ... | 2012 | 22733785 |
| plant-associated bacterial populations on native and invasive plant species: comparisons between 2 freshwater environments. | plant-microbial interactions have been well studied because of the ecological importance of such relationships in aquatic systems. however, general knowledge regarding the composition of these biofilm communities is still evolving, partly as a result of several confounding factors that are attributable to plant host properties and to hydrodynamic conditions in aquatic environments. in this study, the occurrences of various bacterial phylogenetic taxa on 2 native plants, i.e., mayapple (podophyll ... | 2012 | 22625420 |
| interpopulation variation in allelopathic traits informs restoration of invaded landscapes. | invasive species can show substantial genetic variation in ecologically important traits, across ranges as well within the introduced range. if these traits affect competition with native species, then management may benefit from considering the genetic landscape of the invader. across their introduced range, alliaria petiolata populations vary in their investment in allelopathic traits according to invasion history, which could lead to gradients of impact on native species. red oak (quercus rub ... | 2012 | 25568047 |
| possible evolution of alliarinoside biosynthesis from the glucosinolate pathway in alliaria petiolata. | nitrile formation in plants involves the activity of cytochrome p450s. hydroxynitrile glucosides are widespread among plants but generally do not occur in glucosinolate producing species. alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard, brassicaceae) is the only species known to produce glucosinolates as well as a γ-hydroxynitrile glucoside. furthermore, a. petiolata has been described to release diffusible cyanide, which indicates the presence of unidentified cyanogenic glucoside(s). our research on a. peti ... | 2012 | 22212644 |
| leaf and floral parts feeding by orange tip butterfly larvae depends on larval position but not on glucosinolate profile or nitrogen level. | in an attempt to identify chemical signals governing the general flower and silique feeding behavior of larvae of the orange tip butterfly, anthocharis cardamines (l.), we investigated feeding behavior and chemistry of two major host plants: cardamine pratensis l. and alliaria petiolata (bieb.) cavara & grande (garlic mustard). larvae reportedly feed mainly on flowers and siliques rather than leaves in nature, and did so when observed on the original host plants. behavioral experiments, using de ... | 2010 | 21082334 |
| resistance and recovery of soil microbial communities in the face of alliaria petiolata invasions. | invaders can gain ecological advantages because of their evolutionary novelty, but little is known about how these novel advantages will change over time as the invader and invaded community evolve in response to each other. invasive plants often gain such an advantage through alteration of soil microbial communities. in soil communities sampled from sites along a gradient of invasion history with alliaria petiolata, microbial richness tended to decline, but the community's resistance to a. peti ... | 2011 | 20958303 |
| intraspecific variation in allelochemistry determines an invasive species' impact on soil microbial communities. | invasive species can benefit from altered species interactions in their new range, and by interfering with species interactions among native competitors. since exotic invasions are generally studied at the species level, relatively little is known about intraspecific variation in the traits that determine an invader's effect on native species. alliaria petiolata is a widespread and aggressive invader of forest understories that succeeds in part by interfering with mutualistic interactions betwee ... | 2011 | 20680644 |
| effects of the invasive plant garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata) on bacterial communities in a northern hardwood forest soil. | we compared the effects of the invasive plant alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and 2 native plants on soil bacterial communities in a mature mesophytic forest. soil samples were collected from plant patches containing either alliaria or the native plants allium tricoccum (wild leek) and gallium triflorum (bedstraw). since alliaria litter contains secondary compounds that have reported antimicrobial properties, soil was collected outside the root zone of the plants but within the plant patches ... | 2010 | 20130698 |
| evolutionary limits ameliorate the negative impact of an invasive plant. | invasive species can quickly transform biological communities due to their high abundance and strong impacts on native species, in part because they can be released from the ecological forces that limit native populations. however, little is known about the long-term dynamics of invasions; do invaders maintain their dominant status over long time spans, or do new ecological and evolutionary forces eventually develop to limit their populations? alliaria petiolata is a eurasian species that aggres ... | 2009 | 19706431 |
| complex population dynamics and control of the invasive biennial alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard). | controlling species invasions is a leading problem for applied ecology. while controlling populations expanding linearly or exponentially is straightforward, intervention in systems with complex dynamics can have complicated, and sometimes counterintuitive, consequences. most invasive plant populations are stage-structured and density-dependent--a recipe for complex dynamics--and yet few population models have been created to explore the effects of control efforts on such species. we examined th ... | 2009 | 19323197 |
| half-lives and field soil concentrations of alliaria petiolata secondary metabolites. | the allelopathic potential of alliaria petiolata is well established in the lab, but questions remain about the importance of these processes in natural settings, partly because we know so little about the stability of the purported allelopathic compounds. we determined the half-lives of several flavonoid glycosides produced by a. petiolata in sterile and non-sterile soil at two temperatures. we also attempted to quantify the levels of the glucosinolates and flavonoid glycosides produced by a. p ... | 2009 | 19269670 |
| earthworm invasion as the driving force behind plant invasion and community change in northeastern north american forests. | identification of factors that drive changes in plant community structure and contribute to decline and endangerment of native plant species is essential to the development of appropriate management strategies. introduced species are assumed to be driving causes of shifts in native plant communities, but unequivocal evidence supporting this view is frequently lacking. we measured native vegetation, non-native earthworm biomass, and leaf-litter volume in 15 forests in the presence and absence of ... | 2009 | 19236448 |
| acceleration of exotic plant invasion in a forested ecosystem by a generalist herbivore. | the successful invasion of exotic plants is often attributed to the absence of coevolved enemies in the introduced range (i.e., the enemy release hypothesis). nevertheless, several components of this hypothesis, including the role of generalist herbivores, remain relatively unexplored. we used repeated censuses of exclosures and paired controls to investigate the role of a generalist herbivore, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), in the invasion of 3 exotic plant species (microstegium vi ... | 2009 | 19183209 |
| effects of alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard; brassicaceae) on mycorrhizal colonization and community structure in three herbaceous plants in a mixed deciduous forest. | herbaceous plant species are important components of forest ecosystems, and their persistence in forests may be affected by invasive plant species that reduce mycorrhizal colonization of plant roots. i examined the effect of the invasive plant alliaria petiolata on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) colonizing the roots of three forest plant species. amf root colonization and community structure was examined from plants that were growing either in the absence or presence of alliaria under natura ... | 2008 | 21628149 |
| the invasive species alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) increases soil nutrient availability in northern hardwood-conifer forests. | the invasion of non-native plants can alter the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms and nutrient cycling within forests. we used field studies to analyze the impact of a successful invasive groundcover, alliaria petiolata, on fungal diversity, soil nutrient availability, and ph in five northeastern us forests. we also used laboratory and greenhouse experiments to test three mechanisms by which a. petiolata may alter soil processes: (1) the release of volatile, cyanogenic glucosides fro ... | 2008 | 18612654 |
| novel weapons: invasive plant suppresses fungal mutualists in america but not in its native europe. | why some invasive plant species transmogrify from weak competitors at home to strong competitors abroad remains one of the most elusive questions in ecology. some evidence suggests that disproportionately high densities of some invaders are due to the release of biochemicals that are novel, and therefore harmful, to naive organisms in their new range. so far, such evidence has been restricted to the direct phytotoxic effects of plants on other plants. here we found that one of north america's mo ... | 2008 | 18481529 |
| escaping an evolutionary trap: preference and performance of a native insect on an exotic invasive host. | exotic plants may act as population sinks or evolutionary traps for native herbivores. the native butterfly pieris oleracea lays eggs on garlic mustard, alliaria petiolata, but larvae develop very poorly on this exotic invasive plant. we examined oviposition preference of individual females and larval performance of their offspring for individuals from one area where garlic mustard is well established and one where it is absent. these data were used to assess whether garlic mustard is being inco ... | 2008 | 18327618 |
| screening seeds of some scottish plants for free radical scavenging activity. | from a consideration of ethnobotanical and taxonomic information, seeds of 45 scottish plant species encompassing 23 different families were obtained from authentic seed suppliers. the n-hexane, dichloromethane (dcm) and methanol (meoh) extracts were assessed, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for free radical scavenging activity in the dpph assay. the meoh extracts of 37 species exhibited low to high levels of free radical scavenging activity (rc50 values ranging from 2.00 to 4.7 x 10(-4) ... | 2007 | 17357975 |
| cyanide in the chemical arsenal of garlic mustard, alliaria petiolata. | cyanide production has been reported from over 2500 plant species, including some members of the brassicaceae. we report that the important invasive plant, alliaria petiolata, produces levels of cyanide in its tissues that can reach 100 ppm fresh weight (fw), a level considered toxic to many vertebrates. in a comparative study, levels of cyanide in leaves of young first-year plants were 25 times higher than in leaves of young arabidopsis thaliana plants and over 150 times higher than in leaves o ... | 2007 | 17146719 |
| modelling the impacts of two exotic invasive species on a native butterfly: top-down vs. bottom-up effects. | 1. exotic invasive species can influence population dynamics of native species through top-down or bottom-up forces. the present study examined separate and interactive effects of multiple exotic species invasions on the native mustard white butterfly, pieris napi oleracea harris (lepidoptera: pieridae), using a stochastic simulation model. 2. p. n. oleracea populations in north america have decreased regionally since the 1860s. competition with an exotic congener (p. rapae l.), loss of native h ... | 2006 | 16689960 |
| invasive plant suppresses the growth of native tree seedlings by disrupting belowground mutualisms. | the impact of exotic species on native organisms is widely acknowledged, but poorly understood. very few studies have empirically investigated how invading plants may alter delicate ecological interactions among resident species in the invaded range. we present novel evidence that antifungal phytochemistry of the invasive plant, alliaria petiolata, a european invader of north american forests, suppresses native plant growth by disrupting mutualistic associations between native canopy tree seedli ... | 2006 | 16623597 |
| geographic patterns of herbivory and resource allocation to defense, growth, and reproduction in an invasive biennial, alliaria petiolata. | we investigated geographic patterns of herbivory and resource allocation to defense, growth, and reproduction in an invasive biennial, alliaria petiolata, to test the hypothesis that escape from herbivory in invasive species permits enhanced growth and lower production of defensive chemicals. we quantified herbivore damage, concentrations of sinigrin, and growth and reproduction inside and outside herbivore exclusion treatments, in field populations in the native and invasive ranges. as predicte ... | 2006 | 16502001 |
| expression of constitutive and inducible chemical defenses in native and invasive populations of alliaria petiolata. | the evolution of increased competitive ability (eica) hypothesis posits that invasive plants in introduced habitats with reduced herbivore pressure will evolve reduced levels of costly resistance traits. in light of this hypothesis, we examined the constitutive and inducible expression of five chemical defense traits in alliaria petiolata from four invasive north american and seven native european populations. when grown under common conditions, significant variation among populations within con ... | 2005 | 16222770 |
| molecular evidence for multiple introductions of garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata, brassicaceae) to north america. | invasive species offer excellent model systems for studying rapid evolutionary change. in this context, molecular markers play an important role because they provide information about pathways of introduction, the amount of genetic variation introduced, and the extent to which founder effects and inbreeding after population bottlenecks may have contributed to evolutionary change. here, we studied microsatellite variation in eight polymorphic loci among and within 27 native and 26 introduced popu ... | 2005 | 15836643 |
| palatability and tolerance to simulated herbivory in native and introduced populations of alliaria petiolata (brassicaceae). | the european herb garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata) is a serious invader of north american deciduous forests. one explanation for its success could be that in the absence of specialized herbivores, selection has favored less defended but more vigorous genotypes. this idea was addressed by comparing offspring from several native and introduced alliaria populations with respect to their palatability to insect herbivores and their tolerance to simulated herbivory. feeding rates of a specialist we ... | 2004 | 21653441 |
| allelopathic inhibition of germination by alliaria petiolata (brassicaceae). | garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata, brassicaceae) is an invasive, nonindigenous species currently invading the understory of north american woodlands where it is a serious threat to the native flora. part of this success might be due to allelopathic interference by garlic mustard. two congeneric species, the european geum urbanum and the north american geum laciniatum, were tested for allelopathic inhibition of germination by garlic mustard. seeds were germinated either on substrate contaminated ... | 2004 | 21653384 |
| data on the host plant selection of the horseradish flea beetle, phyllotreta armoraciae (koch, 1803) (coleoptera, chrysomelidae, alticinae). | crucifer feeding specialists within the chrysomelidae family can be found mainly in the subfamilies of chrysomelinae and alticinae. nearly all the species of phyllotreta within alticinae feed on crucifers or related genera of resedaceae and capparaceae. oligophagy is a characteristic feature of phyllotreta species but some species are monophagous. under natural conditions phyllotreta armoraciae (koch, 1803) is considered as a monophagous species feeding only on horseradish (armoracia lapathifoli ... | 2001 | 12425048 |
| variation in the expression of chemical defenses in alliaria petiolata (brassicaceae) in the field and common garden. | i examined glucosinolates, trypsin inhibitors (ti), and peroxidase (pod) activity in garlic mustard (alliaria petiolata) plants growing naturally in wright state university's forest preserve and in a common garden experiment in plants from the same populations conducted in the greenhouse. in the field, first-year plants expressed each defense, but defense levels varied significantly in plants from different sites in the forest. patterns in site variation were consistent for glucosinolate and pod ... | 2002 | 21665743 |
| seasonal and population variation in flavonoid and alliarinoside content of alliaria petiolata. | pieris napi oleracea, an indigenous butterfly in north america, lays eggs on alliaria petiolata, an invasive weed that was introduced from europe. however, larval development on plants from different sources varies considerably. a. petiolata is a compulsive biennial, and its foliage is rich in apigenin flavonoids. we compared the chemistry of different vegetative forms from different populations in the vicinity of ithaca, ny throughout the year. significant differences occurred in the number of ... | 2001 | 11521398 |
| dual chemical barriers protect a plant against different larval stages of an insect. | the host plants of the native american butterfly, pieris napi oleracea, include most wild mustards. however, garlic mustard, alliaria petiolata, a highly invasive weed that was introduced from europe, appears to be protected from this insect. although adults will oviposit on the plant, most larvae of p. n. oleracea do not survive on garlic mustard. we used feeding bioassays with different larval stages of the insect to monitor the isolation and identification of two bioactive constituents that c ... | 2001 | 11521397 |
| a cyanoallyl glucoside from alliaria petiolata, as a feeding deterrent for larvae of pieris napi oleracea. | alliarinoside, a feeding inhibitor against early instar larvae of pieris napi oleracea, was isolated from the foliage of alliaria petiolata and characterized as (2z)-4-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-butenenitrile (1) by spectroscopic methods. the structural assignment was confirmed by synthesis of peracetylated alliarinoside (2) and its 2e isomer (3). a sample of synthetic 1 was isolated by preparative hplc from the hydrolysis of the 2z acetate. feeding inhibition assays showed comparable activity ... | 2001 | 11325224 |
| patterns of seed mass variation and their effects on seedling traits inalliaria petiolata (brassicaceae). | seed mass is considered to be the least plastic component of reproductive yield. yet, in invasive populations of garlic mustard, alliaria petiolata, seed mass was highly variable (eightfold among populations, 2.5-7.5 fold within populations, two-threefold within individuals, and 1.4-1.8 fold within fruits). variation in seed mass among populations explained nearly half of the total variance. variation among seeds within fruits accounted for a further 25% of variance. individual seed mass within ... | 2000 | 10636830 |
| comparative study of the lipids of four dominating species of freshwater plants and algae of the shulgan river. | the fatty acid and lipid compositions of four dominating species of plants and algae of the shulgan river--alliaria petiolata, rhynchostegium riparioides, sphaeroplea annulina, and rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum--were studied. the composition of phospho-, glyco-, and neutral lipids was investigated. a betaine lipid 1(3), 2-diacylglyceryl-(3)-o-4-(n,n,n-trimethyl)homoserine was detected in the polar lipid fraction of the rhynchostegium riparioides bryophyte. characteristic distribution of lipids and ... | 1999 | 10611535 |
| a new sinapoyl derivative of isovitexin 6'' -o-beta-d-glucopyranoside from alliaria petiolata. | the new compound 6'''-o-sinapoylisovitexin 6'' -o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1) was isolated from the foliage of alliaria petiolata, and identified by spectral studies. | 1999 | 9917315 |
| effect of biologically active plants used as netst material and the derived benefit to starling nestlings. | the european starling sturnus vulgaris preferentially incorporates fresh sprigs of particular plant species for use as nesting material. chemicals found in these plants may act to reduce pathogen and ectoparasite populations normally found in nest environments. the present experiments were performed to test this nest protection hypothesis. in the fild, we experimentally determined that wild carrot daucus carota, a plant species preferred as nest material, effectively reduced the number of hemato ... | 1988 | 28310369 |
| coevolution of pierid butterflies and their cruciferous foodplants iv. crucifer apparency and anthocharis cardamines (l.) oviposition. | the oviposition behaviour of the butterfly anthocharis cardamines has been examined, using the methods of strong inference to investigate foodplant choice. adaptive explanations for females ovipositing mainly on unshaded, young and large individuals of alliaria petiolata are rejected in favour of explanations based on 'apparency' to searching females. floral characters shown to influence intraspecific foodplant apparency are then examined in comparisons between crucifer species, and are shown to ... | 1982 | 28310517 |