| tumour incidence, growth, reproduction and longevity in female c3h mice fed polyunsaturated ruminant-derived foodstuffs. | earlier studies with the random-bred quackenbush mouse strain showed that human-type diets based on linoleic acid-enriched foodstuffs derived from ruminants fed protected polyunsaturated oils have no detrimental effects on growth, reproduction or longevity. tumour incidence and time of onset of tumour development have now been studied in the inbred, tumour-prone mouse strain c3h, in addition to growth, reproduction and longevity. mice were fed a polyunsaturated human diet, a conventional human d ... | 1979 | 574381 |
| evaluation of efficacy of pooled sera in a human immunodeficiency virus antibody prevalence in population surveys. | the pooling of five individual serum samples for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) antibodies was examined to assess whether testing pooled versus individual sera was technically feasible. detection of hiv-1 antibodies was performed using a competitive enzyme immunoassay (eia) wellcozyme hiv recombinant commercially available kit. positive, weak positive and negative sera or hiv-1 antibody from wellcozyme hiv recombinant, du pont elisa, serodia hiv mast diagnostica and ... | 1990 | 2223657 |
| antiviral activity of trichothecene mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-x, and nivalenol) against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. | the effect of trichothecene mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (don), fusarenon-x (fx) and nivalenol (niv), on plaque formation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) in hep-2 cells was examined. the 50% effective concentrations (ec50) of don, fx, and niv for hsv-1 plaque formation were 160, 56, and 120 ng/ml, respectively. those for hsv-2 plaque formation were 94, 26, and 50 ng/ml, respectively. these three mycotoxins showed about 2-fold higher selectivity to hsv-2 than to hsv-1. plaqu ... | 1995 | 7494505 |
| indigenous anti-hepatitis a virus igm capture elisa for the diagnosis of hepatitis a. | anti-hepatitis a virus igm capture elisa was developed by using the reagents produced in the niv laboratory. the major reagents of the assay were anti-human igm antibody, hepatitis a virus (hav) and anti-hav igg-horse radish peroxidase (hrp) conjugate. of these, anti-human igm antibodies were generated in rabbit against igm secreted by human hybridoma clone(g3). hav was derived from buffalo green money kidney cell line infected with hm-175 strain. virus purified from the cell lysates was used fo ... | 1994 | 8088883 |
| hemorrhagic manifestations and encephalopathy in cases of dengue in india. | thirty-seven serum samples and five serum-csf pairs collected from 42 acutely ill patients admitted to hospitals in maharashtra (bombay, pune and nasik); orissa (raurkela) and south goa were referred to the national institute of virology (niv), pune (maharashtra, india) for serodiagnosis. these patients had clinical manifestations of fever, hemorrhagic manifestations, hepatomegaly, shock syndrome and encephalopathy. sixty-six percent of patients were children below ten years of age. serological ... | 1996 | 9185255 |
| national institute of virology report on testing of virodene by the niv. | | 1999 | 10191851 |
| update: outbreak of nipah virus--malaysia and singapore, 1999. | during march 1999, health officials in malaysia and singapore, in collaboration with australian researchers and cdc, investigated reports of febrile encephalitic and respiratory illnesses among workers who had exposure to pigs. a previously unrecognized paramyxovirus (formerly known as hendra-like virus), now called nipah virus, was implicated by laboratory testing in many of these cases. febrile encephalitis continues to be reported in malaysia but has decreased coincident with mass culling of ... | 1999 | 10366143 |
| the neurological manifestations of nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus. | a novel hendra-like paramyxovirus named nipah virus (niv) was the cause of an outbreak among workers from one abattoir who had contact with pigs. two patients had only respiratory symptoms, while 9 patients had encephalitis, 7 of whom are described in this report. neurological involvement was diverse and multifocal, including aseptic meningitis, diffuse encephalitis, and focal brainstem involvement. cerebellar signs were relatively common. magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain showed sca ... | 1999 | 10482278 |
| the nipah virus outbreak--a reminder. | | 1999 | 10489488 |
| lessons to be learnt from the nipah virus outbreak in singapore. | | 1999 | 10489489 |
| meningoencephalitis caused by a novel paramyxovirus: an advanced mri case report in an emerging disease. | eleven abattoir workers in singapore were infected in march 1999 by an outbreak caused by the nipah virus. this newly discovered, hendra-like paramyxovirus causes acute infection of the cns. we present the magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (mrs) findings in a patient suffering from acute meningoencephalitis. multiple small white matter lesions were detected on diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi) and t2-weighted images. there were no abnormalities detected o ... | 1999 | 10489496 |
| nipah-virus encephalitis--investigation of a new infection. | | 1999 | 10520625 |
| outbreak of nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in singapore. | in march 1999, an outbreak of encephalitis and pneumonia occurred in workers at an abattoir in singapore. we describe the clinical presentation and the results of investigations in these patients. | 1999 | 10520634 |
| fatal encephalitis due to nipah virus among pig-farmers in malaysia. | between february and april, 1999, an outbreak of viral encephalitis occurred among pig-farmers in malaysia. we report findings for the first three patients who died. | 1999 | 10520635 |
| nipah viral encephalitis or japanese encephalitis? mr findings in a new zoonotic disease. | an epidemic of suspected japanese encephalitis occurred in malaysia in 1998-1999 among pig farmers. in neighboring singapore, an outbreak occurred among pig slaughterhouse workers. it was subsequently established that the causative agent in the outbreak was not the japanese encephalitis virus but a previously unknown hendra-like paramyxovirus named nipah virus. | 2000 | 10730635 |
| clinical features of nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia. | between september 1998 and june 1999, there was an outbreak of severe viral encephalitis due to nipah virus, a newly discovered paramyxovirus, in malaysia. | 2000 | 10781618 |
| case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in malaysia. | an outbreak of encephalitis affecting 265 patients (105 fatally) occurred during 1998-1999 in malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, nipah, that infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. most patients were pig farmers. clinically undetected nipah infection was noted in 10 (6%) of 166 community-farm controls (persons from farms without reported encephalitis patients) and 20 (11%) of 178 case-farm controls (persons from farms with encephalitis patients). case patients (persons with nipah inf ... | 2000 | 10823779 |
| risk factors for nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in singapore. | during 10-19 march 1999, 11 workers in 1 of 2 singaporean abattoirs developed nipah-virus associated encephalitis or pneumonia, resulting in 1 fatality. a case-control study was conducted to determine occupational risk factors for infection. case patients were abattoir a workers who had anti-nipah igm antibodies; control subjects were randomly selected abattoir a workers who tested negative for anti-nipah igm. all 13 case patients versus 26 (63%) of 41 control subjects reported contact with live ... | 2000 | 10823780 |
| nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. | a paramyxovirus virus termed nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in malaysia and singapore. the outbreak was first noted in late september 1998 and by mid-june 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in singapore. electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic ... | 2000 | 10827955 |
| molecular characterization of nipah virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus. | recently, a new paramyxovirus, now known as nipah virus (nv), emerged in malaysia and singapore, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory syndrome in pigs. initial studies had indicated that nv is antigenically and genetically related to hendra virus (hv). we generated the sequences of the n, p/c/v, m, f, and g genes of nv and compared these sequences with those of hv and other members of the family paramyxoviridae. the intergenic regions of nv were identical to those of hv, and th ... | 2000 | 10860887 |
| mr imaging features of nipah encephalitis. | the newly discovered nipah virus causes an acute febrile encephalitic illness in humans that is associated with a high mortality. the purpose of this study is to describe the mr imaging findings of nipah encephalitis. | 2000 | 10915690 |
| emerging diseases. malaysian researchers trace nipah virus outbreak to bats. | scientists are a step closer to unraveling a medical mystery that killed 105 people in malaysia last year and destroyed the country's pig industry. the nipah virus, which caused the disease, most likely originated in a native fruit bat species, malaysian researchers reported here at a meeting last week. they say the findings will help malaysian health authorities prevent future outbreaks of the nipah virus. others see the case as an argument for expanding research into infections that can leap t ... | 2000 | 10939954 |
| malaysia culls pigs as nipah virus strikes again. | | 2000 | 10963210 |
| [nipah virus outbreak in malaysia, 1999]. | | 2000 | 10998976 |
| the exceptionally large genome of hendra virus: support for creation of a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae. | an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in hendra, a suburb of brisbane, australia, in september 1994 resulted in the deaths of 14 racing horses and a horse trainer. the causative agent was a new member of the family paramyxoviridae. the virus was originally called equine morbillivirus but was renamed hendra virus (hev) when molecular characterization highlighted differences between it and members of the genus morbillivirus. less than 5 years later, the closely related nipah virus (niv) emerged ... | 2000 | 11024125 |
| encephalitis in the 21 st century. | as the 21st century begins, several outbreaks of encephalitis have been reported. an examination of these outbreaks brings into focus important epidemiological developments. specifically, urbanization and encroachment on natural environments, the ease of world travel, and global trade can lead to spread of vectors and viruses from the developing world to the developed world. this review focuses on two recent epidemics of encephalitis: west nile virus encephalitis in the eastern united states and ... | 2000 | 11051296 |
| high mortality in nipah encephalitis is associated with presence of virus in cerebrospinal fluid. | during the outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis in malaysia, stored cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from 84 patients (27 fatal and 57 nonfatal cases) were cultured for the virus. the virus was isolated from 17 fatal cases and 1 nonfatal case. there were significant associations between csf virus isolation and mortality as well as clinical features associated with poor prognosis. in addition, there was a positive linear correlation of csf virus isolation with age. there was no significant assoc ... | 2000 | 11079547 |
| diagnosis of nipah virus encephalitis by electron microscopy of cerebrospinal fluid. | between 1998 and 1999, an outbreak of potentially fatal viral encephalitis erupted among pig farm workers in west malaysia, and later spread to singapore where abattoir workers were afflicted. although japanese encephalitis virus was initially suspected, the predominant aetiologic agent was subsequently confirmed to be nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus related to but distinct from hendra virus. | 2000 | 11090749 |
| risk factors for nipah virus transmission, port dickson, negeri sembilan, malaysia: results from a hospital-based case-control study. | a hospital-based case-control study of viral encephalitis was carried out at port dickson hospital, in the state of negeri sembilan, malaysia. between march and may 1999, 69 clinically diagnosed viral encephalitis cases and 31 controls were interviewed. job histories on pig farming activities were assessed by a group of epidemiologists and veterinary surgeons. results show that among clinical cases of viral encephalitis, 52 (75.4%) cases were diagnosed to have nipah virus infection based on posi ... | 2000 | 11127330 |
| assessment of nipah virus transmission among pork sellers in seremban, malaysia. | between september 1998 and may 1999, 265 cases of encephalitis were reported from among those involved in pig rearing. a few cases were also reported among abattoir workers. this raised questions of the risk of transmission among those who handled raw pork. a serosurvey was conducted among pork sellers in seremban town, which is about 20 km from one of the pig rearing areas which had reported cases of encephalitis. it was found that out of the 28 pork sellers tested, only one tested positive for ... | 2000 | 11127331 |
| a cohort study of health care workers to assess nosocomial transmissibility of nipah virus, malaysia, 1999. | during 1998-1999, an outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis occurred in malaysia. to assess the possibility of nosocomial transmission, 338 health care workers (hcws) exposed and 288 hcws unexposed to outbreak-related patients were surveyed, and their serum samples were tested for anti-nipah virus antibody. needlestick injuries were reported by 12 (3%) hcws, mucosal surface exposure to body fluids by 39 (11%), and skin exposure to body fluids by 89 (25%). no encephalitis occurred in either group. ... | 2001 | 11181159 |
| hendra virus disease in horses. | the author provides an account of the discovery of a previously undescribed disease of horses and a description of the studies involved in determining the aetiology of the disease. the causative virus, now named hendra virus (hev), is the reference virus for a proposed new genus within the virus family paramyxoviridae. the virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. the virus also naturally ... | 2000 | 11189712 |
| nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular malaysia. | between late 1998 and 1999, the spread of a new disease of pigs, characterized by a pronounced respiratory and neurological syndrome, sometimes accompanied by the sudden death of sows and boars, was recorded in pig farms in peninsular malaysia. the disease appeared to have a close association with an epidemic of viral encephalitis among workers on pig farms. a previously unrecognised paramyxovirus was later identified from this outbreak; this virus was related to, but distinct from, the hendra v ... | 2000 | 11189713 |
| [zoonoses as a risk when associating with livestock or animal products]. | the risk of zoonotic disease transmission when handling livestock or animal products is substantial. in industrialized countries, the classical zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis or brucellosis are no longer in the foreground. latent zoonoses such as salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis can cause serious disease in humans and have become a major public health problem during the past years. since animals infected with these pathogens show only mild transient disease or no clinical signs at al ... | 2000 | 11189834 |
| emergence of nipah virus in malaysia. | a pig-borne virus causing viral encephalitis amongst human beings in malaysia was detected in 1997 by the ministry of health. initially, the disease was considered to be japanese encephalitis. subsequently, it was thought to be a hendra-like viral encephalitis, but on 10th april, 1999 the minister of health announced this mysterious and deadly virus to be a new virus named nipah virus. the virus was characterized at cdc, atlanta, georgia. the gene sequencing of the enveloped virus revealed that ... | 2000 | 11193645 |
| hendra and nipah virus infections. | the most important clinical and pathological manifestation of hendra virus infection in horses and humans is that of severe interstitial pneumonia caused by viral infection of small blood vessels. the virus is also capable of causing nervous disease. hendra virus is not contagious in horses and is spread by close contact with body fluids, such as froth from infected lungs. diagnosis should be based on the laboratory examination of blood, lung, kidney, spleen, and, if nervous signs are present, a ... | 2000 | 11219352 |
| anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. | by using the criteria that define emerging infectious diseases (eids) of humans, we can identify a similar group of eids in wildlife. in the current review we highlight an important series of wildlife eids: amphibian chytridiomycosis; diseases of marine invertebrates and vertebrates and two recently-emerged viral zoonoses, nipah virus disease and west nile virus disease. these exemplify the varied etiology, pathogenesis, zoonotic potential and ecological impact of wildlife eids. strikingly simil ... | 2001 | 11230820 |
| the presence of nipah virus in respiratory secretions and urine of patients during an outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis in malaysia. | to study the excretion of nipah virus in the upper respiratory secretions and urine of infected patients in relation to other clinical features. | 2001 | 11243752 |
| [emergent viral infections]. | the emergence and re-emergence of viral infections is an ongoing process. large-scale vaccination programmes led to the eradication or control of some viral infections in the last century, but new viruses are always emerging. increased travel is leading to a rise in the importation of exotic infections such as dengue and hepatitis e, but also of hepatitis a, which is no longer endemic. apart from import diseases new viruses have appeared (nipah-virus and transfusion-transmitted virus). existing ... | 2001 | 11305210 |
| ultrastructure of hendra virus and nipah virus within cultured cells and host animals. | the ultrastructure of hendra and nipah viruses is described in cultured cells, pigs, horses and humans. differences in ultrastructure between the viruses are evident within infected cell cultures and lungs from infected amplifier hosts. these differences are important in viral identification and differentiation and understanding the pathogenesis of disease. | 2001 | 11334747 |
| comparative pathology of the diseases caused by hendra and nipah viruses. | information on the pathogenesis and transmissibility of hendra and nipah viruses was obtained by comparing their histopathology. both viruses induced syncytial cells in vascular tissues and they were primarily vasotropic and/or neurotropic, generating interstitial pneumonia or encephalitis. nipah virus in pigs was also epitheliotropic in respiratory epithelium and thus contagious. | 2001 | 11334749 |
| tioman virus, a novel paramyxovirus isolated from fruit bats in malaysia. | a search for the natural host of nipah virus has led to the isolation of a previously unknown member of the family paramyxoviridae. tioman virus (tiv) was isolated from the urine of fruit bats (pteropus hypomelanus) found on the island of the same name off the eastern coast of peninsular malaysia. an electron microscopic study of tiv-infected cells revealed spherical and pleomorphic-enveloped viral particles (100--500 nm in size) with a single fringe of embedded peplomers. virus morphogenesis oc ... | 2001 | 11336547 |
| update on viral encephalitis. | over 100 viruses have been associated with acute central nervous system infections. the present review focuses on some of the most common agents of viral encephalitis, as well as important emerging viral encephalitides. in this context, the initial detection of west nile virus in the western hemisphere during the 1999 new york city outbreak, the first description of nipah virus in malaysia, and the appearance in asia of a new neurovirulent enterovirus 71 strain that causes severe neurologic dise ... | 2001 | 11371762 |
| nipah virus infection in bats (order chiroptera) in peninsular malaysia. | nipah virus, family paramyxoviridae, caused disease in pigs and humans in peninsular malaysia in 1998-99. because nipah virus appears closely related to hendra virus, wildlife surveillance focused primarily on pteropid bats (suborder megachiroptera), a natural host of hendra virus in australia. we collected 324 bats from 14 species on peninsular malaysia. neutralizing antibodies to nipah virus were demonstrated in five species, suggesting widespread infection in bat populations in peninsular mal ... | 2001 | 11384522 |
| treatment of acute nipah encephalitis with ribavirin. | nipah virus, a newly identified paramyxovirus caused a severe outbreak of encephalitis in malaysia with high fatalities. we report an open-label trial of ribavirin in 140 patients, with 54 patients who were managed prior to the availability of ribavirin or refused treatment as control. there were 45 deaths (32%) in the ribavirin arm; 29 deaths (54%) occurred in the control arm. this represents a 36% reduction in mortality (p = 0.011). there was no associated serious side effect. this study sugge ... | 2001 | 11409437 |
| a new continuous cell line from larval hemocytes of spodoptera litura (f.). | a new cell line has been established from larval hemocytes of the moth, s. litura (tobacco cut worm). it took 147 days to form a monolayer and one year for the first 17 passages. at present, the culture is at 86th passage level and is designated niv-su-1095. three cell types could be distinguished, viz. plasmatocytes (53%), prohemocytes (36%) and granular hemocytes (11%). the chromosome number was very high, 74% metaphase cells showed more than 100 chromosomes. the cells could be cryopreserved. ... | 2000 | 11411040 |
| first case of nipah virus encephalitis in singapore. | | 2001 | 11480479 |
| emerging viral diseases of southeast asia and the western pacific. | over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in southeast asia and the western pacific. vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include japanese encephalitis, barmah forest, ross river, and chikungunya viruses. however, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. the first of these disease agents to emerge was hendra virus, forme ... | 2001 | 11485641 |
| serological examination for evidence of infection with hendra and nipah viruses in queensland piggeries. | to examine piggeries in queensland for evidence of infection with hendra virus and nipah virus. | 2001 | 11491222 |
| molecular characterization of the polymerase gene and genomic termini of nipah virus. | in 1998, nipah virus (nv) emerged in peninsular malaysia, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory disease in swine. nv is most closely related to hendra virus (hv), a paramyxovirus that was identified in australia in 1994, and it has been proposed that hv and nv represent a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae. this report describes the analysis of the sequences of the polymerase gene (l) and genomic termini of nv as well as a comparison of the full-length, genomic sequence ... | 2001 | 11504554 |
| complete nucleotide sequences of nipah virus isolates from malaysia. | we have completely sequenced the genomes of two nipah virus (niv) isolates, one from the throat secretion and the other from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of the sole surviving encephalitic patient with positive csf virus isolation in malaysia. the two genomes have 18246 nucleotides each and differ by only 4 nucleotides. the niv genome is 12 nucleotides longer than the hendra virus (hev) genome and both genomes have identical leader and trailer sequence lengths and hexamer-phasing positions for ... | 2001 | 11514724 |
| traceback systems used during recent epizootics in asia. | traceback systems in most countries of asia are not well developed, as indicated by responses to a questionnaire by veterinary officials in thirteen countries. marking of animals for traceback is practised only in a limited number of countries in specific areas or zones and for specific purposes only. in malaysia, traceback has been undertaken by marking farm code tattoos on pigs. this enables the identification of the farm of origin of pigs found to be infected by nipah virus in sero-surveillan ... | 2001 | 11548530 |
| [zoonoses caused by new viruses in the paramyxoviridae family]. | based on the literature data, the outbreaks of new zoonoses caused by new members of the family paramyxoviridae are briefly presented. some characteristics of hendra and nipah virus, epidemiological aspects, clinical picture and pathology are described. fruit bats are mentioned as the key to the epidemiology of hendra virus. the virus was isolated from affected humans, horses, and from the uterine fluids of a grey-headed fruit bat (pteropus poliocephalus). new morbillivirus designated nipah viru ... | 2001 | 11554115 |
| late presentation of nipah virus encephalitis and kinetics of the humoral immune response. | nipah virus is a newly discovered paramyxovirus transmitted directly from pigs to humans. during a large encephalitis outbreak in malaysia and singapore in 1998-9, most patients presented acutely. a 12 year old child is described who developed encephalitis 4 months after exposure to the virus. she was diagnosed by a new indirect igg enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), which is also described. the late presentation and igg subclass responses had similarities to subacute sclerosing panencep ... | 2001 | 11561048 |
| the economic imperative of nipah virus surveillance in indonesia. | | 2001 | 11579874 |
| ribavirin--current status of a broad spectrum antiviral agent. | ribavirin is a very broad-spectrum virustatic antiviral agent, first synthesised in 1972. it is characterised by low toxicity apart from reversible anaemia, usually mild. its multiple mechanisms of action mean that viral resistance rarely develops. it can be administered orally, intravenously, or via a nebuliser. it has shown varying degrees of clinical efficacy in a variety of human diseases including respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza, measles, herpes ... | 2001 | 11585000 |
| nipah virus among military personnel involved in pig culling during an outbreak of encephalitis in malaysia, 1998-1999. | | 2001 | 11592256 |
| seroprevalence to polio in personnel at a virology institute. | to determine the level of immunity to polio in adult personnel at the national institute for virology (niv), south africa. | 2001 | 11676519 |
| nosocomial transmissibility of nipah virus. | | 2001 | 11679933 |
| a rapid immune plaque assay for the detection of hendra and nipah viruses and anti-virus antibodies. | rapid immune plaque assays have been developed to quantify biohazard level 4 agents hendra and nipah viruses and detect neutralising antibodies to both viruses. the methods rely on the fact that both viruses rapidly generate large syncytia in monolayers of vero cells within 24 h and that monospecific antiserum to the hendra virus phosphoprotein (p) detects that protein in both hendra and nipah virus-induced syncytia after methanol fixation of virus-infected cells. the p protein is a constituent ... | 2002 | 11684302 |
| outbreak of ebola hemorrhagic fever uganda, august 2000-january 2001. | on october 8, 2000, an outbreak of an unusual febrile illness with occasional hemorrhage and significant mortality was reported to the ministry of health (moh) in kampala by the superintendent of st. mary's hospital in lacor, and the district director of health services in the gulu district. a preliminary assessment conducted by moh found additional cases in gulu district and in gulu hospital, the regional referral hospital. on october 15, suspicion of ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf) was confirmed ... | 2001 | 11686289 |
| nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in malaysia, 1998-1999. | an outbreak of encephalitis primarily affecting pig farmers occurred during 1998-1999 in malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, nipah virus, which infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. because five abattoir workers were also affected, a survey was conducted to assess the risk of nipah infection among abattoir workers. | 2001 | 11689513 |
| the expected economic impact of selected exotic diseases on the pig industry of australia. | the authors assess the expected economic impact of three exotic diseases on the pig industry of australia. an integrated epidemiological/economic approach was used to assess the effects of classical swine fever, nipah virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. scenarios involving either an epidemic event, in which the outbreaks were confined to selected regions and were eradicated, or an endemic situation, in which the diseases became established in australia, were studied. based o ... | 2001 | 11732410 |
| nipah virus encephalitis: serial mr study of an emerging disease. | to report the serial magnetic resonance (mr) imaging findings of the nipah virus. | 2002 | 11756729 |
| nipah encephalitis outbreak in malaysia, clinical features in patients from seremban. | an outbreak of viral encephalitis occurred among pig industry workers in malaysia in september 1998 to april 1999. the encephalitis was attributed to a new paramyxovirus, nipah virus. this is a description of the clinical features of 103 patients treated in the seremban hospital with characterization of the prognostic factors. | 2002 | 11858542 |
| isolation of nipah virus from malaysian island flying-foxes. | in late 1998, nipah virus emerged in peninsular malaysia and caused fatal disease in domestic pigs and humans and substantial economic loss to the local pig industry. surveillance of wildlife species during the outbreak showed neutralizing antibodies to nipah virus mainly in island flying-foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) and malayan flying-foxes (pteropus vampyrus) but no virus reactive with anti-nipah virus antibodies was isolated. we adopted a novel approach of collecting urine from these island f ... | 2002 | 11880045 |
| nipah virus. | | 2002 | 11881611 |
| a survey of nipah virus infection among various risk groups in singapore. | following the nipah virus (nv) outbreak in march 1999 in singapore, a serological survey was undertaken to screen individuals potentially exposed to nv. blood samples were tested for nv igm, igg and neutralizing antibodies. twenty-two (1.5%) of 1469 people tested had antibodies suggesting nv infection. although 12 of the 22 infected people (54.6%) were symptomatic, the remaining 10 (45.4%) were clinically well and had no past history of compatible pulmonary or neurological disease. clinical and ... | 2002 | 11895096 |
| nipah virus encephalitis outbreak in malaysia. | emerging infectious diseases involving zoonosis have become important global health problems. the 1998 outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis among pig farmers in malaysia caused by a newly emergent paramyxovirus, nipah virus, is a good example. this disease has the potential to spread to other countries through infected animals and can cause considerable economic loss. the clinical presentation includes segmental myoclonus, areflexia, hypertension, and tachycardia, and histologic evidence incl ... | 2002 | 11938496 |
| experimental nipah virus infection in pigs and cats. | a human isolate of nipah virus from an outbreak of febrile encephalitis in malaysia that coincided with a field outbreak of disease in pigs was used to infect eight 6-week-old pigs orally or subcutaneously and two cats oronasally. in pigs, the virus induced a respiratory and neurological syndrome consistent with that observed in the malaysian pigs. not all the pigs showed clinical signs, but nipah virus was recovered from the nose and oropharynx of both clinically and sub-clinically infected ani ... | 2002 | 11945001 |
| functional properties of the fusion and attachment glycoproteins of nipah virus. | nipah virus (nv) and hendra virus (hv) are recently emergent, related viruses that can cause severe disease in humans and animals. the goal of this study was to investigate the immunogenic and functional properties of the fusion (f) and attachment (g) glycoproteins of nv. vaccination of mice with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rvvs) expressing either the f (rvv/nv-f) or g (rvv/nv-g) proteins of nv induced neutralizing antibody responses to nv, with higher titers produced after vaccination with rv ... | 2002 | 12036330 |
| regional perspectives on influenza surveillance in africa. | africa possesses little capacity for influenza surveillance-senegal and south africa being the only countries in the who african region who regularly pursue active surveillance and characterize influenza isolates. south africa has three sites-in cape town, durban and the largest in johannesburg at the national institute for virology (niv). the niv antigenically and molecularly characterizes influenza viruses isolated from specimens provided by a sentinel network of approximately 50 clinical site ... | 2002 | 12110256 |
| full length genome sequence of tioman virus, a novel paramyxovirus in the genus rubulavirus isolated from fruit bats in malaysia. | a novel paramyxovirus in the genus rubulavirus, named tioman virus (tiv), was isolated in 1999 from a number of pooled urine samples of island flying foxes (pteropus hypomelanus) during the search for the reservoir host of nipah virus. tiv is antigenically related to menangle virus (menv) that was isolated in australia in 1997 during disease outbreak in pigs. sequence analysis of the full length genome indicated that tiv is a novel member of the genus rubulavirus within the subfamily paramyxovir ... | 2002 | 12111411 |
| relapsed and late-onset nipah encephalitis. | an outbreak of infection with the nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, occurred among pig farmers between september 1998 and june 1999 in malaysia, involving 265 patients with 105 fatalities. this is a follow-up study 24 months after the outbreak. twelve survivors (7.5%) of acute encephalitis had recurrent neurological disease (relapsed encephalitis). of those who initially had acute nonencephalitic or asymptomatic infection, 10 patients (3.4%) had late-onset encephalitis. the mean interval betwe ... | 2002 | 12112075 |
| comparison of igm capture elisa with a commercial rapid immunochromatographic card test & igm microwell elisa for the detection of antibodies to dengue viruses. | there is a need for a reliable test for the early diagnosis of dengue fever (df), which is now active in many parts of india especially in the post monsoon months. this study evaluated two commercial tests with an assay available from a national laboratory in india to obtain information and to make a comparison among the three tests as to which will be the most suited for the detection of igm antibodies to dengue virus. | 2002 | 12138661 |
| characterization and identification of oya virus, a simbu serogroup virus of the genus bunyavirus, isolated from a pig suspected of nipah virus infection. | a virus, named oya virus, was isolated in vero cell cultures from the lungs of a pig suspected of nipah virus infection. the virus was revealed as a spherical enveloped rna virus with a diameter of 79 nm. for identification of oya virus, rt-pcr was performed. a common primer set for s-rna of the simbu serogroup of the genus bunyavirus was able to amplify a cdna from oya virus rna. the sequence data of the product revealed that the partial gene of oya virus s-rna segment had 65-70% homology with ... | 2002 | 12181680 |
| antibodies to nipah-like virus in bats (pteropus lylei), cambodia. | serum specimens from fruit bats were obtained at restaurants in cambodia. we detected antibodies cross-reactive to nipah virus by enzyme immunoassay in 11 (11.5%) of 96 lyle's flying foxes (pteropus lylei). our study suggests that viruses closely related to nipah or hendra viruses are more widespread in southeast asia than previously documented. | 2002 | 12194780 |
| nipah virus. | | 2002 | 12238317 |
| cloning and expression of the nucleocapsid protein gene of nipah virus in different strains of escherichia coli. | the coding region of the nucleocapsid (n) gene was amplified from the viral rna and inserted into the bacterial expression vector, ptrchis2, for intracellular expression in three escherichia coli strains: top 10, bl 21 and sg 935. the n protein was expressed as a fusion protein containing the myc epitope and his-tag at its c-terminal end. the amount of the fusion protein expressed in strain sg 935 was significantly higher than the other two strains, and was detected by the anti-myc antibody, ant ... | 2002 | 12385971 |
| membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the nipah virus and hendra virus envelope glycoproteins. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel paramyxoviruses from pigs and horses, respectively, that are responsible for fatal zoonotic infections of humans. the unique genetic and biological characteristics of these emerging agents has led to their classification as the prototypic members of a new genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily called henipavirus: these viruses are most closely related to members of the genus morbillivirus and infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fu ... | 2002 | 12388678 |
| nipah virus v protein evades alpha and gamma interferons by preventing stat1 and stat2 activation and nuclear accumulation. | characterization of recent outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in southeast asia identified the causative agent to be a previously unrecognized enveloped negative-strand rna virus of the paramyxoviridae family, nipah virus. one feature linking nipah virus to this family is a conserved cysteine-rich domain that is the hallmark of paramyxovirus v proteins. the v proteins of other paramyxovirus species have been linked with evasion of host cell interferon (ifn) signal transduction and subsequent antivi ... | 2002 | 12388709 |
| menangle and nipah virus infections of pigs. | viruses belonging to the family paramyxoviridae generally have not been recognized as a significant cause of disease in pigs until recently. between 1997 and 1999, there were large outbreaks of disease in pigs in australia and malaysia due to infection with viruses that have been shown to be new members of the paramyxoviridae family. this article reviews current knowledge of menangle and nipah virus infections in pigs, the only major species of domestic animals to experience serious disease afte ... | 2002 | 12442583 |
| nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. | in 1998, an outbreak of acute encephalitis with high mortality rates among pig handlers in malaysia led to the discovery of a novel paramyxovirus named nipah virus. a multidisciplinary investigation that included epidemiology, microbiology, molecular biology, and pathology was pivotal in the discovery of this new human infection. clinical and autopsy findings were derived from a series of 32 fatal human cases of nipah virus infection. diagnosis was established in all cases by a combination of im ... | 2002 | 12466131 |
| late clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow up of nipah virus infection. | the nipah virus is a newly identified paramyxovirus responsible for an outbreak of fatal encephalitis in malaysia and singapore. this paper reports the follow up clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 22 affected subjects. of 13 patients with encephalitis, one died, one was lost to follow up, and seven recovered. among the four remaining patients, one had residual sixth nerve palsy, another suffered from severe clinical depression, and a third patient had evidence of retinal artery ... | 2003 | 12486285 |
| newcastle disease virus (ndv)-based assay demonstrates interferon-antagonist activity for the ndv v protein and the nipah virus v, w, and c proteins. | we have generated a recombinant newcastle disease virus (ndv) that expresses the green fluorescence protein (gfp) in infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs). this virus is interferon (ifn) sensitive, and pretreatment of cells with chicken alpha/beta ifn (ifn-alpha/beta) completely blocks viral gfp expression. prior transfection of plasmid dna induces an ifn response in cefs and blocks ndv-gfp replication. however, transfection of known inhibitors of the ifn-alpha/beta system, including the in ... | 2003 | 12502864 |
| nipah virus infection, an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. | the nipah virus outbreak represented one of several bat-derived paramyxoviruses that has emerged during the last decade to cause severe human and animal disease. the pathogenesis of nipah infection is associated with its ability to infect blood vessels and extravascular parenchyma in many organs, particularly in the central nervous system. the clinical manifestations of acute nipah infection range from fever and mild headache to a severe acute encephalitic syndrome in which there is a high morta ... | 2002 | 12503066 |
| examining unmet needs in infectious disease. | in the past 30 years, more than 30 new aetiological agents of infectious disease have been identified. some of these are responsible for entirely novel and life-threatening disorders, such as aids, ebola fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and nipah virus encephalitis. during the same period, some longstanding infectious diseases (such as tuberculosis) have became resurgent, as a result of a combination of complacency, increased travel and social dislocation, and also increasing drug resistance ... | 2003 | 12546988 |
| [a novel viral encephalitis discovered at the end of 20th century--nipah virus encephalitis]. | | 2001 | 12568115 |
| origin and evolution of japanese encephalitis virus in southeast asia. | since it emerged in japan in the 1870s, japanese encephalitis has spread across asia and has become the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide. four genotypes of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) are presently recognized (representatives of genotypes i to iii have been fully sequenced), but its origin is not known. we have determined the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequence of a genotype iv indonesian isolate (jkt6468) which represents the oldest lineage, compared it with ... | 2003 | 12584335 |
| sites of phosphorylation of p and v proteins from hendra and nipah viruses: newly emerged members of paramyxoviridae. | hendra (hev) and nipah (niv) viruses are newly emerged, zoonotic viruses and their genomes have nucleotide and predicted amino acid homologies placing them in the subfamily paramyxoviridae. the polymerase-associated phosphoproteins (p proteins) of paramyxoviruses have been shown, by direct and indirect methods, to be highly phosphorylated. in this study, a comprehensive comparison of in vivo phosphorylation of hev and niv p proteins, derived from virus particles, was achieved by a direct approac ... | 2003 | 12606076 |
| elucidation of nipah virus morphogenesis and replication using ultrastructural and molecular approaches. | nipah virus, which was first recognized during an outbreak of encephalitis with high mortality in peninsular malaysia during 1998-1999, is most closely related to hendra virus, another emergent paramyxovirus first recognized in australia in 1994. we have studied the morphologic features of nipah virus in infected vero e6 cells and human brain by using standard and immunogold electron microscopy and ultrastructural in situ hybridization. nipah virions are enveloped particles composed of a tangle ... | 2003 | 12606080 |
| induction of apoptosis by paramyxovirus simian virus 5 lacking a small hydrophobic gene. | simian virus 5 (sv5) is a member of the paramyxovirus family, which includes emerging viruses such as hendra virus and nipah virus as well as many important human and animal pathogens that have been known for years. sv5 encodes eight known viral proteins, including a small hydrophobic integral membrane protein (sh) of 44 amino acids. sv5 without the sh gene (rsv5deltash) is viable, and growth of rsv5deltash in tissue culture cells and viral protein and mrna production in rsv5deltash-infected cel ... | 2003 | 12610112 |
| nipah virus--a potential agent of bioterrorism? | nipah virus, a newly emerging deadly paramyxovirus isolated during a large outbreak of viral encephalitis in malaysia, has many of the physical attributes to serve as a potential agent of bioterrorism. the outbreak caused widespread panic and fear because of its high mortality and the inability to control the disease initially. there were considerable social disruptions and tremendous economic loss to an important pig-rearing industry. this highly virulent virus, believed to be introduced into p ... | 2003 | 12615307 |
| nipah encephalitis outbreak in malaysia. | between september 1998 and june 1999, there was a severe outbreak of viral encephalitis among the pig farm workers in malaysia. | 2003 | 12625108 |
| nipah virus outbreak in malaysia. | nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, closely related to hendra virus emerged in northern part of peninsular malaysia in 1998. the virus caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans with a high mortality rate, whereas, in pigs, encephalitis and respiratory diseases but with a relatively low mortality rate. the outbreak subsequently spread to various regions of the country and singapore in the south due to the movement of infected pigs. nipah virus caused systemic infections in human ... | 2003 | 12637075 |
| emerging viral infections of the nervous system. | new viral infections of the nervous system have been appearing with great regularity. some result from the evolution of new agents and others from the entry of viruses into new hosts or environments. the emergence of neurovirulent enteroviruses causing a paralytic poliomyelitis syndrome and rhomboencephalitis represent the evolution of new human viruses. most emerging viral infections represent movement of an agent into new geographic areas or across species barriers. the transport of neurovirul ... | 2003 | 12707845 |
| [nipah virus infection]. | | 2003 | 12722231 |
| prevalence of west nile virus infection in india. | during the course of the virological investigation of cases of suspected viral fevers carried out at the national institute of virology (niv), pune, india, evidence of recent infection with west nile (wn) virus was detected in 88 cases. fever, general aches, headache, nausea and vomiting were the principal clinical features in 92% (81/88) of the cases; there were seven cases of encephalitis, in which wn virus-specific igm class antibodies were detected in csf samples. these cases of encephalitis ... | 2002 | 12757229 |
| a novel approach for collecting samples from fruit bats for isolation of infectious agents. | during the outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis involving pigs and humans in peninsular malaysia in 1998/1999, a conventional approach was initially undertaken to collect specimens from fruit bats by mist-netting and shooting, as an integral part of wildlife surveillance of the natural reservoir host of nipah virus. this study describes a novel method of collecting fruit bats' urine samples using plastic sheets for isolation of nipah virus. this novel approach resulted in the isolation of severa ... | 2003 | 12758277 |
| u.s. military officer participation in the centers for disease control and prevention's epidemic intelligence service (1951-2001). | the epidemic intelligence service (eis) was created in 1951 to provide epidemiologists to investigate natural and intentional disease epidemics. from an initial class of 23 u.s. citizens, the program has evolved into a globally recognized, hands-on learning experience, accepting approximately 65 to 75 new officers each year. the first u.s. military epidemic intelligence service officer (eiso) was accepted into the program in 1994. since that time, 12 such officers have completed, or have begun, ... | 2003 | 12775171 |